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Outdated grouping of human beings
The Arabid race was a term used by ethnologists during the late 19th century and the early 20th century in an attempt to categorize a perceived racial
Arabid_race
Outdated grouping of human beings
Mediterraneanism Arabid race Irano-Afghan race Indid race Armenoid race Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski
Mediterranean_race
Human nose with a prominent bridge
claimed that it was characteristic of the Arabid race, Armenoid race, Mediterranean race, and Dinarid race. In 1899, William Z. Ripley claimed that it
Aquiline_nose
Outdated grouping of human beings
Turanid, Armenoid, Iranid, Indid, Arabid, and Hamitic. Some authors also proposed a Pamirid race (or Pamir-Fergana race) in Central Asia, named after the
Caucasian_race
Grouping by physical or social qualities
Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. The term
Race_(human_categorization)
Nazi concept of Aryan superiority
The master race (German: Herrenrasse [ˈhɛʁənˌʁasə]) is a pseudoscientific concept in Nazi ideology, in which the putative Aryan race is deemed the pinnacle
Master_race
Pseudoscientific racial grouping
The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans
Aryan_race
Obsolete definitions of racial groups
race as a categorization of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) has an extensive history in Europe and the Americas. The contemporary word race
Historical_race_concepts
Question of the race of ancient Egyptians
scholarship, developed directly from the Asiatic Race Theory, and argued that the Ethiopid and Arabid populations of the Horn of Africa were the inventors
Ancient Egyptian race controversy
Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy
Outdated grouping of human beings
Nordic race is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. It was once considered a race or one of
Nordic_race
Racial classification of people
a historical specification of skin color and a modern classification of race. Most often, it is applied to identify people of European origin, but the
White_people
Outdated grouping of human beings
typically classified as part of the Caucasian race – the Hamitic sub-branch, or in rare instances the Negroid race. The racial classification was mainly made
Ethiopid_race
Outdated grouping of human beings
The Turanid race was a supposed sub-race of the Caucasian race in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races. The Turanid
Turanid_race
Describing people by skin colour
European race (Race der Weißen), a "black" Negroid race (Negerrace), a copper-red Kalmyk race (kalmuckishe Race) and an olive-yellow Indian race (Hinduische
Color_terminology_for_race
Outdated grouping of human beings
The Dinaric race, also known as the Adriatic race, were pseudoscientific terms used by certain physical anthropologists in the early to mid-20th century
Dinaric_race
British Indian colonial military recruitment theory
Martial race was a designation which was created by army officials in British India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which they classified each caste
Martial_race
Obsolete grouping of human beings
colonialism. The Armenoid race was variously described (depending on author) as a "sub-race" of the "Aryan race" or the "Caucasian race" (e.g. by Carleton Coon)
Armenoid_race
Concept of a Malay race
concept of a Malay race was originally proposed by the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), and classified as a brown race. Malay is a loose
Malay_race
Obsolete racial classification of human being
The Atlantid race or North-Atlantid is an obsolete racial classification of human beings based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. In the early
Atlantid_race
Obsolete racial classification of humans
The East Baltic race is one of the subcategories of the Europid race, into which it was divided by scientific racism in the early 20th century. Such racial
East_Baltic_race
1916 book on race by Madison Grant
The Passing of the Great Race: Or, The Racial Basis of European History is a 1916 racist and pseudoscientific book by American lawyer, anthropologist,
The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race
Obsolete racial classification of humans
The Alpine race is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. It was defined by some late 19th-century
Alpine_race
Racialized classification of people
variation among different human populations, regard the concept of a "black race" as social construct. Different societies apply different criteria regarding
Black_people
Outdated grouping of human beings
Asia (Negritos). The term is derived from since-disproven conceptions of race as a biological category. The concept of dividing humans into three races
Negroid
Obsolete racial category
members of the Göttingen school of history, this biblical terminology for race was derived from Shem (שֵׁם), one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of
Semitic_people
Cultural identity
identify as a different race than the one they were born into. They may adjust their appearance to make themselves look more like that race, and may participate
Transracial_(identity)
Outdated grouping of human beings
derived from a now-disproven theory of biological race. In the past, other terms such as "Mongolian race", "yellow", "Asiatic" and "Oriental" have been used
Mongoloid
Swedish biologist and physician (1707–1778)
race, erasure: a genealogical critique of "American" autobiography". In Joseph A. Young and Jana Evans Braziel (ed.). Erasing Public Memory: Race, Aesthetics
Carl_Linnaeus
Obsolete racial classification term
Irano-Afghan race or Iranid race is an obsolete racial classification of human beings based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. Some anthropologists
Irano-Afghan_race
Outdated grouping of human beings
known as Australasians or the Australomelanesoid, Australoid or Australioid race) is an outdated historical grouping of various people indigenous to Melanesia
Australo-Melanesian
Racist foundations of Nazism
considered the putative "Aryan race" a superior "master race" with Germanic peoples as representative of the Nordic race being considered the best branch
Nazi_racial_theories
Outdated racial category
The Indid race is an obsolete racial classification of human beings based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. In anthropological literature of
Indid_race
government's policy to discourage distinctions between communities based on race, the 1951 Census of India did away with racial classifications. Today, the
Historical definitions of races in India
Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India
Terms for races in the Bible
late 18th century – in parallel with other, more secular terminologies for race, such as Blumenbach's fivefold color scheme. The following sources attempted
Biblical_terminology_for_race
Umbrella term for people in Asia or of Asian descent
South Africa the term "Asian" is also usually synonymous with the Indian race group. East Asians in South Africa, including Chinese were classified either
Asian_people
UNESCO statements about issues of race
statements about issues of race. The statements include: Statement on race (Paris, July 1950) Statement on the nature of race and race differences (Paris, June
UNESCO_statements_on_race
Racial classification
included a "brown race" as in the following: In the late 18th century, German anthropologist Johann Blumenbach extended Linnaeus's four-color race model by adding
Brown_(racial_classification)
French doctor political philosopher, physician and traveler (1620 – 1688)
The first race included populations from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, south-east Asia, and the Americas. 2) The second race consisted
François_Bernier
1943 Japanese government report on racial theory and policy
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (大和民族を中核とする世界政策の検討, Yamato Minzoku wo Chūkaku to suru Sekai Seisaku no Kentō) was a Japanese
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus
1907 book by Joseph Widney
Race Life of the Aryan Peoples is a two-volume book written by Joseph Pomeroy Widney, at the time chancellor of the University of Southern California,
Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
Race_Life_of_the_Aryan_Peoples
British-American anthropologist
topics such as race and gender and their relation to politics and development. He was the rapporteur, in 1950, for the UNESCO "statement on race". As a young
Ashley_Montagu
associated with the Italian race. After Article 7 of the Manifesto, the remainder of it claimed that peoples which were either Arabids, Hamites, or Semites did
Italian_fascism_and_racism
Outdated grouping of human beings
scholars generally classified the Hamitic race as a subgroup of the Caucasian race, alongside the Aryan race and the Semitic – thus grouping the non-Semitic
Hamites
Swiss-American naturalist (1807–1873)
botanist Asa Gray despite their disagreements. Agassiz believed each human race had been separately created, but Gray, a supporter of Charles Darwin, believed
Louis_Agassiz
regions into races, (e.g. the Negroid race, the Caucasoid race, the Mongoloid race, the Australoid race, and the Capoid race which was the racial classification
Typology_(anthropology)
Racial term for the Khoekhoe people of South Africa
speakers used the term Hottentot specifically for what they thought of as a race distinct from the supposedly darker-skinned people referred to as Kaffirs
Hottentot_(racial_term)
Obsolete race concept
The Caspian race was a supposed sub-race of the Caucasian race in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races which was
Caspian_race
Set of ethnic groups in Southeast Asia and Andaman islands
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Negrito
English biologist (1825–1895)
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Thomas_Henry_Huxley
Racial classification
Bronze race (Spanish: raza de bronce) is a term used since the early 20th century by Hispanic American writers of the indigenista and americanista schools
Bronze (racial classification)
Bronze_(racial_classification)
Theory of plural human origins
other. Each race received marks for the beauty or ugliness of their skull and quality of their civilizations. According to Cuvier the white race was at the
Polygenism
Pejorative slang term for Native Americans
descriptive term no different than other uses of color to differentiate people by race. The linguistic expert for the petitioners, Geoffrey Nunberg, argued that
Redskin
Outdated classification of humans
biological race. In anthropological theories of the 19th and 20th centuries, proto-Mongoloids were seen as the ancestors of the Mongoloid race. Notable
Proto-Mongoloid
French paleontologist (1769–1832)
Ethiopian (black). Cuvier claimed that Adam and Eve were Caucasian, the original race of mankind. The other two races originated from survivors escaping in different
Georges_Cuvier
American physician, professional racist (1814?–1896)
as the editor of the Weekly Day Book and the author of several books on race and slavery which reproduced the ideas of scientific racism for a popular
John_H._Van_Evrie
German-American statistician
the American Statistical Association in 1911. Hoffman's first book, The Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1896), characterized African
Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman
British-German racialist philosopher (1855–1927)
among many others, attributing all world accomplishments to the Germanic race. Chamberlain promoted German ethnonationalism, antisemitism, scientific racism
Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain
Light tan or brownish human skin tone
Americas, in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, and in South Asia. Mediterranean race Light skin Dark skin Watson, Ronald Ross (2013). Watson, Ronald Ross (ed
Olive_skin
white in reference to their skin colour predates and is distinct from the race categories constructed from the 17th century onward. Coloured terminology
Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness
American Founding Father, physician, educator (1746–1813)
Another of Rush's medical views that now draws criticism is his analysis of race. In reviewing the case of Henry Moss, a slave who lost his dark skin color
Benjamin_Rush
Measurement of the human cranium
anthropologists in the use of race in craniometry, with biological anthropologists attempting to disprove any theory of biological race, compared to how many
Craniometry
1853–1855 essays of Arthur de Gobineau
races." Among the white races, he distinguishes the Aryan race, specifically the Nordic race and Germanic peoples, as the pinnacle of human development
An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races
French anthropologist
founder of anthroposociology, the anthropological and sociological study of race as a means of establishing the superiority of certain peoples. While a young
Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge
American biologist and eugenicist (1866–1944)
bad temper, intelligence, manic depression, and the biological effects of race crossing. Davenport taught eugenics courses to many people at the Laboratory
Charles_Davenport
1930 book by Alfred Rosenberg about Nazi ideology
trials and executed in 1946. In the book, Rosenberg contends that the Aryan race is the originator of ancient civilizations which later declined and fell
The Myth of the Twentieth Century
The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century
German writer, advocate of scientific racism and eugenicist (1891–1968)
and Nazi Germany. He was also known as "Rassengünther" ("Race Günther") or "Rassenpapst" ("Race Pope"). He is considered to have been a major influence
Hans_F._K._Günther
History of measurements of humans
(1839), An Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America and Crania Aegyptiaca (1844) concluded that the ancient Egyptians
History_of_anthropometry
German botanist (1875–1933)
1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090231. PMID 11700280. "Human biodiversity: genes, race, and history", Jonathan M. Marks. Transaction Publishers, 1995. p. 88. ISBN 0-202-02033-9
Erwin_Baur
German geneticist and member of the Nazi Party (1887–1976)
Heredity Theory and Racial Hygiene (1936). This work and his theory of "race as a value principle" placed Lenz and his two colleagues in the position
Fritz_Lenz
German-born American anthropologist (1858–1942)
opponents of the then-popular ideologies of scientific racism, the idea that race is a biological concept and that human behavior is best understood through
Franz_Boas
Barrister
argument was that the Book of Genesis refers almost exclusively to only one race, the "Adamic", or Caucasian. Since his premise was to make sure that science
Dominick_McCausland
American anthropologist (1922–2007)
history of biological interpretations of race. He modernized older classifications of race, attempting to bring the race concept into line with ideas in population
Stanley_Marion_Garn
American physician (1793–1863)
time described as "the diseases and physical peculiarities of the negro race". His report was delivered as a speech at its annual meeting on March 12
Samuel_A._Cartwright
American anthropologist (1904–1981)
of 'race' and made no attempt to explain how these types arose. This changed after 1950, as Coon attempted to defend an essentialist concept of race against
Carleton_S._Coon
American physician, naturalist, and writer (1799–1851)
believed that the skulls of each race were so different that a wise creator from the beginning had created each race and positioned them in separate homelands
Samuel_George_Morton
Russian-French naturalist, librarian and anthropologist (1852–1918)
anthropologist, known primarily for his attempts to develop highly detailed maps of race in Europe. Deniker was born in 1852 to French parents in Astrakhan, Russian
Joseph_Deniker
Group of ethnicities native to Central Africa
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
African_Pygmies
German anthropologist and philosopher (1871–1907)
p. 106. ISBN 978-0-226-09276-8. Weindling, Paul (1993) [1989]. Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945. Cambridge
Ludwig_Woltmann
American eugenicist, conservationist, and author (1865–1937)
which views the "Nordic race" as superior. As a white supremacist eugenicist, Grant was the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916), one of the most
Madison_Grant
German anthropologist (1879–1966)
active in researching whether there was a correlation between blood types and race. During the Second World War he openly advocated the genocide of ethnic Poles
Otto_Reche
American historian
genealogical themes, but is best remembered for his lengthy 566-page book on race entitled Races of Mankind: Their Origin and Migration. Pamphlets The Swedes
Calvin_Ira_Kephart
Essay by Thomas Carlyle
oppression. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy The Race Question Carlyle, Thomas (1849). "Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question"
Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question
1885 book by Anténor Firmin
comments. Firmin wrote the book after a year in the society as a critique of race doctrine in French Anthropology and the relation between racism and European
The Equality of the Human Races
The_Equality_of_the_Human_Races
American physical anthropologist (1887–1954)
Anthropology to "prove that the negro race is phylogenetically a closer approach to primitive man than the white race." Hooton played a key part in establishing
Earnest_Hooton
German physical anthropologist
book Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit (Ethnology and the Race History of Mankind). During 1937-39 he visited Southeast Asia and produced
Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt
German zoologist (1862–1937)
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Ludwig_Hermann_Plate
American white supremacist author (1883–1950)
Untermensch (the German translation of "Under-man") into Nazi discussions of race. He traveled as a journalist in Germany during the first months of World
Lothrop_Stoddard
1917 book by B. R. Ambedkar
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
Castes_in_India:_Their_Mechanism,_Genesis_and_Development
Book by Dr B. R. Ambedkar
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Annihilation_of_Caste
19th-century German historian and promoter of Scientific Racism
intellectual ancestor of the Nazis. Meiners was a polygenist: he believed that each race had a separate origin. He was a very early practitioner of scientific racism
Christoph_Meiners
American academic (1867–1941)
professor of political economy at Harvard University, and anthropologist of race. Ripley was famous for his criticisms of American railroad economics and
William_Z._Ripley
French diplomat and writer (1816–1882)
helping introduce scientific race theory and "racial demography", and for developing the theory of the Aryan master race and Nordicism. He was an elitist
Arthur_de_Gobineau
German jurist
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Karl_Binding
1899 Book by Houston Stewart Chamberlain
and Latins—into the "Aryan race", a race built on the ancient Proto-Indo-European culture. At the helm of the Aryan race, and, indeed, all races, he
The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century
British biologist and zoologist
1974 review by A. O. Ladimeji in Race & Class, Baker misrepresents or misunderstands the history of the study of race. Per Ladimeji, "Most of Baker's biological
John_Baker_(biologist)
Canadian eugenicist (1882–1962)
eugenicist. In 1923, he wrote Heredity and Eugenics. He maintained his ideas on race and eugenics long after World War II, into the era when these were deemed
Reginald_Ruggles_Gates
German anthropologist
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Ilse_Schwidetzky
British physician and ethnologist (1873–1940)
have close "kinship with the European representatives of the Mediterranean race". Drawing from Coon, Seligman also discusses fairer features observed among
Charles_Gabriel_Seligman
British anthropologist (1918–1982)
definitions of race Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience Color terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Concepts Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid
Sonia_Mary_Cole
French physician, anatomist and anthropologist (1824–1880)
Ethiopian racial group as Negro. In his writings, Broca's use of the word race was narrower than how it is used today. Broca considered Celts, Gauls, Greeks
Paul_Broca
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