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Extracting materials from saltwater
Brine mining is the extraction of useful materials (chemical elements or compounds) which are naturally dissolved in brine. The brine may be seawater
Brine_mining
Concentrated solution of salt in water
it is also generated in the mining of sodium chloride. Brine is used for food processing and cooking (pickling and brining), for de-icing of roads and
Brine
Mining operation extracting rock salt or halite
Schacht Asse II Turda Wieliczka Windsor General Salt evaporation pond Brine mining Injection well Salt lake Salt dome Miner Coal mines and saltworks of
Salt_mining
Accumulation of brine in a seafloor depression
A brine pool, sometimes called an underwater lake, deepwater or brine lake, is a volume of brine collected in a seafloor depression. These pools are dense
Brine_pool
Salt produced from the evaporation of seawater
these claims are not substantiated by high-quality studies. Bath salts Brine mining History of salt Halite magic salt Food portal Oceans portal Brownrigg
Sea_salt
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
nearby copper mining companies. In the United States, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining compete with brine extraction mining. Environmental
Lithium
Geological formation in southeastern U.S.
US gal). Earth sciences portal United States portal Paleontology portal Brine mining Bromine production in the United States Lithium production List of fossiliferous
Smackover_Formation
Water from a sea or an ocean
with salinity between freshwater and seawater Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water Brine mining – Extracting materials from saltwater CORA dataset –
Seawater
Lithium mine in Western Australia
and Northvolt. In the past, brine mining for lithium has been more cost effective and easier than hard-rock lithium mining. However, projections show that
Greenbushes_mine
Technique used to mine salt
technique called sink works (from German sinkwerk) is used. Brine wells and salt solution mining have been used in China for more than 2000 years. The first
Salt_well
Chilean copper company
latter's lithium brine mining operations in Salar de Atacama. In parallel, Codelco partnered in 2025 with Rio Tinto to mine lithium brines in Salar de Maricunga
Codelco
Role in human culture
beds either by mining, or by solution mining using water to dissolve the salt. In solution mining, the salt reaches the surface as brine, from which the
History_of_salt
Proposed mining of hectorite clay deposit in Nevada
the clay deposit. Usually lithium is mined by either hard rock mining or brine mining. This mine will use hydraulic shovels to remove the clay and turn
Thacker_Pass_lithium_mine
Environmental problems from uncontrolled mining
"Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing". Science
Environmental impact of mining
Environmental_impact_of_mining
Ongoing environmental disaster in South Australia
The St Kilda saltfields brine spill is an ongoing environmental disaster occurring since late 2020 in St Kilda, South Australia, around 30 km (19 mi)
St Kilda salt fields brine spill
St_Kilda_salt_fields_brine_spill
Salt flat in Bolivia
under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine.[citation needed] The brine distribution
Salar_de_Uyuni
volume in 2018. Traditional extraction methods include lithium mining from salt brines, lithium-rich clay, and ores. With these techniques, environmental
Environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries
Environmental_impacts_of_lithium-ion_batteries
extracted either by mining or from lithium brines. More capital outlay is needed for hard-rock spodumene mining than for lithium brines. This plays a role
Lithium_mining_in_Australia
direction. Brine mining: About 500 BC, the ancient Chinese dug hundreds of brine wells, some of which were over 100 meters (330 feet) in depth. Large brine deposits
List_of_Chinese_inventions
Polish salt mine operated for 700 years
times, sodium chloride (table salt) was produced there from the upwelling brine. The Wieliczka salt mine, excavated from the 13th century, produced table
Wieliczka_Salt_Mine
Russian and American actor (1920–1985)
father, Boris Yuliyevich Briner, was a mining engineer and inventor of Swiss German and Russian descent. He graduated from Mining University in Saint Petersburg
Yul_Brynner
Chemical compound
hydroxide are produced from brine. The process pumps lithium rich brine from below ground into shallow pans for evaporation. The brine contains many different
Lithium_carbonate
Salt lake in Utah, United States
and mining activities in the surrounding mountains. The mercury and other metals can contaminate the overlying water, and in turn, move into brine shrimp
Great_Salt_Lake
China-based multinational mining company
Zijin Mining Group Co., Limited is a publicly-traded partly state-owned mining company headquartered in Longyan, Fujian, China. It is one of the largest
Zijin_Mining
Chemical compound with formula NaCl
currently mass-produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from brine wells and salt lakes. Mining of rock salt is also a major source. China is the world's
Sodium_chloride
Salt flat in Chile
hydroxide, and lithium chloride are produced from the brine. In December 2025 the lithium mining acitvities of SQM in Salar de Actacama were subsumed into
Salar_de_Atacama
(from German Sinkwerke) is a method of salt mining from salt deposits in mountainous areas. It is similar to brine wells in that salt was extracted by dissolving
Sink_works
Brine derivative
wherein salt is extracted from brine using open pans. Virtually all European domestic salt is obtained by solution-mining of underground salt formations
Open-pan_salt_making
extracting bromine in 1969. Brine mining P. Evan Dresel and Arthur W Rose, Chemistry and Origin of Oil and Gas Well Brines in Western Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
Bromine production in the United States
Bromine_production_in_the_United_States
Collapsed underground salt dome cavern in Louisiana, USA
created from a collapsed underground salt dome cavern operated by Texas Brine Company and owned by Occidental Petroleum. The sinkhole, located near the
Bayou_Corne_sinkhole
Chilean state-owned mining company
ENAMI announced a partnership with Rio Tinto to carry out the lithium brine mining project Salares Altoandinos in Atacama Region. The underground copper
ENAMI_(Chile)
Australian mining company
Limited until 30 November 2021, is an Australian mining company. Allkem's portfolio includes lithium brine operations in Argentina, a hard-rock lithium operation
Allkem
Rock or sediment with valuable metals, minerals and elements
copper sulphide ore which form in the same manor as VMS from metal rich brine but are hosted within sedimentary rocks and are not directly related to
Ore
Large Geologic Group
collected and processed brine from springs in several locations, including "salt licks" where minerals were deposited by brine seeping out of the ground
Salina_Group
Landlocked body of water which has a high concentration of salts
species of brine shrimp. These lakes can have high concentrations of sodium salts and minerals, such as lithium, making such lakes vulnerable to mining interests
Salt_lake
American chemical company
through a state-owned mining company called Codelco. Albemarle has a mine in this area which extracts lithium from lithium brine deposits. The process
Albemarle_Corporation
Geologic depositional and structural basin in the United States
0 km) east of Vici, Oklahoma extracts the brine from a 9,800 feet (3,000 m) deep well. North American Brine Resources operates a plant near Dover, Oklahoma
Anadarko_Basin
U.S. mining and chemical company
in natural ephemeral pools than in the company's depleted brine ponds. The Searles Lake brine is rich in arsenic, and a unique anaerobic, extremely haloalkaliphilic
Searles_Valley_Minerals
Area or installation for making salt
was produced from the concentrated brine by boiling the brine. Earliest examples of pans used in the solution mining of salt date back to prehistoric times
Saltern
Outflow of acidic water from metal or coal mines
regenerated, which typically requires acidic and basic reagents and generates a brine that contains the pollutants in a concentrated form. A South African company[clarification
Acid_mine_drainage
Mining in Bolivia has been a dominant feature of the Bolivian economy as well as Bolivian politics since 1557. Colonial era silver mining in Bolivia,
Mining_in_Bolivia
of solar evaporation or hard-rock mining. Several companies have explored lithium extraction technologies from brines. In 2012, California-based Simbol
Petrolithium
Mining industry in France
Mining in France is based solely on the nature of the material, whether extracted from the surface or underground. These include fuels (coal, hydrocarbons
Mining_in_France
Place where animals can lick essential mineral nutrients
also consume soil (geophagy) to obtain minerals, such as moose from Canada mining for minerals from the root wads of fallen trees. Artificial salt licks are
Mineral_lick
the planet. Likewise, Chilean mining leads the world in the extraction of lithium through an evaporation process from brines with high concentrations of
Lithium_mining_in_Chile
Region of South America rich in lithium
in Bolivia Nova Andino Litio – Lithium mining company The cause for the high contraction of lithium in the brines of Salar de Atacama is not fully clear
Lithium_Triangle
Chilean chemical company and lithium producer
about whether brine extraction causes an influx of fresh water and thus influences the groundwater at the edge of the salt flats. Copper mining, tourism,
Sociedad_Química_y_Minera
The mining sector in Chile has historically been and continues to be one of the pillars of the Chilean economy. Mining in Chile is concentrated in 14 mining
Mining_in_Chile
Removal of salts from water
water, to produce water for human consumption or irrigation, producing brine as a by-product. Interest in desalination mostly focuses on cost-effective
Desalination
Community in Saskatchewan, Canada
encountered layers of crystal beds, brine, and gyttja. Upcycle Minerals plans on using solar-powered brine mining to extract the minerals from the water
Palo,_Saskatchewan
Mineral known as rock salt
often used both residentially and municipally for managing ice. Because brine (a solution of water and salt) has a lower freezing point than pure water
Halite
Solution mining process for recovering certain dissolved metals
disposing of the concentrated brine stream from this. The usual radiation safeguards are applied at an ISL Uranium mining operation, despite the fact that
In_situ_leach
Processes for treating wastewater produced as an industrial by-product
increase the recovery of materials from brines, especially from mining, geothermal wastewater or desalination brines. Various literature demonstrates the
Industrial wastewater treatment
Industrial_wastewater_treatment
American lithium extraction company
based on proprietary LiTAS method. The method includes filtering of the brine that contains lithium through a series of selective membranes, separating
Energy Exploration Technologies
Energy_Exploration_Technologies
Lake in Salzkammergut, Austria
salt mining since prehistoric times and for being the starting point of the world's oldest still-working industrial pipeline, used to transport brine to
Hallstätter_See
Soft calcium sulfate mineral
As with anhydrite, the solubility of gypsum in saline solutions and in brines is also strongly dependent on sodium chloride (common table salt) concentration
Gypsum
Metallurgical process: extraction of silver by amalgamation
silver could be extracted from ground ores using mercury and a salt-water brine. With this knowledge, Medina left Spain for New Spain (Mexico) in 1554 and
Patio_process
Lake in the state of California, United States
complex solution mining operation in which naturally occurring brines are pumped from wells completed in several salt beds. The brine wells range in depth
Searles_Lake
Type of lake
rock salt and pumping of brine. Flashes are common in former mining areas such as Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire, where mining has had an effect on the
Flash_(lake)
Integrated system to drill wells
for drilling brine wells. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. Drake learned
Drilling_rig
Mines in the Keuperian basin, France
period of mining in the Neolithic period and during the Ancient history. The use of coal on site to evaporate the brine enabled the Jura Mining Company
Grozon_coal_and_saltworks
in 2006. The Bayóvar project comprises 150,000 hectares of phosphate and brine and has proven reserves of 820 Mt of phosphatic rock equivalent to 260 Mt
Mineral_industry_of_Peru
Mineral company
Salt Lake near Ogden, Utah, Compass Minerals draws naturally occurring brine out of the lake into shallow ponds and allows solar evaporation to produce
Compass_Minerals
presence of the brine springs. The Romans used lead salt pans to extract the salt from the brine. Salt pans and first-century brine kilns have both been
Salt_in_Cheshire
Fissure in a planet's surface from which heated water emits
portion of metamorphic water, magmatic water, and sedimentary formational brine released by the magma. The proportion of each varies from location to location
Hydrothermal_vent
Bottom of the ocean
(typically a drop of 150 degrees) and from chemosynthesis by bacteria. Brine pools are another seabed feature, usually connected to cold seeps. In shallow
Seabed
Chinese mining company
its smelting operations to focus exclusively on mining. In 2018, Tibet Everest acquired lithium brine projects in Argentina’s Salta Province, including
Tibet_Everest_Resources
Salt pan in northwestern Utah
program begun in 1998 to release excess brine onto the salt flats during winter. Plans to increase the volume of brine returned to the salt flats are hoped
Bonneville_Salt_Flats
Dry lake in the Owens Valley, California
halite, burkeite, mirabilite, thénardite, and trona. In wet years, a small brine pond forms within the dry lake. On especially hot summer days when ground
Owens_Lake
Playa in Qinghai Province, China
Tamarix. Most of the Qarhan Playa is solid halite underlain by a layer of brine to about 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) under the soil, and it holds enormous reserves
Qarhan_Playa
Artificial pond
seawater. Evaporation ponds are used to extract lithium from underground brine solution. The extracted Lithium is then used to make ion batteries. Mines
Evaporation_pond
Saline lake in Bolivia
(15–30,000 mg/L). In the south end of the lake the water was classified as a brine (105,000–125,000 mg/L). The water type was a 4–2 Na-(Mg)-Cl-(SO4).[clarification
Lake_Poopó
Lake in Saskatchewan, Canada
IBA site each year. One of the primary foods for the migratory birds is brine shrimp. In April 1997, Chaplin and its two neighbouring lakes, Reed and
Chaplin_Lake
French mining site
mining from 1850 to 1862, followed by brine evaporation from 1863 to 1872 to extract halite. Due to the thinness of some layers, conventional mining was
Coal mines and saltworks of Mélecey
Coal_mines_and_saltworks_of_Mélecey
Pyroxene, inosilicate mineral rich in lithium
β-spodumene. The advantage of spodumene as a lithium source compared to brine sources is the higher lithium concentration, but at a higher extraction
Spodumene
Species of bird
conservationists have raised concerns about the negative impacts of lithium brine extraction on areas where these birds reproduce and feed. This species,
Andean_flamingo
different regions such as the Hindu Kush, Himalaya, and Karakorum ranges. Brine Calcite Coal Ilmenite Kaolin Lignite Limestone marble Mica Rock phosphate
List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan
French region in the Rhône river delta
western Europe's largest river deltas. It is a vast plain comprising large brine lagoons or étangs, cut off from the sea by sandbars and encircled by reed-covered
Camargue
Salt mine museum in Hutchinson, Kansas
Water is forced down a pipe into the salt deposit where it dissolves into brine which is pumped to the surface and heated to the point of evaporation, leaving
Strataca
Species of flamingo
as Pink Floyd the Flamingo. Pink Floyd came to Utah in winter to eat the brine shrimp that live in the Great Salt Lake, and flew north to Idaho and Montana
Chilean_flamingo
Salt mine in Khewra, Pakistan
Pakistan's best known rock salt. It is used for cooking, as bath salt, as brine and as a raw material for many industries, including a soda ash plant set
Khewra_Salt_Mine
supporting salt pillars. Modern salt mining leaves around 30% of the salt to form the pillars but, because of the wild-brine pumping, the 19th century mines
History_of_Northwich
American construction materials company
for the Bayou Corne sinkhole, along with Occidental Petroleum and Texas Brine Company. In June 2021, Vulcan Materials announced they would be acquiring
Vulcan_Materials_Company
Salt mixture
producer of potash. Other methods include dissolution mining and evaporation methods from brines. In the evaporation method, hot water is injected into
Potash
French mines
time, brine was evaporated using wood-fired furnaces to extract halite, which led to the depletion of nearby forests and prompted coal mining from the
Coal mines and saltworks of Saulnot
Coal_mines_and_saltworks_of_Saulnot
Underground mine in Manitoba, Canada
million tonnes of ore grading 2.76% lithium. The mine also produces caesium brine, which is converted into caesium formate which is used mostly as additive
Tanco_Mine
Former coal mine in North Yorkshire, England (1965–2015)
Boreholes drilled around each shaft position had sub-zero-temperature brine pumped through them to freeze the ground down to about 640 feet (200 m)
Kellingley_Colliery
Groups of organisms living deep below the sea surface, sharing a habitat
sea and Antarctic brine pools can be toxic to marine animals. Brine pools are sometimes called seafloor lakes because the dense brine creates a halocline
Deep-sea_community
Spanish metallurgist
or "Leonard", he learned how to efficiently use mercury, and a "strong brine", to extract silver from its ore. Around the age of 50, Medina moved to
Bartolomé de Medina (mining specialist)
Bartolomé_de_Medina_(mining_specialist)
Israeli company
MAXH2O processes for brine concentration and wastewater treatment, have been applied to sectors such as power generation, mining, and microelectronics
IDE_Technologies
after their first occupants, were supplied by channels and canals with brine. The brine was carried in buckets from the boiling chamber (Siedekammer) to ground
Lüneburg_Saltworks
Fertilizer manufacturing company based in Denver, Colorado, United States
combines solution mining and solar evaporation. River water is pumped into the mine and dissolves the potash, after which the brine solution is pumped
Intrepid_Potash
Complex of brine graduation towers in Poland
towers were designed by Jakub Graff, professor of the Mining Academy in Kielce, based on the brine sources discovered here back in the second half of the
Ciechocinek_graduation_towers
UNESCO World Heritage Site in France
the Saline Royale used firewood from nearby Forest of Chaux to boil the brine. It was also connected with saltworks of Salins-les-Bains (added in an extension
Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
Royal_Saltworks_at_Arc-et-Senans
Former mining company
refurbishment, mining at Mt Cattlin recommenced in March 2016, with first tantalum production in May 2016. The Sal de Vida lithium brine project, located
Galaxy_Resources
A brine pipeline is a pipeline used to transport brine. It is a common way to transport salt from salt mines, salt wells and sinkworks to locations of
Brine_pipeline
Uranium mine in the Northern Territory of Australia
various water management projects including the $220 million Brine Concentrator Project. Brine Concentrators use thermal energy to evaporate water, which
Ranger_Uranium_Mine
Mining area at the Salton Sea, California
per year, of a reserve of 3.4 million tonnes. The Salton Sea geothermal brine reservoir is located at depths of approximately 0.62 to 1.86 miles (1 to
Lithium_Valley
Method of extracting a natural resource
the ground for the extraction of a natural resource such as ground water, brine, natural gas, or petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from surface to
Well_drilling
Poly-metallic underground mine in South Australia
plant's location remains controversial due to the proximity of the proposed brine discharge to critical breeding habitat for the Giant Australian Cuttlefish
Olympic_Dam_mine
BRINE MINING
BRINE MINING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. perhaps a habitational name, from a lost or unidentified place, possibly in Worcestershire, where the surname is frequent.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metronymic from the Yiddish female personal name brayne (a back formation of the Yiddish female personal name brayndl, which is a diminutive of Yiddish broyn ‘brown’) + the genitive ending -s.English : variant of Brine.
Female
Scandinavian
Short form of Scandinavian Catrine, TRINE means "pure."
Female
Irish
Modern form of Irish BrÃd, BRIDE means "exalted one."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Brine.Norwegian : habitational name from a farm called Brynes, for example in Rogaland, from Old Norse brún ‘brim’, ‘edge’ + vin ‘meadow’.
Girl/Female
Celtic Irish
ACeltic Bridget, meaning strong. Although Bride was once a common name in England and Scotland,...
Male
French
French form of Scottish Bryce, BRICE means "pied, spotted, speckled."Â
Female
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh unisex Bryn, BRIN means "hill."
Female
French
Feminine form of French Séverin, SÉVÉRINE means "stern."
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English, French, Irish, Jamaican, Latin
Place Name in France Famous for the Production of Its Cheese; From Brie Region of France; Marshland
Female
Yiddish
(×‘Ö¼Ö°×¨Ö·×™×™× Ö¸×) Yiddish name BRINA means "brown."
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : variant spelling of Bain.
Female
Slovene
Slovene name BRINA means "protector."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; perhaps a variant spelling of Scottish Blain.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of Dutch Bruin.English
Americanized spelling of Dutch Bruin.English : of uncertain origin; possibly from Old English bryne ‘burning’, i.e. a topographic name for a clearing made by burning.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Brent.Apparently also French : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Full of Joy, Mountain strength, Ireland, Peace, Sun Ray
Female
Yiddish
 Yiddish name derived from the word bin(e), BINE means "bee." Compare with other forms of Bine.
Surname or Lastname
Irish and Scottish
Irish and Scottish : reduced form of McBride.Perhaps also a reduced form of Scottish Kilbride.English : metathesized variant of Bird.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Grein, Grain, a topographic name for someone who lived by an inlet or at the fork of a river, Middle English greine, grayne.Altered spelling of German Grein.Possibly an Americanized form of Norwegian Grini, a common habitational name from any of numerous farmsteads in southeastern Norway named Grini, from Old Norse grǫnvin, a compound of grǫn ‘spruce’ + vin ‘meadow’.
BRINE MINING
BRINE MINING
Male
Chinese
surpassing.
Boy/Male
Greek
Son of Ino.
Boy/Male
Indian, Malayalam
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Teutonic
Famous holiness.
Male
Egyptian
, Khnum protects me.
Boy/Male
African
God's blessings'.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ramswaroop | ராமஸà¯à®µà®°à¯‚பÂ
Lord Rama
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vamsidhar | வாமà¯à®¸à®¿à®¤à®°
Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Cauldron
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Austin, associated chiefly with southeastern England, especially Kent.German : from a reduced form of the personal name Augustin.
BRINE MINING
BRINE MINING
BRINE MINING
BRINE MINING
BRINE MINING
v. t.
To steep or saturate in brine.
v. t.
To gain by a bribe; of induce as by a bribe.
n.
A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.
v. t.
To put in the aspect of a trine.
n.
In mammals, a fluid excretion from the kidneys; in birds and reptiles, a solid or semisolid excretion.
n.
A triad; trinity.
n.
Tears; -- so called from their saltness.
a.
Threefold; triple; as, trine dimensions, or length, breadth, and thickness.
a.
Of or pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine; salt; as, a briny taste; the briny flood.
v. t.
To sprinkle with salt or brine; as, to brine hay.
n.
The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as, the brink of a chasm. Also Fig.
v. i.
To urinate.
n.
Water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt; pickle; hence, any strong saline solution; also, the saline residue or strong mother liquor resulting from the evaporation of natural or artificial waters.
v. t.
To produce in exchange; to sell for; to fetch; as, what does coal bring per ton?
v. t.
To give or promise a reward or consideration to (a judge, juror, legislator, voter, or other person in a position of trust) with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct; to induce or influence by a bribe; to give a bribe to.
a.
Put in brine.
n.
The ocean; the water of an ocean, sea, or salt lake.
v. i.
To give a bribe to a person; to pervert the judgment or corrupt the action of a person in a position of trust, by some gift or promise.
n.
The aspect of planets distant from each other 120 degrees, or one third of the zodiac; trigon.
v. t.
To make a bride of.