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United States judicial doctrine
Constitutional avoidance is a legal doctrine of judicial review in United States constitutional law that dictates that United States federal courts should
Constitutional_avoidance
Readiness of a case for litigation in US law
Commissioners of Emigration (1885), ripeness is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Ripeness
Legal power a court has over property
law as it stood, the only way for the petitioner to challenge the constitutionality of the seizure was to name the search warrant itself as defendant
In_rem_jurisdiction
1803 landmark U.S. Supreme Court case establishing judicial review
follow the principle of "constitutional avoidance": if a certain interpretation of a law raises constitutional problems, they prefer to use alternative
Marbury_v._Madison
Philosophy in US constitutional law
of Emigration (1885), minimalism is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Judicial_minimalism
Legal principle favouring constitutionality of a law
presumption of constitutionality is linked to the doctrine of constitutional avoidance (the doctrine that courts will not make rulings on constitutional issues
Presumption of constitutionality
Presumption_of_constitutionality
1936 United States Supreme Court case
elaboration of the doctrine of "Constitutional avoidance". In Ashwander, the Supreme Court faced a challenge to the constitutionality of a congressional program
Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Ashwander_v._Tennessee_Valley_Authority
Authority granted to a legal body or political leader to deal with legal matters
Jurisdiction draws its substance from international law, conflict of laws, constitutional law, and is often thought to include the powers of the executive and
Jurisdiction
Legal interpretation and application of the Constitution
principle of constitutional avoidance is a principle of decisional minimalism which implies a preference for declining to adjudicate constitutional questions
South African constitutional law
South_African_constitutional_law
2023–24 U.S. legal and political dispute
Constitutional avoidance canon: "When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question, and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is
Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump
Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump
2001 United States Supreme Court case
term of the 90-day removal period. Breyer applied the doctrine of constitutional avoidance to interpret the statute as containing an implicit time limitation
Zadvydas_v._Davis
2025 US Supreme Court case
during such events. The majority responded that the doctrine of constitutional avoidance would allow courts to limit excessive application of military law
Feliciano v. Department of Transportation
Feliciano_v._Department_of_Transportation
Legal concept
This is considered an aspect of administrative law, sometimes with a constitutional dimension, as when the litigant seeks to have legislation declared unconstitutional
Standing_(law)
2026 United States Supreme Court case
Fourteenth Amendment precedent. Then he raised the doctrine of constitutional avoidance and said that the decision could rest narrowly on statute (the
Trump_v._Barbara
Type of lawsuit
(1892), the collusive lawsuit rule is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Collusive_lawsuit
issue in some circumstances. It is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Last_resort_rule
Highest court of jurisdiction in the U.S
canons of construction and doctrinal rules, such as the doctrine of constitutional avoidance, to minimize occurrences where the political branches or popular
Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
Judicial interpretation of statutory law
As such, this canon is no longer good law in the United States. Constitutional avoidance If a statute is susceptible to more than one reasonable construction
Statutory_interpretation
American legal doctrine
on the certiorari jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1257), and not constitutional, holding that it applies only in cases "brought by state-court losers
Rooker–Feldman_doctrine
US Supreme Court justice since 2018
an interpretation that differs from the "best meaning", such as constitutional avoidance, legislative history, and Chevron deference. Kavanaugh and Ashley
Brett_Kavanaugh
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Supplemental_jurisdiction
Whether a court can or cannot rule upon something
Rules regarding justiciability can be of either a constitutional or prudential nature. The constitutional rules stem from express or implicit powers and
Justiciability
Type of legal opinion
legal case, but which merely legally advises on its opinion as to the constitutionality or interpretation of a law. The International Law Association is one
Advisory_opinion
Clause of the U.S. Constitution regarding judicial review
410 U.S. 113 (1973). Therefore, the Supreme Court could rule on the constitutionality of an abortion law despite the issue being moot at the time of adjudication
Case_or_Controversy_Clause
Legal term on the status of a matter
dismissed because this is a constitutional bar, and there is no "case or controversy"; others have rejected the pure constitutional approach and adopted a
Mootness
2009 United States Supreme Court case
the Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of that provision, citing the principle of constitutional avoidance. The appellant, Northwest Austin
Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder
Northwest_Austin_Municipal_Utility_District_No._1_v._Holder
principle in United States constitutional law, and a cultural norm in some cultures that promotes exogamy. The rule of avoidance employed during the Han
Rule_of_avoidance
Type of U.S. court subject-matter jurisdiction
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Federal_question_jurisdiction
Type of jurisdiction
Ancient and Modern: And Including the Principal Terms of International, Constitutional, Ecclesiastical, and Commercial Law, and Medical Jurisprudence, with
In_personam
United States government agency
giving the president a new power to remove the director, citing constitutional avoidance. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau
2023 United States Supreme Court case
to it." The courts did not decide the constitutional issue, applying the doctrine of constitutional avoidance. Alabama appealed the following day to
Allen_v._Milligan
Legal doctrine of political matters' justiciability
Territory Case". Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan). 1993-11-26. Retrieved 2022-11-07. Odermatt, Jed (2018). "Patterns of avoidance: political questions
Political_question
Doctrine prevalent in the American judiciary
prudential and discretionary, concerned not so much with comity as with avoidance of waste from duplicate litigation. The classification of the doctrine
Abstention_doctrine
Constitutional doctrine
more venerable judicial canons of interpretation, such as the constitutional avoidance canon. The word "textualism" was first used by Mark Pattison in
Textualism
Type of jurisdictional court authority
territorial jurisdiction, and adequate notice are the three most fundamental constitutional requirements for a valid judgment. The subject matter jurisdiction of
Subject-matter_jurisdiction
Judges appointed to assist at US federal district courts
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
United States magistrate judge
United_States_magistrate_judge
2005 U.S. law limiting criminal liability
to invoke constitutional avoidance and read the statute narrowly to exclude the instant case, as she believed the PLCAA raised constitutional questions
Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act
Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_in_Arms_Act
Legal protection of federal, state and tribal governments
stand not so much for what it says, but for the presupposition of our constitutional structure which it confirms: that the States entered the federal system
Sovereign immunity in the United States
Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States
Legal doctrine in the United States
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Adequate and independent state ground
Adequate_and_independent_state_ground
US legal term in court jurisdiction
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Minimum_contacts
Term used in civil procedures in the US
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Amount_in_controversy
United States federal legislation
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005
1905–1917 Russian centrist political party
The Constitutional Democratic Party (Russian: Конституцио́нно-демократи́ческая па́ртия, romanized: Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya, K-D), also
Constitutional Democratic Party
Constitutional_Democratic_Party
Court jurisdiction over the parties of a lawsuit
exercise of personal jurisdiction by a court must both comply with Constitutional limitations, and be authorized by a statute. In the United Kingdom,
Personal_jurisdiction
Territorial jurisdiction
facitlies, etc. The Supreme Court of the United States has held that constitutional requirements of due process limit the exercise of subject or personal
Territorial jurisdiction (United States)
Territorial_jurisdiction_(United_States)
American attorney (born 1976)
Stare Decisis and Constitutional Text, 110 Mich. L. Rev. 1 (2011). Reconsidering Murdock: State-Law Reversals as Constitutional Avoidance, 77 U. Chi. L.
Jonathan_F._Mitchell
U.S. court jurisdiction over persons of different states or nationalities
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Diversity_jurisdiction
Aspect of US law
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Removal_jurisdiction
Amendments. As the Cooperative acknowledges, however, the canon of constitutional avoidance has no application in the absence of statutory ambiguity. Because
Legality_of_the_war_on_drugs
United States Supreme Court case
"applied the canon of constitutional avoidance," ruling only that "district courts retained jurisdiction to hear facial constitutional challenges to veterans’
Johnson v. United States Congress
Johnson_v._United_States_Congress
Legal scope of the powers of the U.S. federal government
defenses relating to alleged constitutional violation(s) by the government. If the non-governmental party loses, the constitutional issue may form part of the
Federal jurisdiction (United States)
Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)
Parcel of land which is within a state but under federal jurisdiction
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Federal_enclave
Doctrine in US federal civil procedure
twin aims of Erie, which are the discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance of inequitable administration of the laws. Under this rule, state procedural
Erie_doctrine
2013 landmark United States Supreme Court case
decision resolved the issue, the Court invoked constitutional avoidance and declined to address the constitutionality of Section 5. Justice Clarence Thomas dissented
Shelby_County_v._Holder
US federal statute
state-law and federal constitutional questions if a state court could clarify the state-law question to make the constitutional ruling unnecessary. Under
Anti-Injunction_Act
1962 United States Supreme Court case
that are political in nature are marked by: "Textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department"; as an
Baker_v._Carr
Financial crime
classification of tax avoidance is disputable since avoidance is lawful in self-creating systems. Both tax evasion and tax avoidance can be practiced by
Tax_evasion
2013 United States Supreme Court case
that the canon of constitutional avoidance required the outcome reached by the majority. Contending that there was no constitutional authority for Congress
Adoptive_Couple_v._Baby_Girl
American judge (born 1944)
prosecutorial discretion. In 2010, the Supreme Court invoked the constitutional avoidance doctrine to narrow the scope of §1346 to cover only bribery and
Dennis_Jacobs
Legal doctrine
The abrogation doctrine is a U.S. constitutional law doctrine expounding when and how the Congress may waive a state's sovereign immunity and subject it
Abrogation_doctrine
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Quasi_in_rem_jurisdiction
1989 United States Supreme Court case
legislative history, Justice Brennan relied on the doctrine of Constitutional avoidance to favor an interpretation of FACA that would not reach the ABA
Public Citizen v. Department of Justice
Public_Citizen_v._Department_of_Justice
2023 United States Supreme Court case
solicitation and facilitation. The court added that the canon of constitutional avoidance favored the narrower reading if it was at least "fairly possible"
United_States_v._Hansen
1946 United States Supreme Court case
provision as a bill of attainder and, citing the principle of constitutional avoidance, avoided ruling the provision unconstitutional by concluding that
United_States_v._Lovett
2023 United States Supreme Court case
premature review in the district court is ill-advised as a matter of constitutional avoidance. The government gave further premonition: allowing for mid-proceeding
Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission
Axon_Enterprise,_Inc._v._Federal_Trade_Commission
Range of legal and illegal activities that reduce tax paid
that are unfavorable to a government's tax system. This may include tax avoidance, which is tax reduction by legal means, and tax evasion which is the illegal
Tax_noncompliance
2005 United States Supreme Court case
"Clark v. Martinez: Limited Statutory Construction Required by Constitutional Avoidance Offers Fragile Protection for Inadmissible Immigrants from Indefinite
Clark_v._Martinez
2012 United States Supreme Court case
reason that the Court should not apply it themselves. "The canon of constitutional avoidance [has] no application here," Scalia argued, "[for] although many
Dorsey_v._United_States
2006 United States Supreme Court case
commerce power", Scalia justified his selective interpretation under constitutional avoidance. The rest of his opinion attacks the other justices' arguments
Rapanos_v._United_States
U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals case
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission
Court case that provided the first elaboration of the doctrine of "Constitutional avoidance". Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 297
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_297
Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in
Doctrines_of_civil_procedure
American judge
first elaborated his doctrine of constitutional avoidance: the court should limit its review of constitutional questions to when it is necessary to reach a
William_Irwin_Grubb
1999 United States Supreme Court case
no need to invoke the principle of constitutional avoidance as the majority did. In any event, the constitutional rule the Court articulated could too
Jones_v._United_States_(1999)
Supreme law of the United States
Founding Fathers, often referred to as its framing, was completed at the Constitutional Convention, which assembled at Independence Hall in Philadelphia between
Constitution of the United States
Constitution_of_the_United_States
Avoidance of tax payment by Amazon
report released by Fair Tax Mark in 2019, Amazon is the best actor of tax avoidance, having paid a 12% effective tax rate between 2010 and 2018, in contrast
Amazon_tax_avoidance
Political manifesto published in 2024 by the British Labour Party
week, during evenings and weekends, paid for by cracking down on tax avoidance and non-dom loopholes. Launch a new Border Security Command with hundreds
Change_(manifesto)
Constitutional provision
A balanced budget amendment or debt brake is a constitutional rule requiring that a state cannot spend more than its income. It requires a balance between
Balanced_budget_amendment
Revolution in Siam
Chakri dynasty and resulted in a bloodless transition of Siam into a constitutional monarchy, the introduction of democracy and the first constitution,
Siamese_revolution_of_1932
1913 amendment establishing the direct election of senators
the power of the federal government. Additionally, the longer terms and avoidance of popular election turned the Senate into a body that could counter the
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
of avoidance, articulated by the Constitutional Court in Zantsi v Council of State, Ciskei, holds that courts should not adjudicate constitutional questions
South African constitutional litigation
South_African_constitutional_litigation
Efforts to prevent or hinder unionization among workers
described a long list of practices which he viewed as tangential to union avoidance activities but which his detractors have labeled as support operations
Union_busting
1993 United States Supreme Court case
dissent imbued the avoidance doctrine with constitutional weight by relying on earlier Supreme Court precedent relating the avoidance doctrine to the case
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
Zobrest_v._Catalina_Foothills_School_District
Identification, evaluation and control of risks
the project. By choosing not to participate in high-risk ventures, the avoidance strategy avoids losses but also loses out on possibilities. Last but not
Risk_management
Island country in Southeast Asia
British rule, based on "communal loyalty, distrust of government, and avoidance of individual or collective responsibility for wider public interests"
Singapore
7th Chief Justice of Australia and politician (1903–1997)
The decisions effectively nullified the anti-avoidance legislation and led to the proliferation of avoidance schemes in the 1970s, a result which drew much
Garfield_Barwick
Jury instruction
mind (mens rea), is satisfied by deliberate ignorance –the deliberate avoidance of knowledge. This principle became established in British courts in the
Ostrich_instruction
with the South Mediety of the same Rectory, from and after the next Avoidance of either Benefice. Milton Inclosure Act 1800 39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 19 Pr
List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1800
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1800
Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia
Sarion (2014). Ethno-religious Identification and Intergroup Contact Avoidance: An Empirical Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines.
Philippines
Presidential practice to ignore term limits and continue to rule beyond legal term
Quarterly 2 (July 1940): 56-74/ Alexander Baturo, Continuismo in Comparison: Avoidance, Extension, and Removal of Presidential Term Limits, DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198837404
Continuismo
Multinational professional services brand
The firm has on multiple occasions been implicated in tax fraud and tax avoidance practices. It has frequently been fined by regulators for performing audits
PwC
British tax lawyer
avoid tax, in favour of increased HMRC prosecution of aggressive tax avoidance and evasion, and in favour of windfall taxes on oil and gas producers
Dan_Neidle
King of Sweden from 1950 to 1973
reign. As king, and shortly before his death, he gave his approval to constitutional changes which removed the Swedish monarchy's last political powers.
Gustaf_VI_Adolf
Basic emotion
disgust, which "motivates the avoidance of infectious microorganisms"; sexual disgust, "which motivates the avoidance of [dangerous] sexual partners
Disgust
41st legislative term of the Philippines
more respectable than the Senate", and unfavorably compared the Senate's avoidance of an impeachment trial during the 20th Congress to the Senate that tackled
20th Congress of the Philippines
20th_Congress_of_the_Philippines
King of the United Kingdom since 2022
Revenue and Customs were asked in December 2012 to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall. The Duchy was named in the Paradise Papers,
Charles_III
Uruguayan presidential administration from 2025 to present
his running mate for the general election. He was opposed to the two constitutional referendums put to the electorate on changes to the social security
Presidency_of_Yamandú_Orsi
with the South Mediety of the same Rectory, from and after the next Avoidance of either Benefice. Milton Inclosure Act 1800 39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 19 Pr
List of acts of the 4th session of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain
List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_18th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain
1998 agreements between the UK and Ireland
Friday Agreement. The paper identified a range of issues including the avoidance of a hard border, North–South cooperation, citizenship, and the Common
Good_Friday_Agreement
Ethnic cleansing of Palestinians
contextualized as an atypical incident that proves the rule of Jewish avoidance of civilian casualties during wartime."; Khalidi 2020, p. 74, "People
Nakba
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : classicized spelling of Randolf, a Germanic personal name composed of the elements rand ‘rim’ (of a shield), ‘shield’ + wolf ‘wolf’. This was introduced into England by Scandinavian settlers in the Old Norse form Rannúlfr, and was reinforced after the Norman Conquest by the Norman form Randolf.An American family bearing the surname Randolph are descended from William Randolph (?1651–1711), a planter and merchant, a member of a family that originally came from Sussex, England, who emigrated from Warwickshire to VA c.1673. He was a forebear of Thomas Jefferson and Robert E. Lee. Randolph had seven sons, each of whom inherited an estate, the name of which was sometimes added to their own, such as Sir John Randolph of Tazewell. His great-grandsons included Edmund Randolph (1753–1813), first attorney general of the U.S. and one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution, and the diplomat and statesman John Randolph of Roanoke (1773–1833), who served as U.S. minister to Russia.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for a stonemason, Middle English, Old French mas(s)on. Compare Machen. Stonemasonry was a hugely important craft in the Middle Ages.Italian (Veneto) : from a short form of Masone.French : from a regional variant of maison ‘house’.George Mason (1725–92), the American colonial statesman who framed the VA Bill of Rights and Constitution, which was used as a model by Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence, was a VA planter, fourth in descent from George Mason (?1629–?86), a royalist soldier of the English Civil War who had received land grants in VA. As well as being prominent in the affairs of VA, the family also produced the first governor of MI.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of Clement.George Clymer (1739–1813), a signer of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution, was a prosperous and well-connected Philadelphia merchant. His grandfather, Richard Clymer, came to Philadelphia in 1705 from Bristol, England.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Constitution
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a sheepshearer or someone who used shears to trim the surface of finished cloth and remove excess nap, from Middle English shereman ‘shearer’.Americanized spelling of German Schuermann.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a tailor, from Yiddish sher ‘scissors’ + man ‘man’.Roger Sherman (1722–93), the only man to sign all three documents at the foundation of the American republic (the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution), was born in Newton, MA, a descendant of Capt. John Sherman, who had emigrated in about 1636 to MA from Dedham, Essex, England, where his father was a farmer, following his brother Edmund, who had emigrated two years earlier. A descendant of Edmund Sherman was the U.S. general William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–91), who led the Union march through GA. He was born in Lancaster, OH, the son of a judge; his middle name was bestowed in honor of a Shawnee chieftain.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a person with red hair or a ruddy complexion, from Middle English re(a)d ‘red’.English : topographic name for someone who lived in a clearing, from an unattested Old English rīed, r̄d ‘woodland clearing’.English : Read in Lancashire, the name of which is a contracted form of Old English rǣghēafod, from rǣge ‘female roe deer’, ‘she-goat’ + hēafod ‘head(land)’; Rede in Suffolk, so called from Old English hrēod ‘reeds’; or Reed in Hertfordshire, so called from an Old English ryhð ‘brushwood’.English : A family called Read were established in America in the early 18th century by John Read, who was born in Dublin, sixth in descent from Sir Thomas Read of Berkshire, England. His son, George Read (1733–98), was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and as a lawyer helped frame the Constitution.
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sweet heart, To live
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Beneficence
Boy/Male
Biblical
The strength, or taking, of the Lord.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Noble. Magnanimous.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Gift from Goddess Durga
Girl/Female
Hindu
Goddess Durga
Male
Russian
Variant spelling of Russian Varfolomei, VARFOLOMEY means "son of Talmai."
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Lord of Excellent Intellect
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Girl/Female
Latin
Young. In Roman mythology Juno was protectress of women and of marriage. In modern times June is...
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE
a.
For the benefit or one's constitution or health; as, a constitutional walk.
adv.
In accordance with the constitution or natural disposition of the mind or body; naturally; as, he was constitutionally timid.
a.
Opposed to the constitution; unconstitutional.
n.
An authoritative ordinance, regulation or enactment; especially, one made by a Roman emperor, or one affecting ecclesiastical doctrine or discipline; as, the constitutions of Justinian.
a.
Pertaining to, or treating of, institutions; as, institutional legends.
a.
Of or pertaining to temperament; constitutional.
adv.
Constitutionally.
a.
Instituted by authority.
a.
In accordance with, or authorized by, the constitution of a state or a society; as, constitutional reforms.
n.
The theory, principles, or authority of constitutional government; attachment or adherence to a constitution or constitutional government.
a.
Elementary; rudimental.
a.
Of or pertaining to constitutional complexion.
a.
Relating to a constitution, or establishment form of government; as, a constitutional risis.
adv.
In accordance with the constitution or fundamental law; legally; as, he was not constitutionally appointed.
n.
A walk or other exercise taken for one's health or constitution.
n.
The aggregate of all one's inherited physical qualities; the aggregate of the vital powers of an individual, with reference to ability to endure hardship, resist disease, etc.; as, a robust constitution.
n.
The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of men, embodied in written documents, or implied in the institutions and usages of the country or society; also, a written instrument embodying such organic law, and laying down fundamental rules and principles for the conduct of affairs.
a.
Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitution; as, constitutional government; constitutional rights.
a.
Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution, or in the structure of body or mind; as, a constitutional infirmity; constitutional ardor or dullness.
a.
Not constitutional; not according to, or consistent with, the terms of a constitution of government; contrary to the constitution; as, an unconstitutional law, or act of an officer.