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Cortex of the adrenal gland
The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of the adrenal gland. It is divided into three separate zones: zona glomerulosa, zona
Adrenal_cortex
Endocrine gland
the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla. The adrenal cortex itself is divided into three main zones:
Adrenal_gland
Genetic disorders of the adrenal gland
one of the five enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Most of these disorders involve excessive or deficient production of
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia
Set of physiological feedback interactions
corticotrope cells. ACTH is transported by the blood to the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland, where it rapidly stimulates the biosynthesis of corticosteroids
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal_axis
Insufficient production of steroid hormones by the adrenal glands
amounts of steroid hormones. The adrenal glands—also referred to as the adrenal cortex—normally secrete glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), mineralocorticoids
Adrenal_insufficiency
Cancer of the adrenal cortex
(ACC) is an aggressive cancer originating in the cortex (steroid hormone-producing tissue) of the adrenal gland. Adrenocortical carcinoma is remarkable for
Adrenocortical_carcinoma
Central part of the adrenal gland
the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of chromaffin cells that secrete
Adrenal_medulla
Class of steroid hormones
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, and also their synthetic analogues. The two main classes
Corticosteroid
Endocrine disorder
aldosterone by the two outer layers of the cells of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex), causing adrenal insufficiency. Symptoms generally develop slowly and
Addison's_disease
Hormone-producing glands of a body
somatostatin. Other glands include the thymus, the adrenal glands including the adrenal cortex, and the adrenal medulla, the ovary, the testicle and its Leydig
Endocrine_system
Outermost layer of an organ
cortical layers include kidneys, adrenal glands, ovaries, the thymus, and portions of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, the best-known of all cortices
Cortex_(anatomy)
Pituitary hormone
pituitary tumor leads to excessive production of ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce high levels of cortisol. POMC, ACTH and β-lipotropin are
Adrenocorticotropic_hormone
Tumors of the adrenal gland
outer layer of the adrenal cortex or the zona glomerulosa. Glucocorticoids are produced by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex, or the zona fasciculata
Adrenal_tumor
Vertebrate natural glucocorticoid hormone
produced in many animals, mainly by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in an adrenal gland. In other tissues, it is produced in lower quantities.
Cortisol
Mineralocorticoid steroid hormone
mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. It is essential for sodium conservation in the kidney
Aldosterone
Medical condition
function. There are two parts of the adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids, which regulate
Adrenal_gland_disorder
Class of corticosteroids
of "glucose", "cortex", and "steroid", referring to its role in regulating the metabolism of glucose, its synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and its steroidal
Glucocorticoid
Mammalian protein found in humans
level of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system is found in the adrenal cortex and the corpus luteum. The system is also expressed at high levels in
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme
Mammalian hormone released from the pituitary gland
juxtaglomerular apparatus decreases, blood pressure is considered low, and the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone to increase sodium reabsorption in the collecting
Vasopressin
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
reticularis and zona fasciculata (but not zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex as well as gonadal tissues. It has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase
CYP17A1
Cardiac hormone which increases renal sodium excretion
loss. Reduces aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.[citation needed] Relaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules
Atrial_natriuretic_peptide
Peptide hormone
effect of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves and epinephrine from adrenal glands on insulin release is inhibition due to dominance of the α-adrenergic
Insulin
Medical condition
pancreatitis, and septic peritonitis. The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. The adrenal outer layer, or cortex, has three layers; each produces a
Hypoadrenocorticism_in_dogs
Hormone system
increases blood pressure and stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex; it has 100% of the adrenocortical stimulating activity and 40% of the
Renin–angiotensin_system
Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
adrenocortical hormones are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, the outer region of the adrenal gland. These polycyclic steroid hormones have a variety
Adrenocortical_hormone
Basophilic cell in anterior pituitary that produces pro-opiomelanocortin
hypophyseal portal system. Adrenocorticotropin hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and plays an important role in the stress
Corticotropic_cell
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
mainly glucocorticoids from the cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. ACTH can also regulate secretion of gonadocorticoids from the cells
Proopiomelanocortin
Hormones and neuropeptides
Endorphins are endogenous painkillers often produced in the brain and adrenal medulla during physical exercise or orgasm and inhibit pain and muscle
Endorphins
Class of hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) – stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids. Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates the
Tropic_hormone
Group of corticosteroids
a class of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid
Mineralocorticoid
Topics referred to by the same term
Cerebellar cortex, the outer layer of the vertebrate cerebellum Renal cortex, the outer portion of the kidney Adrenal cortex, a portion of the adrenal gland
Cortex
Benign tumor of the adrenal gland
adrenocortical adenoma or adrenal adenoma is commonly described as a benign neoplasm emerging from the cells that comprise the adrenal cortex. Like most adenomas
Adrenocortical_adenoma
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
known as angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a hormone which acts on the adrenal cortex, causing the release into the blood of the steroid hormone, aldosterone
Homeostasis
Physical transition from a child to an adult
and adrenal testosterone. Adrenal androgens are steroids produced by the zona reticulosa of the adrenal cortex in both sexes. The major adrenal androgens
Puberty
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
most significantly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and adrenal gland and cortex tissue. Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein were awarded the
LDL_receptor
Part of the adrenal gland
glomerulosa (sometimes, glomerular zone) of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the renal capsule
Zona_glomerulosa
Peptide hormone involved in appetite regulation
duodenum, but also in the jejunum, lungs, pancreatic islets, gonads, adrenal cortex, placenta, and kidney. It has also been shown that ghrelin is produced
Ghrelin
Interdisciplinary conferences on cybernetics and feedback systems (1941–60)
whose mandate was to aid medical research. Other series covered: aging, adrenal cortex, biological antioxidants, blood clotting, blood pressure, connective
Macy_conferences
Stage of higher primate sexual development
levels. Adrenarche is the result of the development of a new zone of the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis. Adrenarche is a process related to puberty, but
Adrenarche
Drugs that disrupt movement of calcium across calcium channels
regulating aldosterone and cortisol secretion in endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex. In the heart, they are also involved in the conduction of the pacemaker
Calcium_channel_blocker
Layer of adrenal cortex
zone) is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords
Zona_reticularis
Corticosteroid precursor and metabolite of cortisol
Tadeusz Reichstein for the discovery of the structure and function of adrenal cortex hormones including cortisone. Both Reichstein and the team of O. Wintersteiner
Cortisone
Enzyme found in humans
pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right adrenal cortex left adrenal cortex ganglionic eminence ventricular zone stromal cell of endometrium
FADS2
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
addition, secondary adrenal insufficiency can be caused by hypo-secretion of ACTH which, in turn, does not signal the adrenal cortex to produce a sufficient
Anterior_pituitary
Genetic neurological disease
affected tissues are the myelin in the central nervous system, the adrenal cortex, and the Leydig cells in the testes. The long chain fatty acid buildup
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Medical condition
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH) is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired production of cortisol in the adrenal glands
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
endometrium islet of Langerhans right adrenal gland right adrenal cortex left adrenal gland left adrenal cortex right coronary artery pericardium left
TXNRD1
Group of peptide hormones in mammals
pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys. An oligopeptide, angiotensin
Angiotensin
Class of chemical compounds
pregnenolone and pregnenolone sulfate (P5-S). Adrenal steroids are specifically produced in the adrenal cortex. Adrenal steroids are distinguished from gonadal
Adrenal_steroid
Type of proteins
synthesis and release of cortisol (zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal glands) TSH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of a majority
G_protein
Cholesterol-transporting protein most notably implicated in Alzheimer's disease
neural efficiency in young apolipoprotein E epsilon4 carriers". Cerebral Cortex. 17 (8): 1934–1947. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl103. hdl:20.500.11850/5720. PMID 17077159
Apolipoprotein_E
Substance with biological function
be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta)
Steroid_hormone
Peptide hormone that stimulates growth
secretion during puberty (in males from testes and in females from adrenal cortex) Testosterone and DHEA Estrogen Clonidine, moxonidine and L-DOPA by
Growth_hormone
American physician (1896–1965)
the award for the trio's "discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects." Hench received his undergraduate
Philip_Showalter_Hench
Critical protein in embryonic development
lobe of liver pancreatic epithelial cell sural nerve right adrenal cortex left adrenal cortex testicle mucosa of transverse colon gallbladder urinary bladder
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
as skin, ligaments, tendons, lungs, kidneys, optic nerves, mammary and adrenal glands, blood vessels, testis, and ovaries. It is also found in different
Tenascin_X
Mammalian protein found in humans
ACTH receptor is primarily found in the zona fasciculata of the human adrenal cortex. Binding of the receptor by ACTH stimulates the production of glucocorticoids
ACTH_receptor
Human enzyme that hydroxylates steroids
enzyme is localized in endoplasmic reticulum membranes of cells in adrenal cortex, and is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene which is located near the CYP21A1P
21-Hydroxylase
Class of enzymes
expression of the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT), such as the prefrontal cortex (In the PFC, dopamine is also removed by presynaptic norepinephrine transporters
Catechol-O-methyltransferase
Hormone and medication
fight, and fright response. But the adrenal medulla, in contrast to the adrenal cortex, is not required for survival. In adrenalectomized patients, hemodynamic
Adrenaline
Medical condition
requirement for blood test monitoring. Issues can arise when too much of the adrenal cortex becomes eroded. Approximately 30% of dogs will experience a reaction
Cushing's syndrome (veterinary)
Cushing's_syndrome_(veterinary)
Human protein and coding gene
Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right adrenal gland right adrenal cortex left adrenal gland left adrenal cortex apex of heart stromal cell of endometrium
LONP1
Protein found in mammals
hydroxylase found in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Named officially the cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial, it is a protein
Steroid_11β-hydroxylase
Mammalian protein found in humans
inhibited POR activity. POR deficiency is the newest form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia first described in 2004. The index patient was a newborn 46
Cytochrome_P450_reductase
Enlargement of tissue due to cell proliferation
Physiopathology of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex due to increased circulating level of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – Inherited
Hyperplasia
Gene
human kidney monocyte left testis amygdala anterior pituitary right adrenal cortex Top expressed in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus supraoptic
AVP_gene
Mammalian protein found in humans
right coronary artery upper lobe of left lung right lung appendix right adrenal cortex Top expressed in granulocyte stroma of bone marrow lumbar subsegment
CD33
Middle germ layer of embryonic development
that consist of the kidneys, gonads, their associated ducts, and the adrenal cortex. The lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to the heart, blood vessels,
Mesoderm
Mammalian protein
found in numerous cell types/tissues, including enterocytes, the liver and adrenal gland. It is best known for its role in facilitating the uptake of cholesteryl
SCARB1
Mammalian and avian protein
skeletal muscle tissue gastrocnemius muscle deltoid muscle right adrenal cortex left adrenal gland Top expressed in gastrocnemius muscle muscle of thigh quadriceps
Myostatin
Steroidal antiandrogen and antimineralocorticoid
in the adrenal cortex. Some studies have found that levels of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone that is also produced in the adrenal cortex, are increased
Spironolactone
Any steroid hormone that promotes male characteristics
known as adrenal androgens, is composed of 19-carbon steroids synthesized in the zona reticularis, the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex. Adrenal androgens
Androgen
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
lactiferous duct skin of hip trigeminal ganglion adrenal cortex right adrenal cortex left adrenal cortex endothelial cell spinal ganglia visceral pleura
GASK1B
Chemical compound
originates almost exclusively from the adrenal cortex, with 95 to 100% being secreted from the adrenal cortex in women. Regular exercise is known to increase
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
lobe of liver testicle left adrenal gland secondary oocyte right adrenal gland right adrenal cortex left adrenal cortex gonad gallbladder thymus Top
PON1
angiotensin receptor → IP3 vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. 16 Antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin)
List_of_human_hormones
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cell mucosa of transverse colon right adrenal gland left adrenal gland left adrenal cortex right adrenal cortex tendon of biceps brachii gastrocnemius
TOMM40
Protein found in humans
transverse colon biceps brachii vastus lateralis muscle right adrenal gland right adrenal cortex muscle of thigh internal globus pallidus Top expressed in
Mitochondrial transcription rescue factor 1
Mitochondrial_transcription_rescue_factor_1
Catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter
organs, muscles, skin, and adrenal glands. Sympathetic activation of the adrenal glands causes the part called the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
spleen thymus subcutaneous adipose tissue right adrenal cortex left adrenal gland left adrenal cortex placenta duodenum right coronary artery gastric
LILRB5
angiotensin Hepatocytes vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. Thrombopoietin THPO Hepatocytes stimulates megakaryocytes
List of human endocrine organs and actions
List_of_human_endocrine_organs_and_actions
Peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system
somatostatin neurons in aggregate cultures derived from the human fetal cortex". Brain Research. 815 (2): 349–357. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01098-1. PMID 9878821
Somatostatin
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
chromosome 8D1-D2. Agouti-related protein is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with lower levels of expression
Agouti-related_peptide
Hormone released by neuroendocrine cells
1992). "Ultrastructural evidence for a paracrine regulation of the rat adrenal cortex mediated by the local release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells"
Neurohormone
Medical diagnostic procedure
released as a part of the stress mechanism. ACTH elevation causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Normally, both cortisol and GH serve as counterregulatory
Insulin_tolerance_test
Medication used to treat hypertension and heart failure
of angiotensin II also reduces the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which allows the kidney to excrete sodium along with water into the
Lisinopril
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
highly expressed in the gonadal tissue, adrenal gland, brain and placenta. It has raised expression rates in adrenal tumors, lung tumors. Developmentally
GRAM_domain_containing_1B
Essential nutrient
MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA-S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Adrenaline Norepinephrine
Vitamin_D
Type of enzyme
in classical steroidogenic tissues, such as the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex, but are also present in other tissues in the body. Steroid desmolases
Steroidogenic_enzyme
Human mitochondrial protein
gonad ganglionic eminence glutes left adrenal gland left adrenal cortex mucosa of transverse colon right adrenal gland Top expressed in epiblast interventricular
Twinkle_(protein)
Hormones produced by the thyroid gland
maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity". Cerebral Cortex. 20 (6): 1462–1475. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp212
Thyroid_hormones
Protein-coding gene in humans
granulocyte monocyte blood mucosa of esophagus human kidney left adrenal cortex right adrenal gland Top expressed in right kidney jejunum human kidney duodenum
CIDEB
Class of hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) – stimulates the adrenal cortex increasing the size and number of cells. Luteinizing hormone (LH)/
Trophic_hormone
Israeli biochemist
corticotropin (ACTH) in regulating steroid hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex, regulation of adrenal steroidogenic capacity in disease states, and the cloning
Israel_Hanukoglu
Glycoprotein polypeptide hormones
MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA-S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Adrenaline Norepinephrine
Gonadotropin
Pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of arteries
II. Aldosterone release: This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin system, high serum
Blood_pressure
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
muscle of thigh ventricular zone right adrenal cortex left adrenal gland cerebellar hemisphere left adrenal cortex Top expressed in otolith organ utricle
WFIKKN2
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
transformations: 11β-hydroxylation of 17OHP or P4 by CYP11B1 in the adrenal cortex into 21dF or 11OHP4, respectively, 5α-reduction by SRD5A1/SRD5A2, cleavage
Androgen_backdoor_pathway
Mammalian protein
stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex. Kisspeptin is distributed from the adrenal cortex and it is transcribed in the neocortex. The
Kisspeptin
Protein found in humans
adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase, EC 1.18.1.6), was first isolated from bovine adrenal cortex where it functions as the first enzyme in the mitochondrial P450 systems
Adrenodoxin_reductase
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL CORTEX
Girl/Female
Indian
Sweet girl, Variant of donald great chief
Girl/Female
Greek Latin
Manly. Brave. Feminine form of Andrew.
Female
English
Variant spelling of Latin Adriana, ADREANA means "from Hadria."
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, Latin
Black; Dark; Of the Adriatic
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Adria, ADREEA means "from Hadria."
Boy/Male
English
Hiding place; hidden area.
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian
Dark
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian, Modern
Blue Sea
Girl/Female
Latin
From Adria, the Adriatic sea region. Also means dark.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pious, Good luck, Slender
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Arsenal; Treasure House
Girl/Female
Indian
Pious, Good luck, Slender
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Sweet Girl
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Adria, ADREA means "from Hadria."
Female
Czechoslovakian
, from Adria.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Adena, ADENAH means "fire."
Girl/Female
Muslim
Arsenal, Treasure house
Boy/Male
British, English
Hiding Place
Girl/Female
Australian, Greek, Latin
Manly; Brave; Female Version of Andrew
Female
English
 Feminine form of English Aden, ADENA means "fire."Â
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL CORTEX
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
First Born of a Pair
Male
English
Anglicized form of Finnish Väinämöinen, WAINAMOINEN means "wide and slow-flowing river."
Male
Native American
Native American Hopi name LANSA means "lance."
Boy/Male
Portuguese American Spanish
Biblical
lifting up; profiting; taking away slander
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Indian
Breath of fresh air, Morning air, Breeze
Boy/Male
Tamil
Defender of men
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Durga; One who Resides in a Hut
Female
Egyptian
, an uncertain Egyptian goddess.
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL CORTEX
pl.
of Arena
a.
Pertaining to the kidneys; renal; as, emulgent arteries and veins.
v. t. & i.
To dread.
pl.
of Arena
a.
Alt. of Avernian
n.
To deposit for keeping or preservation; as, the men lodged their arms in the arsenal.
a.
Both renal and portal. See Portal.
a.
Of or pertaining to gravel, or renal calculi.
n.
An emulgent vessel, as a renal artery or vein.
a.
Suprarenal.
n.
Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of life.
n.
An arena for equestrian performances; a circus.
n.
The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; -- so called because it was covered with sand.
n.
"Sand" or "gravel" in the kidneys.
n.
The common yellow water lily (Nuphar advena).
n.
An armory; a magazine or arsenal.
a.
Of or pertaining to the kidneys; in the region of the kidneys.
a.
Of or pertaining to an area; as, areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves).
n.
A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service.
n.
The Arsenal in Venice; -- so called from having a figure of an archer over the door.