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Election observer group
Commonwealth Observer Group (COG) is a team appointed by the Commonwealth Secretary-General to observe elections in member countries. Each group is usually
Commonwealth_Observer_Groups
Political association which developed from the British Empire
The Commonwealth of Nations, often referred to as the British Commonwealth or simply the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states
Commonwealth_of_Nations
Observation of an election by independent parties
Election Monitors OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights: Elections The Carter Center Democracy Program Commonwealth Observer Groups
Election_monitoring
Military head of state of Nigeria from 1998 to 1999
movie Pray the Devil Back to Hell. Abubakar also chaired the Commonwealth Observer Group to the Zimbabwe presidential election in 2002, which concluded
Abdulsalami_Abubakar
May. The Commonwealth deployed a Commonwealth Observer Group consisting of eminent persons from across the Commonwealth, led by former Prime Minister of
2026 Bahamian general election
2026_Bahamian_general_election
the Commonwealth, led by former Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, was sent to Pakistan to monitor the elections. The Commonwealth Observer Group (COG)
2024 Pakistani general election
2024_Pakistani_general_election
the Commonwealth Observer Group, declared itself satisfied with the validity of the election. Some Ugandans criticized the Commonwealth Observer Group, suggesting
History_of_Uganda_(1979–1986)
Political alliance in Guyana formed in 2011
CQ Press, p585 Commonwealth Secretariat (2012)l. Guyana National and Regional Elections: 28 November 2011. Commonwealth Observer Group, ISBN 9781849290807
A Partnership for National Unity
A_Partnership_for_National_Unity
Island in the Caribbean Sea
and Nevis 3 July 1995: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. Commonwealth Observer Group, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1995. ISBN 0-85092-466-9, p
Nevis
President of Mozambique from 2015 to 2025
the European Union Election Observation Mission in Mozambique, Commonwealth Observer Group, and the U.S. Embassy in Mozambique, the 2019 election was characterized
Filipe_Nyusi
Symbolic head of association of independent states
the original on 13 February 2023, retrieved 12 February 2023 Commonwealth Observer Group (1999). The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa
Head_of_the_Commonwealth
to initial reports, international observers "did not notice any major incidents". The Commonwealth Observer Group praised the presidential election as
2025 Gabonese presidential election
2025_Gabonese_presidential_election
Leader of Guyana from 1964 to 1985
regional elections- 2001 report of the Commonwealth Observer Group". aceproject.org. Commonwealth Observer Group. Retrieved 1 January 2023. The 1947 parliamentary
Forbes_Burnham
Leader of Ghana in 1979 and from 1981 to 2001
voters' register and a partisan electoral commission. However, the Commonwealth Observer Group, led by Sir Ellis Clarke, approved of the election as "free and
Jerry_Rawlings
Prime Minister of Tanzania from 1985 to 1990
known as the Warioba Commission. Warioba was chosen to lead the Commonwealth Observer Group in the April 2007 Nigerian elections. He gave a positive assessment
Joseph_Warioba
Political party in Guyana
Retrieved 25 February 2016. "Guyana General and Regional Elections". Commonwealth Observer Group. Ace Project. 19 March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF)
People's Progressive Party/Civic
People's_Progressive_Party/Civic
British political consultant
Board of the Birmingham Business School. She is a member of the Commonwealth Observers Group. In 2013, Hunter joined the international public relations and
Anji Hunter, Baroness Hunter of Auchenreoch
Anji_Hunter,_Baroness_Hunter_of_Auchenreoch
(FRELIMO) and its candidates. Local elections observers, civil society organizations, the Commonwealth Observer Group, the European Union Election Observation
2019 Mozambican general election
2019_Mozambican_general_election
Ramotar wins election BBC News, 1 December 2011 Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group - GUYANA NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ELECTIONS, 28 November 2011 About
2011 Guyanese general election
2011_Guyanese_general_election
Country in the West Indies
and Nevis 3 July 1995: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. Commonwealth Observer Group, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1995. ISBN 0-85092-466-9, p
Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis
2026. Retrieved 22 January 2026. "Elections 2026: Commonwealth Observer Group in Bangladesh". Commonwealth of Nations. Retrieved 29 January 2026. Jobayer
2026 Bangladeshi general election
2026_Bangladeshi_general_election
2015. "Nigeria elections 2015: arrival statement by Commonwealth Observer Group". TheCommonwealth. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015. "ECOWAS poll
2015 Nigerian general election
2015_Nigerian_general_election
Barbuda were open from 6:00 am AST to 6:00 pm AST. The Commonwealth deployed a Commonwealth Observer Group (COG) to observe the election, lead by Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi
2026 Antiguan general election
2026_Antiguan_general_election
Political party in The Bahamas
Press. The Commonwealth of The Bahamas General Elections, 10 May 2017: Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group (PDF) (Report). Commonwealth Secretariat
Progressive_Liberal_Party
candidate approval process to be somewhat opaque. Leading the Commonwealth observer group, Olusegun Obasanjo praised the marble voting system and the orderly
2021 Gambian presidential election
2021_Gambian_presidential_election
Political party in The Bahamas
March 2026. The Commonwealth of The Bahamas General Elections: Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group (PDF) (Report). Commonwealth Secretariat. 10
Free_National_Movement
President of Malawi from 1994 to 2004
Libya. As a former Commonwealth leader, Muluzi was invited by the Commonwealth Secretary-General to chair the Commonwealth Observer Group which observed the
Bakili_Muluzi
Non-member observer states of the UN
"31/3. Observer status for the Commonwealth Secretariat at the United Nations" (PDF). 18 October 1976. Retrieved 28 December 2024. Observer status for
United Nations General Assembly observers
United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers
History of Zimbabwe's relations with the Commonwealth of Nations
of Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 1997 – 2005, Commonwealth Secretariat 2007 The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, Commonwealth Secretariat
Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations
Zimbabwe_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations
Part of the Ugandan Bush War
government with Milton Obote as president. The international Commonwealth Observer Groups sent to observe the election criticized the exclusion of DP candidates
West Nile campaign (October 1980)
West_Nile_campaign_(October_1980)
American States (OAS), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Commonwealth Observer Group, and the Carter Center attended the elections. Troops patrolled
2006 Guyanese general election
2006_Guyanese_general_election
Maltese politician (born 1953)
Malta Dr Lawrence Gonzi to lead Commonwealth Observer Group for Maldives elections". The Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. 22 August 2013. Archived from
Lawrence_Gonzi
Political party in Tanganyika
Single-Party State in 1965". allafrica.com. 2020-03-10. "Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group". www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org. Petition from Mr. Zuberi
African National Congress (Tanganyika)
African_National_Congress_(Tanganyika)
the law. Commonwealth of Nations: The Chair of the Commonwealth Observer Group, former President of Ghana John Mahama, declared in the group's interim
2017_Kenyan_general_election
Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the Maldives, as well as a Commonwealth observer group (COG) and representatives from the Asian Election Observation
2024 Sri Lankan presidential election
2024_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election
Central agency and central institution of the Commonwealth of Nations
countries in implementing the decisions and policies of the Commonwealth. The Secretariat has observer status in the United Nations General Assembly. It is located
Commonwealth_Secretariat
State-controlled broadcaster in Zimbabwe
2001 Zimbabwe Presidential Election: 9-11 March 2002, Commonwealth Observer Group, Commonwealth Secretariat, 2003, page 32 Zimbabwe: A Survey, African
Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation
Zimbabwe_Broadcasting_Corporation
Political party in Guyana
Nohlen, pp366-368 Commonwealth Secretariat (2012)l. Guyana National and Regional Elections: 28 November 2011. Commonwealth Observer Group, ISBN 9781849290807
National_Front_Alliance
The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 56 sovereign states, referred to as Commonwealth countries. Most of them were British colonies
Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations
Prime Minister of Rhodesia from 1964 to 1979
machines which would reveal how individuals had voted". The Commonwealth Observer Group acknowledged that irregularities were occurring but ruled that
Ian_Smith
Prime Minister of Barbados from 1994 to 2008
supporter of LIAT during his premiership. Arthur was Chairman of the Commonwealth Observer Group during the 2020 Guyanese general election; he confirmed that
Owen_Arthur
Political party in Ghana
88 seats. In a landslide victory, the NDC won 183 seats. The Commonwealth Observer Group's leader former Botswanan President Mokgweetsi Masisi certified
New_Patriotic_Party
March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020. "18 March Statement from the Commonwealth Observer Group to Guyana". thecommonwealth.org. Retrieved 10 June 2020. "Six
2020 Guyanese general election
2020_Guyanese_general_election
British military unit
organisation to be known as the Observer Corps, which was established on 29 October 1925.[citation needed] Within a year four groups operated in South East England
Royal_Observer_Corps
Nigerian diplomat (born 1933)
opposition parties in their countries. He also initiated the use of Commonwealth observer groups to assist elections in various countries. Apart from exerting
Emeka_Anyaoku
Political alliance in Solomon Islands
original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2015-09-22. "Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. Solomon Islands General Elections" (PDF). 2014-11-19. v t e
Solomon Islands Alliance for Change
Solomon_Islands_Alliance_for_Change
Nigerian politician (born 1938)
New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2014. p147 Commonwealth Observer Group, Commonwealth Secretariat. The National Assembly and Presidential Elections
Olu_Falae
Zambia General Elections, 20 September 2011: Report of the Commonwealth, Commonwealth Observer Group "2011 National Assembly Elections Results" (PDF). Electoral
2011_Zambian_general_election
2021. Commonwealth Observer Group (2001). The Trinidad and Tobago General Election: 11 December 2000 : the Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. Commonwealth
List of MPs for constituencies in Tobago
List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Tobago
Electoral commission in Antigua and Barbuda
Electoral Commission was established on 3 December 2001, after the Commonwealth Observer Group recommended the creation of an independent electoral commission
Antigua and Barbuda Electoral Commission
Antigua_and_Barbuda_Electoral_Commission
Eurasian intergovernmental organisation
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organisation of states in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution
Commonwealth of Independent States
Commonwealth_of_Independent_States
Kenyan Journalist
is a Kenyan journalist, editor, trainer, and a member of the Commonwealth group observer for Sierra Leone Elections. She is a former acting Managing Director
Jane_Godia
Political tickets in Nigerian elections
October 2023. "Nigeria elections 2015: interim statement by Commonwealth Observer Group". Commonwealth. 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October
Muslim–Muslim_ticket
Development finance institution owned by the British government
British International Investment plc, (formerly CDC Group plc, Commonwealth Development Corporation, and Colonial Development Corporation) is the development
British International Investment
British_International_Investment
New Zealand activist and writer
counsel and director of the Commonwealth Secretariat's Legal Division. He was secretary to the Commonwealth Observer Group that oversaw Zimbabwe's independence
Jeremy_Pope_(activist)
Geopolitical regional groups within the UN
The United Nations Regional Groups are the geopolitical regional groups of member states of the United Nations. Originally, the UN member states were
United Nations Regional Groups
United_Nations_Regional_Groups
The republics in the Commonwealth of Nations are sovereign state members of the international organisation with a republican form of government. As of
Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations
Sovereign states where Charles III is the head of state
A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state in the Commonwealth of Nations that has the same constitutional monarch and head of state as the other realms
Commonwealth_realm
All 193 member states and 2 General Assembly non-member observer states of the United Nations, in addition to several de facto states, represent themselves
List of national flags of sovereign states
List_of_national_flags_of_sovereign_states
Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
leaders across the Commonwealth. In 2015, he was appointed by Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma to the Commonwealth Observer Group for the Trinidad
Aaron_Hape
people' reflected in Saint Lucia Election result says Commonwealth Observer Group". The Commonwealth. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July
2021 Saint Lucian general election
2021_Saint_Lucian_general_election
were held in October 2002. After monitoring the elections, the Commonwealth Observer Group stated in conclusion: We believe that on election day this was
Politics_of_Pakistan
Annual summit in Kazakhstan
Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Observer states Mongolia Dialogue partners Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cambodia
2024_Astana_SCO_summit
Multi-sport event in Delhi, India
Minister of Sports. Commonwealth games Federation chief Mike Fennell stated that "Delhi delivered a fantastic Games". Some observers accused sections of
2010_Commonwealth_Games
Diplomatic mission of Ghana to the United Kingdom
7 February 2021. Commonwealth Observer Group (1999). The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa, 2 June 1999. Commonwealth Secretariat. ISBN 978-0-85092-626-2
High Commission of Ghana, London
High_Commission_of_Ghana,_London
Hotel in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga
to economic development." Later in 2017, the hotel hosted the Commonwealth Observer Group to the 2017 Tongan general election. The hotel has 120 rooms:
International_Dateline_Hotel
Ghanaian diplomat (born 1950)
Retrieved 2021-02-05. Commonwealth Observer Group (1999). The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa, 2 June 1999. Commonwealth Secretariat. ISBN 978-0-85092-626-2
Patrick_R._D._Hayford
cancelled elections in 16 urban constituencies. On 3 November the Commonwealth Observer Group that was monitoring the election, led by Botswanan politician
2000 Zanzibari general election
2000_Zanzibari_general_election
general election. On 5 January 2023, it was announced that the Commonwealth Observer Group, headed by the former president of Seychelles, Danny Faure, would
2023 Antiguan general election
2023_Antiguan_general_election
Election in St Kitts and Nevis, 3 July 1995. The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. 1996. p. 66. ISBN 9780850924664. "Our Promise". PAM. Retrieved
List of political parties in Saint Kitts and Nevis
List_of_political_parties_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis
Papua New Guinean politician and judge
chair of the 2004 Commonwealth Observer Group for Solomon Islands' elections, and a member of the 2004 international Eminent Persons Group tasked with assessing
Arnold_Amet
observer state), states having disputed sovereignty (14 states, of which there are five UN member states, one UN General Assembly non-member observer
List_of_sovereign_states
South African Constitutional Court judge
2010), and Donald McKinnon of the Commonwealth of Nations seconded her as a member of the Commonwealth Observer Group to the 2006 Ugandan general election
Sisi_Khampepe
New Zealand politician
Commonwealth (2007)". aceproject.org. "Lesotho Election 2015: Commonwealth Observer Group Arrival Statement". The Commonwealth. "Observer group's report
Maryan_Street
Samoan daily newspaper
The Samoa Observer is the largest newspaper group in Samoa published in both English and Samoan. The Samoa Observer is published Monday to Friday, the
Samoa_Observer
Zambian legal academic and U.N. Under-Secretary-General
agreement on devolution. Beyani served as a member of the Commonwealth Elections Observer Group which observed the Kenyan general elections held on August
Chaloka_Beyani
Ranking of participants by medal total
The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, were an international multi-sport
2022_Commonwealth_Games
Australian journalist
constitution. Dorney served as an election monitor with the Commonwealth Observer Group during the 2017 Papua New Guinean general election. He is a Nonresident
Sean_Dorney
Ugandan newspaper
The Weekly Observer is a Ugandan weekly newspaper headquartered in Kamwookya, Kampala. It is one of the largest privately owned papers in the country co-founded
The_Observer_(Uganda)
Continued irregularities in the 1999 elections were noted by a Commonwealth observer group, which recommended the establishment of an independent Electoral
Elections in Antigua and Barbuda
Elections_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda
Political party in Ghana
Parilamentary Elections". Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. 3 (1): 53. December 12, 2012 – via Commonwealth Secretariat. "About this Collection |
People's_Heritage_Party
Jamaican sociologist
Award for Excellence. She has also worked for Christian Aid; the Commonwealth Observer Group as an election monitor in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Rwanda, and Malawi;
Leith_Dunn
Country in Northern Europe
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, forming one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The commonwealth lasted more than two centuries
Lithuania
which represent UN member and observer states. This group includes five United Nations member states and one observer state (6 teams). Teams representing
List of men's national association football teams
List_of_men's_national_association_football_teams
Multi-sport event in Glasgow, Scotland
The 2014 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XX Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Glasgow 2014 were an international multi-sport event
2014_Commonwealth_Games
Country in Southeast Asia
government and non-government groups in Rakhine State; and a conflict between the Shan, Lahu, and Karen minority groups, and the government in the eastern
Myanmar
Governor-General of New Zealand from 1985 to 1990
John's College, Auckland). He was also Deputy Leader of the Commonwealth Observer group to South Africa, Chair of the Nelson Mandela Foundation, and
Paul_Reeves
India based international non-governmental organization
is located. The organisation is officially accredited to the Commonwealth, has observer status with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
Commonwealth_Human_Rights_Initiative
Australian politician (1934–2019)
South Pacific neighbours, and in August 2001 he was part of a Commonwealth Observer Group sent to oversee the 2001 election in Fiji. He served on the board
Ben_Humphreys
Diplomatic event in Pakistan
Pakistan. The summit saw participation from the following SCO member states, observer states and guests: The Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar thanked
2024_Islamabad_SCO_summit
Supreme law of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Commonwealth Secretariat (1996). The General Election in St Kitts and Nevis, 3 July 1995: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. Commonwealth
Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Constitution_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis
ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6 Guyana General and Regional Elections, 19 March 2001: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, Commonwealth Secretariat, p15 v t e
God_Bless_Guyana
Australian politician
by Brett Mason. MacGibbon served as a member of the British Commonwealth Observer Group for the 2000 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections. Parliament of
David_MacGibbon_(politician)
Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022
21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant
Elizabeth_II
Peacekeeping force
Multinational Force and Observers Handbook, 10 Tactical Air Group, July 1987 (unclassified) pg 1 and A-4 "Australian Commonwealth of Australia Gazette S27
Multinational Force and Observers
Multinational_Force_and_Observers
Country in Eastern Europe
Europe (CE) Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) (observer) Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC) (observer) Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) European
Outline_of_Ukraine
The Commonwealth and the Melanesian Spearhead Group observed the election to ensure electoral integrity. Both groups of international observers remarked
2016 Vanuatuan general election
2016_Vanuatuan_general_election
Country in Central Asia
electricity producer in Central Asia. Uzbekistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), United Nations (UN) and the Shanghai Cooperation
Uzbekistan
United Nations regional group
five United Nations regional groups. It is composed of 28 member states. Most of these are in Western Europe, but the group also includes countries of North
Western European and Others Group
Western_European_and_Others_Group
Queen of the United Kingdom since 2022
Bowles; born 17 July 1947) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms as the wife of King Charles III. Camilla was raised in East Sussex
Queen_Camilla
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
Girl/Female
Indian
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Tamil
Niriksh | நிரீகà¯à®·
Observer
Niriksh | நிரீகà¯à®·
Boy/Male
Muslim
Observer
Girl/Female
Muslim
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Girl/Female
Muslim
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Observer supervisor
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Observer; Guard
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Observer supervisor
Girl/Female
Muslim
Like, Equal, Matching, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Observer
Boy/Male
Indian
Observer, Guard the watcher
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a servant.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Inquirer, examiner, dull observer.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Observer
Boy/Male
Muslim
Observer, Guard the watcher
Biblical
inquirer; examiner; dull observer
Girl/Female
Muslim
Like, Equal, Matching, Observer, Supervisor
Girl/Female
Indian
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Observer
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Observer of the Gods
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Youth; Female of Maanav
Girl/Female
Australian, Finnish
Form of Raili
Boy/Male
French
Boy/Male
Arabic, Malaysian, Muslim
Juridical
Girl/Female
Tamil
A name of Goddess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
English
Beloved. Feminine of David.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Proud
Girl/Female
Hindu
Complete, Universal
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada, Tamil
A Tamil
Girl/Female
Indian
Lotus
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
COMMONWEALTH OBSERVER-GROUPS
n.
The state thus governed, as the Hebrew commonwealth before it became a kingdom.
n.
Commonwealth.
v. t.
To see; to observe.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Observe
v. t.
To be on the watch respecting; to pay attention to; to notice with care; to see; to perceive; to discover; as, to observe an eclipse; to observe the color or fashion of a dress; to observe the movements of an army.
n.
One who observes method.
n.
A state; a body politic consisting of a certain number of men, united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form of government and system of laws.
imp. & p. p.
of Observe
n.
One who fulfills or performs; as, an observer of his promises.
n.
A sycophantic follower.
n.
The office or work of an observer.
n.
One who keeps any law, custom, regulation, rite, etc.; one who conforms to anything in practice.
n.
Specifically, the form of government established on the death of Charles I., in 1649, which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, ending with the abdication of the latter in 1659.
n.
One who observes or considers; an observer.
v. t.
To take notice of by appropriate conduct; to conform one's action or practice to; to keep; to heed; to obey; to comply with; as, to observe rules or commands; to observe civility.
n.
A strict observer of the Sabbath.
v. t.
To perceive; to observe.
n.
One who observes, or pays attention to, anything; especially, one engaged in, or trained to habits of, close and exact observation; as, an astronomical observer.
interj.
Look; see; behold; observe.
n.
The whole body of people in a state; the public.