Search references for AFFIRMED. Phrases containing AFFIRMED
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American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse
Crown races. After Affirmed won the Triple Crown, there was a 37-year wait until American Pharoah swept the series in 2015. Affirmed won fourteen Grade
Affirmed
Topics referred to by the same term
of a proposition Affirmation (law), a declaration made by and allowed to those who conscientiously object to taking an oath Affirmed in law, means that
Affirmation
1981 novel by Christopher Priest
The Affirmation is a 1981 science fiction novel by British writer Christopher Priest. The book follows the story of Peter Sinclair, who begins creating
The_Affirmation
American financial services company
Affirm Holdings, Inc. is an American financial technology company and a point-of-sale lender. Founded in 2012 by PayPal co-founder Max Levchin, it is the
Affirm_Holdings
Social psychology theory
values essay. Self-affirmed participants had lost more weight, had lower body mass index, and smaller waist circumference than non-affirmed women. Patients
Self-affirmation
Health care of transgender individuals
clinical trial, and the prescription of gender-affirming hormones should be left to specialists. They affirmed they will fully implement the Cass Review recommendations
Transgender_health_care
Solemn declaration and oath alternative
president has chosen to affirm. The nation's 14th president, Franklin Pierce, affirmed the oath upon his 4 March 1853 inauguration, though his reasons for doing
Affirmation_(law)
Surgical procedures to affirm gender identity
Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) is a surgical procedure, or a series of procedures, that alters a person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics
Gender-affirming_surgery
Topics referred to by the same term
Affirmed Stakes may refer to: Affirmed Stakes (LATC), a Los Angeles Turf Club Grade III horse race run at Santa Anita Park, Arcadia, California in July
Affirmed_Stakes
Legal request to have a case reviewed by a higher authority
judgment. An American court disposes of an appeal with words like "judgment affirmed" (the appeal is without merit) or "judgment reversed" (the appeal has merit)
Appeal
Anglican Christian movement
Affirming Catholicism, sometimes referred to as AffCath, is a movement of Christians in the Anglican Communion who promote the ordination of women and
Affirming_Catholicism
Concept in Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy
when we said yes, all of eternity was embraced, redeemed, justified and affirmed. — Nietzsche, Friedrich, The Will to Power: Selections from the Notebooks
Nietzschean_affirmation
Type of artistic performance
with affirmation, the affirmed concepts are revealed, and artists distance themselves from those concepts. Strategies of subversive affirmation include
Subversive_affirmation
Horse race held in California, U.S.
In 1993 the race was renamed to the Affirmed Handicap in honor of the 1978 U.S. Triple Crown champion, Affirmed. In 1995 the distance of the event was
Affirmed_Stakes_(LATC)
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
In propositional logic, affirming the consequent (also known as converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency) is
Affirming_the_consequent
Feminizing surgery for transgender women
Feminizing gender-affirming surgery for transgender women and transfeminine non-binary people describes a variety of surgical procedures that alter the
Feminizing_surgery
The Auburn Affirmation is a document dated May 1924, with the title "AN AFFIRMATION designed to safeguard the unity and liberty of the Presbyterian Church
Auburn_Affirmation
Canadian Christian LGBTQ rights organization
to include and support LGBTQ people in the Church. Affirm United was created under the name "Affirm" in 1982 by a group of gay and lesbian members of the
Affirm_United
The Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966 also known as the Strict Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966, is essentially a confession of faith which was drawn
Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966
Baptist_Affirmation_of_Faith_1966
Single-winner electoral system
Ranked Pairs (RP), also known as the Tideman method, is a ranked voting method that determines a single winner from ballots that rank candidates in order
Ranked_pairs
American faith-based film studio
Affirm Films is an American independent Christian film studio producing, marketing, and acquiring faith-based films. A subsidiary of Sony Pictures Worldwide
Affirm_Films
Formal fallacy
The formal fallacy of affirming a disjunct, also known as the fallacy of the alternative disjunct or a false exclusionary disjunct, occurs when a deductive
Affirming_a_disjunct
Horse race
into the race as a 6:5 favorite, despite Affirmed having won 4 of the 6 previous races between the two. Affirmed went off at 9:5. Sensitive Prince and Believe
1978_Kentucky_Derby
Rule of logical inference
modus ponendo ponens (from Latin 'mode that by affirming affirms'), implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, is a deductive argument form and
Modus_ponens
Gender-affirming surgery for transgender men
procedure can help transgender men transition physically to their self-affirmed gender. These surgeries have similarities to gynecomastia surgeries for
Masculinizing_surgery
Christian theology concerning the will in salvation
position and the semi-Augustinian stance affirmed by the Second Council of Orange (529). Synergism is affirmed by both the Catholic Church and Eastern
Synergism
Progressive Christian statement of faith
threefold structure, based on the Three Great Loves identified by Jesus and affirmed within Judaism: Love of God, Love of Neighbor, and Love of Self. (Matthew
Phoenix_Affirmations
American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse
second to Affirmed in all three races of the 1978 Triple Crown. With each successive race, Alydar narrowed Affirmed's margin of victory; Affirmed won by
Alydar
Grammatical category indicating truth or falsehood
In linguistics and grammar, affirmation (abbreviated aff) and negation (neg) are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative polarity into verb
Affirmation_and_negation
all and none") is the principle that whatever is affirmed or denied of a whole kind K may be affirmed or denied (respectively) of any subkind of K. This
Dictum_de_omni_et_nullo
citizenship affirmation is a short statement that enables Australian citizens to publicly display their pride in being Australian. The affirmation is based
Australian citizenship affirmation
Australian_citizenship_affirmation
Statement of belief
whole. The creed was further affirmed in 431 by the Chalcedonian Definition, which clarified the doctrine of Christ. Affirmation of this creed, which describes
Creed
English phrase
but uses faulty reasoning or speculative premises, which can be neither affirmed nor denied and thus cannot be discussed rigorously and scientifically.
Not_even_wrong
1975 single by José Feliciano
"Affirmation" is a composition by José Feliciano, written in 1975 and first released on his album Just Wanna Rock 'n' Roll the same year. It was made
Affirmation (José Feliciano song)
Affirmation_(José_Feliciano_song)
Type of legal document publicly affirmed with a seal
σιγίλλιον, plural sigillia, σιγίλλια), was a type of legal document publicly affirmed with a seal, usually of lead. The term sigillion derives from the Latin
Sigillion
Horse race held in Florida, U.S.
The FTBOA Florida Sire Stakes Affirmed division is a thoroughbred horse race run annually as the third leg of the (FTBOA) Florida Sire stakes series. Inaugurated
Affirmed_Stakes_(FS)
Australian book publisher
Affirm Press is a Melbourne-based book publisher. In 2010, Affirm Press began publishing several books a year as a part-time operation between Martin
Affirm_Press
2019 United States court case
against these means, which was granted. LinkedIn appealed. The 9th Circuit affirmed the district court's preliminary injunction, preventing LinkedIn from denying
HiQ_Labs_v._LinkedIn
Religious groups that affirm LGBTQ+ rights and relationships
Samaritanism, Christianity, the Baháʼí Faith, and Islam) have traditionally affirmed and endorsed a patriarchal and heteronormative approach towards human sexuality
LGBTQ-affirming religious groups
LGBTQ-affirming_religious_groups
Teaching that Mary was conceived free from original sin
of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563, had previously non-dogmatically affirmed her freedom from personal sin. While they have different theological emphases
Immaculate_Conception
1898 insurrection and massacre in North Carolina, US
Wilmington became an affirmation of white supremacy not just in that one city, but in the South and in the nation as a whole", as it affirmed that invoking "whiteness"
Wilmington_massacre
Practice of positive thinking and self-empowerment
Affirmations in New Thought and New Age terminology refer primarily to the practice of positive thinking and self-empowerment—fostering a belief that "a
Affirmations_(New_Age)
Surgical procedure
membranes, and buccal mucosa. Several techniques may be used in gender-affirming surgery to create a neovaginal canal or neovagina in short. Inversion
Vaginoplasty
Bishop and saint (c. 283–371)
bishop from Sardinia and is counted a saint. Along with Athanasius, he affirmed the divinity of Jesus against Arianism. Eusebius was born in Sardinia,
Eusebius_of_Vercelli
Gender identities outside of the gender binary
non-binary people receive gender-affirming care to reduce the mental distress caused by gender dysphoria, such as gender-affirming surgery or hormone replacement
Non-binary
Mental distress due to gender incongruence
characteristics of the affirmed gender. The hormone regimen aims to suppress endogenous sex hormones and maintain normal sex hormone levels of the affirmed gender. Hormone
Gender_dysphoria
Person refusing military service on moral grounds
right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons [already]
Conscientious_objector
Belief that God can suffer
his divinity, this doctrine was a subject of ecumenical councils which affirmed the theopaschite formula. In Christian theology this involves questions
Theopaschism
1990 short film directed by Marlon Riggs
Affirmations is a ten-minute short film exploring black gay sexuality as well as the inclusion of black gays in the black community. The film was produced
Affirmations_(film)
1966 U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the use of the Miranda warning
Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's decision to admit the confession in State v. Miranda, 401 P.2d 721 (Ariz. 1965). In affirmation, the Arizona Supreme
Miranda_v._Arizona
Viral video and Internet meme
during which Raza chose to distance himself from the video. Raza has since affirmed his identity and has used the video to help to speak on the effects of
Star_Wars_Kid
1905-06 disagreement between France, Germany, and Britain over control of Morocco
Algeciras Conference of 1906, a conference of mostly European countries that affirmed French control; this worsened German relations with both France and Britain
First_Moroccan_Crisis
LGBTQ-affirming Church of Scotland network
Affirmation Scotland was a network within the Church of Scotland seeking full inclusion of the LGBT communities within the Church. It was founded in 2006
Affirmation_Scotland
judgment, which means a decision without trial. The judgment or order may be affirmed or enforced without opinion when the court determines that an opinion would
Summary_order
2026 United States Supreme Court case
denial of his motion to suppress. A divided panel of the Fourth Circuit affirmed. Dissenting, Judge Wynn concluded that the government violated petitioner’s
Chatrie_v._United_States
1969 United States Supreme Court case
Cupp, 394 U.S. 731 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case that affirmed the legality of deceptive interrogation tactics by the police. Acting on
Frazier_v._Cupp
district court dismissed the constitutional claims, and the Sixth Circuit affirmed the dismissal, finding that there was no injury supporting legal standing
Nikolao_v._Lyon
1868 amendment addressing citizenship rights and civil and political liberties
Railroad Co. (1886), Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions Bancroft Davis affirmed corporate personhood in the decision's headnote without full discussion
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
United Nations General Assembly resolution adopted in 1960
the United Nations General Assembly during its fifteenth session, that affirmed independence for countries and peoples under colonial rule. The declaration
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples
1883 United States Supreme Court case
106 U.S. 583 (1883), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court affirmed that Alabama's anti-miscegenation statute was constitutional based on an
Pace_v._Alabama
In Australia, an oath of allegiance or an affirmation of allegiance is an oath of allegiance required to be made to the monarch of Australia in some situations
Oath of Allegiance (Australia)
Oath_of_Allegiance_(Australia)
Official promise by a person in a public office to lawfully fulfill its duties
Constitution of the United States. The oath may be sworn or affirmed (in which case it is called an affirmation instead of oath). Although not present in the text
Oath_of_office
Christian theological concept
doctrines of Augustine on God's providence were to be affirmed, or if Semi-Pelagianism could be affirmed. Semi-Pelagianism was a moderate form of Pelagianism
Prevenient_grace
German philosopher (1874–1928)
founder of phenomenology. After Scheler's death in 1928, Martin Heidegger affirmed, with Ortega y Gasset, that all philosophers of the century were indebted
Max_Scheler
1991 act declaring independence from the USSR
Ukraine's state independence from the Soviet Union. The declaration was affirmed by a majority of Ukrainians in all regions of Ukraine by an independence
Declaration of Independence of Ukraine
Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine
Oath taken by a new president of the United States
"solemnly swear." Richard Nixon, who was raised a Quaker, swore, rather than affirmed. There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office
Oath of office of the president of the United States
Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States
American actress and singer (born 1986)
(2004). Her portrayal of Cady Heron in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004) affirmed her status as a teen idol and established her as a prominent leading lady;
Lindsay_Lohan
Update: Curacao Sovereign Ratings Affirmed At 'BBB−/A−3'; Outlook Remains Stable". S&P Global. "Cyprus 'A-/A-2' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Remains Positive".
List of countries by credit rating
List_of_countries_by_credit_rating
Advocates of marriage rights for gay couples
Milestone". On October 15, 1971, the Minnesota Supreme Court in Baker v. Nelson affirmed a court clerk's refusal on May 22, 1970 to issue them a marriage license
Jack Baker and Michael McConnell
Jack_Baker_and_Michael_McConnell
2006 United States Supreme Court case
District Court for the District of New Mexico, which was affirmed on appeal. The Supreme Court affirmed. The Court also disagreed with the government's central
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
Gonzales_v._O_Centro_Espírita_Beneficente_União_do_Vegetal
LGBTQ-affirming Christian ministry association
The Affirming Christian Fellowship (ACF) is an association of Christian and Evangelical ministries that are a part of and are affirming to the LGBTQ community
Affirming Christian Fellowship
Affirming_Christian_Fellowship
Written legal statement made under oath
typically defined as a written declaration or statement that is sworn or affirmed before a person who has authority to administer an oath. There is no general
Affidavit
English writer and physician (1795-1821)
was at first erroneously credited to Lord Byron, both Byron and Polidori affirmed that the author was Polidori. John William Polidori was born on 7 September
John_William_Polidori
Australian pop rock duo
(1999). The band's two studio albums, Savage Garden (March 1997) and Affirmation (November 1999), reached No. 1 in Australia and Sweden, and the top ten
Savage_Garden
American court-martial case
of Criminal Appeals affirmed the sentence on July 13, 2012, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces affirmed the decision on August
2003_Camp_Pennsylvania_attack
Petition from the 13 Colonies to King George III
authorized the invasion of Canada more than a week earlier, but the petition affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent
Olive_Branch_Petition
United States Supreme Court case
months' imprisonment, for a total sentence of 42.5 years. The Third Circuit affirmed, and the Supreme Court denied certiorari. In his concurring opinion in
Rutherford_v._United_States
Gender-affirming medical treatment
therapy, these regions consistently shifted towards the profile of the affirmed gender after 12 months of hormone therapy." A 2023 molecular study on the
Gender-affirming hormone therapy
Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy
1919 Michigan Supreme Court case
has received some criticism. Under some interpretations, the case also affirmed that the business judgment rule that directors may exercise is expansive
Dodge_v._Ford_Motor_Co.
Statement of belief adopted at the First Ecumenical Council in 325
alongside the less widespread Apostles' Creed and Athanasian Creed. An affirmation of faith, by default the Nicene Creed, is usually said immediately after
Nicene_Creed
Christian theological positions on homosexuality
and communities. In general, those who affirm same-sex marriage fall under "Side A", while those who do not affirm it are classified as "Side B", "Side
Side A, Side B, Side X, Side Y
Side_A,_Side_B,_Side_X,_Side_Y
1996 United States Supreme Court case
Court affirmed the circuit court's judgment due to an evenly divided court, with Justice Stevens recusing. Because the Court split evenly, it affirmed the
Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International, Inc.
Lotus_Development_Corp._v._Borland_International,_Inc.
Canadian independent rock band
...As the Poets Affirm was a Canadian independent rock band formed in 2001 in Ottawa, Ontario. The band began as a three-piece acoustic project, and later
As_the_Poets_Affirm
381 AD council of Christian bishops
matters. It met from May to July 381 in the Church of Hagia Irene and was affirmed as ecumenical in 451 at the Council of Chalcedon for Chalcedonian Christianity
First Council of Constantinople
First_Council_of_Constantinople
1858 treaty between Russia and China
validity of the treaty, the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun were affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian Convention of Peking. Since the reign
Treaty_of_Aigun
1971 United States Supreme Court case
404 U.S. 997 (1971), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court affirmed a decision that a private school which practiced racial discrimination
Coit_v._Green
Online gaming association
existed since time immemorial and that were most recently recognized and affirmed in subsection 35(1) of Canada's Constitution Act, 1982. Since it was first
Kahnawake_Gaming_Commission
Stipulative definition of racism used in the United States
Survival and Beyond (The People's Institute) has used this definition and affirmed that racism stemmed not just from individual prejudices but from institutional
Prejudice_plus_power
and three music videos: "I Knew I Loved You", "Crash and Burn" and "Affirmation". The DVD also includes commentary from the band and a discography section
Savage_Garden_discography
2016 United States Supreme Court case
of the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's preliminary injunction, over one dissent. The divided circuit court affirmed the preliminary injunction
United_States_v._Texas_(2016)
LGBT community center in Ferndale, Michigan
communities. Affirmations was founded in 1989 as Affirmations Lesbian and Gay Community Center to serve LGBTQ people in Southeast Michigan. Affirmations was incorporated
Affirmations (Ferndale, Michigan)
Affirmations_(Ferndale,_Michigan)
1999 studio album by Savage Garden
Affirmation is the second and final studio album by Australian pop duo Savage Garden, released on 1 November 1999 by Columbia Records. It won the 2000
Affirmation (Savage Garden album)
Affirmation_(Savage_Garden_album)
Christian synod condemning semi-Pelagianism
whether a moderate form of Pelagianism could be affirmed, or if the doctrines of Augustine were to be affirmed. The determination of the council could be considered
Council_of_Orange_(529)
Deity's nature beyond the material universe
prayer, rituals, meditation, psychedelics and paranormal visions. It is affirmed in various religious traditions' concept of the divine, which contrasts
Transcendence_(religion)
American stand-up comedian (1937–2008)
Supreme Court case FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, in which a 5–4 decision affirmed the government's power to censor indecent material on public airwaves.
George_Carlin
Manner in which humans engage sexually
the crime of rape is hereby AFFIRMED... "G.R. No. 126545". Lawphil.net. Retrieved 30 June 2013. "348 SE2d 486 (Affirmed)". Lawskills.com. 15 July 1986
Human_sexual_activity
were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a royal decree of 10 July 1907, affirmed by Queen Juliana in a royal decree of 23 April 1980. The blazon is as follows:
Coat of arms of the Netherlands
Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands
2004 reality television series
contestants that she was a transgender woman who had not yet undergone gender-affirming surgery. The series was hosted by Welsh television presenter Tim Vincent
There's Something About Miriam
There's_Something_About_Miriam
Army Corps of Engineers, 537 U.S. 99 (2002), noted that the judgment was affirmed by an equally divided Court. Kennedy did not participate. In Dow Chemical
2002 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
2002_term_per_curiam_opinions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
nominees took place on April 23. On February 7, 2023, the Democratic Party affirmed its first majority in the chamber since 2010 after winning three special
2024 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election
2024_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives_election
AFFIRMED
AFFIRMED
AFFIRMED
AFFIRMED
Surname or Lastname
English (southern)
English (southern) : topographic name for someone living on the banks of the Tarrant river in Dorset, of which the name is of the same origin as Trent.Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Toráin (see Torrens).
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian
Kind
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Pearl Necklace
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Middle English personal name, Colstan, which is probably from Old Norse Kolsteinn, composed of the elements kol ‘charcoal’ + steinn ‘stone’.English : habitational name from Colston Basset in Nottinghamshire, or the nearby Car Colston, both of which seem to have originally been named from the Old Norse personal name Kolr + Old English tūn ‘settlement’. The first syllable of Car Colson was originally the defining prefix kirk ‘church’.English : habitational name from Coulston in Wiltshire, which is named with the genitive case of an Old English personal name Cufel (diminutive of Cufa) + Old English tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Parsi
King
Girl/Female
English American
Fresh.
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Full of Love
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Arabic, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Greek, Jamaican, Latin, Muslim
Hollow; Valley; Church Official; Supervisor
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Always Victorious
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Melody
AFFIRMED
AFFIRMED
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AFFIRMED
a.
Capable of being predicated or affirmed of something; affirmable; attributable.
n.
The act of immediate inference, by which we deny the opposite of anything which has been affirmed; as, all men are mortal; then, by obversion, no men are immortal. This is also described as "immediate inference by privative conception."
n.
A solemn affirmation or declaration, made with a reverent appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed.
v. t.
The word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject.
n.
A plea of a defendant that he did not hold the land, as affirmed.
n.
That which is offered or affirmed as the subject of the discourse; anything stated or affirmed for discussion or illustration.
prep.
By virtue of; with the pledge of; -- denoting a pledge or engagement, and put before the thing pledged; as, he affirmed or promised on his word, or on his honor.
n.
In pleading, a single material point of law or fact depending in the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and denied on the other, is presented for determination. See General issue, under General, and Feigned issue, under Feigned.
n.
A complete sentence, or part of a sentence consisting of a subject and predicate united by a copula; a thought expressed or propounded in language; a from of speech in which a predicate is affirmed or denied of a subject; as, snow is white.
a.
To deny formally, as what the opposite party has alleged. When the plaintiff or defendant advances new matter, he avers it to be true, and traverses what the other party has affirmed. To traverse an indictment or an office is to deny it.
v. i.
To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed; to make a promise, threat, or resolve on oath; also, to affirm solemnly by some sacred object, or one regarded as sacred, as the Bible, the Koran, etc.
n.
The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed.
a.
Forming the whole of a genus; relatively unlimited in extension; affirmed or denied of the whole of a subject; as, a universal proposition; -- opposed to particular; e. g. (universal affirmative) All men are animals; (universal negative) No men are omniscient.
n.
An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial of the truth of a statement or assertion; contrary declaration; gainsaying.
v. t.
That which is affirmed or denied of the subject. In these propositions, "Paper is white," "Ink is not white," whiteness is the predicate affirmed of paper and denied of ink.
a.
That of which anything is affirmed or predicated; the theme of a proposition or discourse; that which is spoken of; as, the nominative case is the subject of the verb.
a.
Forming a part of a genus; relatively limited in extension; affirmed or denied of a part of a subject; as, a particular proposition; -- opposed to universal: e. g. (particular affirmative) Some men are wise; (particular negative) Some men are not wise.
n.
A syllogism with three conditional propositions, the major premises of which are disjunctively affirmed in the minor. See Dilemma.
n.
That which is capable of being affirmed; reality.
a.
Formerly vouched or avowed; affirmed in advance.