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Male-producing form of parthenogenesis
Arrhenotoky (from Greek ἄρρην árrhēn "male" and τόκος tókos "birth"), also known as arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, is a form of parthenogenesis in which
Arrhenotoky
Biological phenomenon
Pseudo-arrhenotoky or paternal genome elimination is the phenomenon where males develop from fertilized eggs but the paternal genome is heterochromatinized
Pseudo-arrhenotoky
Type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs
sex-determination system. They produce haploid males from unfertilized eggs (arrhenotoky), a form of parthenogenesis. However, in a few social hymenopterans,
Thelytoky
Male bee
loci. This process is called arrhenotokous parthenogenesis or simply arrhenotoky. Because the male bee technically has only a mother, and no father, their
Drone_(bee)
Biological system where sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes
from fertilized eggs and are diploid. Haplodiploidy is sometimes called arrhenotoky. Haplodiploidy determines the sex in all members of the insect orders
Haplodiploidy
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
as the sex of offspring is determined by fertilization (arrhenotoky or pseudo-arrhenotoky resulting in males) rather than the assortment of chromosomes
Biological_sex
Species of mite
horizontal gene transfer from a fungus. T. urticae reproduces through arrhenotoky, a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males
Tetranychus_urticae
Asexual reproduction without fertilization
aphids) while the production of males by parthenogenesis is referred to as arrhenotoky (e.g., bees). When unfertilized eggs develop into both males and females
Parthenogenesis
Order of insects
parthenogenesis (reproducing without fertilisation), many species using arrhenotoky, a few using thelytoky. In Pezothrips kellyanus females hatch from larger
Thrips
Species of thrip
species of thrips have a haplo-diploid reproductive mode and reproduce via arrhenotoky (a form of parthenogenesis). Kreuger et al. (2015) report the mean lifespan
Echinothrips_americanus
Suborder of insects
Unfertilized eggs develop as male, while fertilized eggs develop into females (arrhenotoky). The lifespan of an individual sawfly is two months to two years, though
Sawfly
Family of wasps
some species reproduce entirely parthenogenically. Both thelytoky and arrhenotoky have been observed among the heterogonic species. The cause of the arisal
Gall_wasp
Family of insects
automixis. However, apparently all males are parthenogenically produced by arrhenotoky. The female however, can mate with her own male offspring, and thereafter
Whitefly
Genus of insects
Venturia canescens can produce haploid males from unfertilized eggs (arrhenotoky), a form of parthenogenesis. Females may also produce diploid female
Venturia_(wasp)
Family of mites
Species of Glyptholaspis, Holostaspella and Macrocheles can perform arrhenotoky, the production of male offspring from unfertilised eggs. Mites of this
Macrochelidae
Expression of genes depending on parentage
eliminate paternally inherited chromosomes in male offspring, including arrhenotoky. In social honey bees, the parent of origin and allele-specific genes
Genomic_imprinting
Superfamily of mites
females can also produce offspring, but these offspring are all male (arrhenotoky). Females generally lay 1-4 eggs a day (the rate depending on temperature
Raphignathoidea
Genus of wasps
which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapping adult generations and show close ties of
Melittobia
Genus of wasps
clava consists of 2 or 3 segments. Aphelinoidea species reproduce by arrhenotoky: females are diploid and can produce female offspring only when mating
Aphelinoidea
Superfamily of mites
species. Eriophyoidea reproduce through both internal fertilisation and arrhenotoky (i.e. females producing male offspring without being fertilised). Fertilisation
Eriophyoidea
Species of insect
parthenogenesis, where haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs (arrhenotoky) and diploid females develop from fertilized eggs. Sex determination
Nasonia_vitripennis
female (thelytoky, e.g., aphids and some hymenopterans) or only male (arrhenotoky, e.g., most hymenopterans). Both true parthenogenesis and pseudogamy
List of taxa that use parthenogenesis
List_of_taxa_that_use_parthenogenesis
Species of sawfly
can only produce male offspring, a form of parthenogenesis known as arrhenotoky. The balsam fir sawfly feeds on Abies balsamea, a type of fir, Picea
Neodiprion_abietis
Species of sawfly
(egg-laying), through overexertion. Larvae of European woodwasp develop through arrhenotoky, in which male larvae develop only from unfertilised eggs, the females
Sirex_noctilio
Species of beetle
species. The reproductive strategy of X. germanus follows a pattern of arrhenotoky, where only male offspring form from unfertilized eggs, and females or
Xylosandrus_germanus
Species of wasp
female wasps and unfertilised eggs into males, a behaviour known as arrhenotoky. The eggs are normally laid on a single host within the nest and many
Melittobia_australica
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