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A compound refractive lens (CRL) is a series of individual lenses arranged in a linear array in order to achieve focusing of X-rays in the energy range
Compound_refractive_lens
Branch of optics
refraction in compound refractive lenses that use many small X-ray lenses in series to compensate by their number for the minute index of refraction,
X-ray_optics
Type of lens to improve visual perception
corrective lens is a transmissive optical device that is worn on the eye to improve visual perception. The most common use is to treat refractive errors:
Corrective_lens
Optical device which transmits and refracts light
transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials
Lens
Aberration of vision due to asymmetry in the eye's lens or cornea
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error due to rotational asymmetry in the eye's refractive power. The lens and cornea of an eye without astigmatism
Astigmatism
Visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans
the polarization of light. Because a compound eye is made up of a collection of ommatidia, each with its own lens, light will enter each ommatidium instead
Compound_eye
Property in optics
and angle of refraction, respectively, of a ray crossing the interface between two media with refractive indices n1 and n2. The refractive indices also
Refractive_index
annelids, consists of a lens of one refractive index. A far sharper image can be obtained using materials with a high refractive index, decreasing to the
Eye
X-ray source magnifier
materials have index of refraction essentially the same as 1, so a long series of X-ray lenses, known as compound refractive lenses, are required in order
Wolter_telescope
Optical lenses that darken on exposure to certain wavelengths of light
These processes are reversible; once the lens is removed from strong sources of UV rays the photochromic compounds return to their transparent state. In
Photochromic_lens
Optical device used with a camera to create images
A camera lens, photographic lens or photographic objective is an optical lens or assembly of lenses (compound lens) used in conjunction with a camera
Camera_lens
inventors of the X-ray microscope. Although X-rays can be focused by compound refractive lenses, these also reduce the intensity of the beam and are therefore
Kirkpatrick–Baez_mirror
Compound lens
Gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane. The earliest double Gauss lens, patented
Double-Gauss_lens
Lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration
The choice of glass gives the mean refractive index, often written as n d {\displaystyle n_{d}} (for the refractive index at the Fraunhofer "d" spectral
Achromatic_lens
Type of lens
The Gauss lens is a compound achromatic lens that uses two uncemented elements; in its most basic form, a positive meniscus lens on the object side and
Gauss_lens
Lenses placed on the eye's surface
of basic contact lenses based on Descartes' model. He used wax to affix water-filled lenses to his eyes, neutralizing their refractive power, which he
Contact_lens
Failure of a lens to focus all colors on the same point
fringing, is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. It is caused by dispersion: the refractive index of the lens elements varies with the
Chromatic_aberration
Optical system where refraction and reflection are combined
catadioptric optical system is one where refraction and reflection are combined in an optical system, usually via lenses (dioptrics) and curved mirrors (catoptrics)
Catadioptric_system
Type of transmissive optical device
takes into account parameters such as lens aperture, distance from the object to the lens, and the refractive index of the observed material. This combination
Superlens
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction-based imaging technique
\beta } . The current implementation of DFXM at ID06, ESRF, uses a compound refractive lens (CRL) as the objective, giving spatial resolution of 100 nm and
Dark-field_X-ray_microscopy
Worsening ability of the eyes to focus with age
the lens is what allows for near vision. However, the lens is able to adjust its refractive power through changing its shape. With age, the lens loses
Presbyopia
Design of lenses for use in cameras
it is the refractive index that determines how much the rays of light are bent at each interface and since it is the differences in refractive indices in
Photographic_lens_design
Microscope that uses visible light
system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest type of microscope, with the present compound form first
Optical_microscope
Special glass type used for optical systems
mechanical properties of the glass: refractive index, dispersion, transmittance, thermal expansion and other parameters. Lenses produced for optical applications
Optical_glass
Optical coating that reduces reflection
thin layer of transparent material with refractive index equal to the square root of the substrate's refractive index. In air, such a coating theoretically
Anti-reflective_coating
Turpentine made from balsam fir tree resin
different refractive indices for rays polarized along directions parallel and perpendicular to its optic axis. These rays with differing refractive indices
Canada_balsam
Refracting telescope design that reduces chromatic aberration
lens to correct for this. An achromatic lens is a compound lens made with two types of glass with different dispersion. One element, a concave lens made
Achromatic_telescope
Biconcave lens Biconvex lens Convex-concave lens Plano concave lens Plano convex lens Meniscus lens Designs Wollaston landscape lens There are many compound designs
List_of_lens_designs
Glass consisting of pure silica
Experimental data for the real (refractive index) and imaginary (absorption index) parts of the complex refractive index of fused quartz reported in
Fused_quartz
the lens, identified by a concave front glass element, contain thoriated glass lens elements, which have been doped with the radioactive compound thorium
Canon_FD_35mm_f/2
Branch of optics
noted I. Therefore, a lens with two refractive surfaces is an RR optic, while another configuration with a reflective and a refractive surface is an XR optic
Nonimaging_optics
(battery of lenses for determination of optical error), combined with prisms and other attachments for measuring binocularity. The term refractor is another
Optometer (ophthalmic instrument)
Optometer_(ophthalmic_instrument)
Mineral form of calcium fluoride
clear transparent fluorite has anomalous partial dispersion, that is, its refractive index varies with the wavelength of light in a manner that differs from
Fluorite
Deviation from perfect paraxial optical behavior
etc., of the lenses); therefore their dependence on the refractive index, and consequently on the color, are calculable. The refractive indices for different
Optical_aberration
German optics company
ophthalmic lenses, optical coatings, and dispensary technologies and services. Zeiss is known for ophthalmic lenses made from high refractive index glass
Zeiss_(company)
Small lens, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre
variation in refractive index and by the surface shape. Another class of microlens, sometimes known as micro-Fresnel lenses, focus light by refraction in a set
Microlens
Form of optical aberration
and effectiveness of wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery with conventional excimer laser refractive surgery, and will measure differences in residual
Aberrations_of_the_eye
Variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content
of lead crystal arises from the high refractive index caused by the lead content. Ordinary glass has a refractive (n) of 1.5, while the addition of lead
Lead_glass
Type of optical lens
and the objective lens is known as Köhler illumination. The maximum NA is limited by the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the sample.
Condenser_(optics)
Simple eye without retina
single lens without the sort of elaborate retina that occurs in most vertebrates. These eyes are called "simple" to distinguish them from "compound eyes"
Simple_eye_in_invertebrates
Airspaced achromatic doublet lens design
A dialyte lens (sometimes called a dialyt) is a compound lens design that corrects optical aberrations where the lens elements are widely air-spaced.
Dialyte_lens
Type of lens attached to a variety of optical devices such as telescopes and microscopes
An eyepiece, or ocular lens, is a type of lens that is attached to a variety of optical devices such as telescopes and microscopes. It is named because
Eyepiece
Polymer with refractive index > 1.50
A high-refractive-index polymer (HRIP) is a polymer that has a refractive index greater than 1.50. Such materials are required for anti-reflective coating
High-refractive-index_polymer
spread across Europe. The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo improved on this
History_of_the_telescope
Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, followed by theories on light and vision developed by ancient Greek
History_of_optics
Scientific instrument for observing small objects
optical microscope, which uses lenses to refract visible light that passed through a thinly sectioned sample or to refract light reflected from the surface
Microscope
Branch of physics that studies light
and experimentation with lenses led directly to the invention of the compound optical microscope around 1595, and the refracting telescope in 1608, both
Optics
Ray tracing technique
the lens. To describe combinations of optical components, ray transfer matrices may be multiplied together to obtain an overall RTM for the compound optical
Ray_transfer_matrix_analysis
Transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light
used to break up light into its constituent spectral colors because the refractive index depends on wavelength; the white light entering the prism is a mixture
Prism_(optics)
Patented photographic lens system designed by Dennis Taylor
The compound lens design consists of three air-spaced simple lens elements: two biconvex (positive) lenses surrounding a biconcave (negative) lens in the
Cooke_triplet
Chemical compound of magnesium and fluorine
the optic axis perpendicular to the plane of the window or lens. Due to its suitable refractive index of 1.37, magnesium fluoride is commonly applied in
Magnesium_fluoride
Collection of focus points made by extended diverging light rays
object is further than this distance. Focal plane Image plane Lens Erect image In a compound lens, a virtual object, that is formed by a previous optical element
Virtual_image
Effect of a material on light
seen that the angle of refraction of light in a prism depends on the refractive index of the prism material. Since that refractive index varies with wavelength
Dispersion_(optics)
Field of medicine treating eye disorders
Retinal detachment Endophthalmitis (infection in the eye) Refractive errors (glasses, contact lenses, surgery including LASIK) Strabismus (misalignment or
Ophthalmology
Ability to see objects underwater
different refraction out of the water to underwater, because of the different refractive indices of air and water in contact with the lens surfaces. Diving
Underwater_vision
Light-conducting fiber
second. The refractive index of a medium is calculated by dividing the speed of light in vacuum by the speed of light in that medium. The refractive index of
Optical_fiber
Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
The refractive index gradient which makes the lens useful is caused by the radial shift in crystallin concentration in different parts of the lens, rather
Evolution_of_the_eye
Method of cataract surgery
"Polishing methods for the lens capsule: histology and scanning electron microscopy". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 20 (1): 64–69. doi:10
Phacoemulsification
Japanese manufacturer of telescopes and related equipment
for its range of apochromatic refractors, but also produces various types of reflectors, and instruments featuring compound optics. All Takahashi telescopes
Takahashi_Seisakusho
Indoor lighting
mirrors. Lenses are frequently made in multiple sections, like a Fresnel lens. Light guides include light pipes and anidolic ceilings. Lens systems use
Anidolic_lighting
Microscope observing a thin depth of a cell
refractive index glass coverslip, and medium 2 is the sample in solution with a lower refractive index. There may be immersion oil between the lens and
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope
Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope
Study of living cells using time-lapse microscopy
immersing the lens and the specimen in oil with a high refractive index. Since light bends when it passes between media with different refractive indexes,
Live-cell_imaging
Chemical compound
dioxide helps increase its refractive index and decrease dispersion. Such glass finds application in high-quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments
Thorium_dioxide
Sense found in most species of fish
in the refractive index of the cornea and the surrounding water (compared to air on land) so the lens has to do the majority of the refraction. Due to
Vision_in_fish
Type of telescope
intricately shaped compound curve Schmidt corrector plate, or the heavy Maksutov-type meniscus corrector lens, the Houghton double-lens corrector is relatively
Lurie–Houghton_telescope
Transparent thermoplastic, commonly called acrylic
important material in the making of certain lighthouse lenses. PMMA was used for the roofing of the compound in the Olympic Park for the 1972 Summer Olympics
Poly(methyl_methacrylate)
Device used to disperse light
the surface, and on the ratio between the refractive indices of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many materials (such as glass) varies
Dispersive_prism
Sensory organ of vision
the two lenses (the cornea and the crystalline lens), there are four optical surfaces which each refract light as it travels along the optical path. One
Human_eye
Chemical compound
Calcium fluoride is the inorganic compound of the elements calcium and fluorine with the formula CaF2. It is a white solid that is practically insoluble
Calcium_fluoride
Magnifying device
of loupes exist: Simple lenses, generally used for low-magnification designs because of high optical aberration. Compound lenses, generally used for higher
Loupe
Chemical compound
elements allows precise control of refractive index. Silica-germania glasses have lower viscosity and higher refractive index than pure silica. Germania
Germanium_dioxide
Optical microscopy illumination technique
oil-immersion objective lens and a special immersion oil placed on a glass cover over the specimen. Immersion oil has the same refraction as glass and improves
Bright-field_microscopy
Chemical compound
memories. Due to its high refractive index, Ta2O5 has been utilized in the fabrication of the glass of photographic lenses. It can also be deposited as
Tantalum_pentoxide
Eye condition
this leaves the individual without any accommodation and, depending on refractive error, unable to see well at near distances. Also, excessive pupil dilation
Spasm_of_accommodation
German optician and optical instrument maker
empirical matching of sets of lenses which would make up the high-magnification compound lenses he needed for compound microscope optics. Empirical methods
Carl_Zeiss
matching refractive index in the visible range of wavelengths but with a very different refractive index) then the particle has a high refractive index in
Dispersion_staining
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
cornea and lens. UVB light (< 315 nm) is filtered mostly by the cornea, and UVA light (315–400 nm) is filtered mostly by the lens. The lens also yellows
Visible_spectrum
Transparent non-crystalline solid material
the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but
Glass
Fungus cell type
visible to the naked eye or with a hand lens. Chrysocystidia are cystidia whose contents contain a distinct refractive yellow body, that becomes more deeply
Cystidium
Group of eye diseases related to poor retinal and nerve perfusion
visually significant cataract: one-year results". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 34 (3): 433–440. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.11.029. PMID 18299068
Glaucoma
reflection, refraction, and colour. 984 — Ibn Sahl completes a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses, describing plano-convex and biconvex lenses, and parabolic
Timeline of telescope technology
Timeline_of_telescope_technology
Mineral (hydrated sodium calcium borate hydroxide)
within each of the fibers that are surrounded by a medium of a lower refractive index (Garlick, 1991). This optical effect is also the result of the large
Ulexite
Plastic
Armorlite Lens Company in California is credited with manufacturing the first CR-39 eyeglass lenses in 1947. CR-39 plastic has an index of refraction of 1
CR-39
High-strength glass, made of silica and boron trioxide
glasses with low dispersion (Abbe numbers around 65) and relatively low refractive indices (1.51–1.54 across the visible range). During manufacture, molten
Borosilicate_glass
Photochromic organic chemical compound
using polyester resins. Those resins with a high refractive index were used to make photochromic lenses. Moreover, spiropyrans are being used in cosmetics
Spiropyran
Historic manufacturer of telescopes
Point, 1840), both using lenses that had been produced by Cauchoix in Paris. In the 1850s and 60s, the company also produced compound microscopes. With Thomas
Grubb_Parsons
Viscoelatic materials used in ophthalmic surgery to maintain eye shape
of Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices". crstodayeurope.com. Cataract & Refractive Surgery Today Europe. Retrieved 13 February 2023. Lane, Stephen S. (2006)
Ophthalmic viscosurgical device
Ophthalmic_viscosurgical_device
Branch of petrology focusing on detailed descriptions of rocks
more recently polarising films), fracture characteristics of the grains, refractive index (in comparison to the mounting adhesive, typically Canada balsam)
Petrography
Type of metal fluoride glass
expresses the variation of the refractive index with wavelength. It is expected to be low for glasses with a small refractive index. In the visible spectrum
ZBLAN
Japanese chemicals company
space, they are known for MR Lenses, a high refractive index (1.74) corrective lens used in consumer eyeglasses. MR Lenses are used by large direct-to-consumer
Mitsui_Chemicals
Chemical compound
(empirical formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name. Such a mixture is more correctly termed sodium
Sodium_hexametaphosphate
Chemical element with atomic number 73 (Ta)
and Panerai. Tantalum oxide is used to make special high refractive index glass for camera lenses. Spherical tantalum powder, produced by atomizing molten
Tantalum
Genus of single-celled organisms
eyespot made of a lens and pigment cup with a light sensitive retinoid, now known as the ocelloid. The refractive index of the lens was measured and it
Nematodinium
Optical system example
Herschel, John Frederick William (1821). "XVII. On the aberrations of compound lenses and object-glasses". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Herschel's_condition
Chemical element with atomic number 32 (Ge)
are its high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion. These make it especially useful for wide-angle camera lenses, microscopy, and the core
Germanium
Virtual aperture in an optical system
which pass through the exit pupil can leave the system. In a telescope or compound microscope, the exit pupil is the image of the objective element(s) as
Exit_pupil
Gemstone: beryllium aluminium silicate
silicate ring channels causes increases to the refractive indices and birefringence. Beryl is a beryllium compound that is a known carcinogen with acute toxic
Beryl
Clouding of the eye's lens due to excess galactose in the blood
galactitol in the lens, and thus restricts the osmotic swelling of the lens fibers. Other AR inhibitors include the acetic acid compounds zopolrestat, tolrestat
Galactosemic_cataract
Class of extinct, Paleozoic arthropods
apparently missing, a gradient-index lens is invoked with the refractive index of the lens changing toward the center. Sublensar sensory structures have
Trilobite
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
for IR, UV and VUV (vacuum UV) applications. It has one of the lowest refractive indices and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common
Lithium
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
Female
English
English compound name composed of Sue "lily" and Ellen, possibly SUELLEN means "torch."Â
Girl/Female
British, Christian, English
Compound of Sarah; Princess
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
One who is Aware and Reflective
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Calm; Composed
Boy/Male
Indian
Third Veda; Tatpurush Compound
Girl/Female
Hindu
Composed, Charming
Boy/Male
Indian
Calm, Composed
Boy/Male
Muslim
Calm, Composed
Female
English
English compound name composed of Dee (having various DEEANN meanss), and Ann, "favor; grace."
Girl/Female
English
A well-established compound of Jo-.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Pakistani
Calm; Composed
Girl/Female
British, Christian, English
A Compound Form of Clara
Girl/Female
Tamil
Composed, Charming
Boy/Male
Arabic, German, Muslim
Composed
Girl/Female
Muslim
Calm, Composed
Boy/Male
Muslim
Calm, Composed
Girl/Female
English
A well-established compound of Jo-.
Girl/Female
British, Christian, English
A Compound Form of Clara
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Calm; Composed
Girl/Female
English
A well-established compound of Jo-.
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS
COMPOUND REFRACTIVE-LENS