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Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
An ecological fallacy (also ecological inference fallacy or population fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data that occurs
Ecological_fallacy
A fallacy is an error in reasoning that undermines an argument's support for its conclusion. In academic usage, the term usually applies to arguments
List_of_fallacies
Fallacy
homoeomeria, and it depends on the fallacy of division. In statistics, an ecological fallacy is a logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical
Fallacy_of_division
1897 book by Émile Durkheim
had a low suicide rate. Durkheim has been accused of committing an ecological fallacy since Durkheim's conclusions are apparently about individual behaviour
Suicide_(Durkheim_book)
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a type of fallacy in which people tend to ignore the base rate (e.g., general
Base_rate_fallacy
Techniques to study geometric data
their spatial context. The fallacy is about transferring individual conclusions to spatial units. The ecological fallacy describes errors due to performing
Spatial_analysis
Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
The fallacy of composition is an informal fallacy that arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some
Fallacy_of_composition
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The
Fallacy
Study of processes and patterns in the natural environment
geography that address how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological processes such as the distribution and flow of energy, materials, and
Physical_geography
Gravity anomaly in the Indian Ocean
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Indian_Ocean_Geoid_Low
Data combined from several measurements
which is also termed 'ecological fallacy'. 'Ecological fallacy' means that it is invalid for users to draw conclusions on the ecological relationships between
Aggregate_data
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
(also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief
Reification_(fallacy)
Informal fallacy
parts). In statistics, forms of it are usually referred to as the ecological fallacy. Because this company is so corrupt, so must every employee within
Fallacies of illicit transference
Fallacies_of_illicit_transference
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
number of informal fallacies have been identified, including the fallacy of equivocation, the fallacy of amphiboly, the fallacies of composition and division
Informal_fallacy
French sociologist (1858–1917)
error termed the ecological fallacy. However, diverging views have contested whether Durkheim's work really contained an ecological fallacy. More recent authors
Émile_Durkheim
Period of European global exploration
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Age_of_Discovery
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that an independent and equally
Gambler's_fallacy
Numeric postal code used in the US and its territories
other enumeration units, and is not possible without committing the ecological fallacy. This again becomes an issue with the MAUP. They have been found not
ZIP_Code
Mountain range in Mexico
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Sierra_Madre_Oriental
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
formal fallacy is contrasted with an informal fallacy. A formal fallacy must have an invalid logical form and thus be unsound. An informal fallacy, however
Formal_fallacy
Scholar whose area of study is geography
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geographer
1969 law by Waldo Tobler
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Tobler's first law of geography
Tobler's_first_law_of_geography
Large area of land
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Landmass
Classification system for Earth's landforms based on the work on N. M. Fenneman
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Physiographic_region
Region in Mexico
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Mexican_Plateau
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
The McNamara fallacy (also known as the quantitative fallacy), named for Robert McNamara, the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, involves making
McNamara_fallacy
Largest mountain-free landform in Europe
European Plain is the most agriculturally productive region of Europe. Ecological regions include: Atlantic mixed forests Baltic mixed forests East European
European_Plain
Desert in East Asia
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Gobi_Desert
Statistical fallacy
The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is the statistical fallacy of inferring meaning from what is essentially a random distribution of data points. It is the
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Physiographic division of the United States
waterlogged soils are also notable, with wetlands and hammocks being important ecological features. The Eastern woodlands are the original, predominant ecosystem
Atlantic_Plain
Geographic and ecological region of Kansas and Oklahoma, United States
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Flint_Hills
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
this') is an informal fallacy that states "Because event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X". It is a fallacy in which an event
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
The genetic fallacy (also known as the fallacy of origins or fallacy of virtue) is a fallacy of irrelevance in which arguments or information are dismissed
Genetic_fallacy
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
In metaethics, the naturalistic fallacy is the claim that it is possible to define good in terms of merely described entities, properties, or processes
Naturalistic_fallacy
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
(argumentum ad logicam), the fallacy fallacy, the fallacist's fallacy, and the bad reasons fallacy. An argument from fallacy has the following general argument
Argument_from_fallacy
Study of the environment
understanding the atmospheric dynamics.[citation needed] As defined by the Ecological Society of America, "Ecology is the study of the relationships between
Environmental_science
United States voting pattern
election maps are subject to the interpretation error known as the ecological fallacy. Finally, there are problems associated with human perception. Large
Red_states_and_blue_states
Vast interior plain east of the North/Central European
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
East_European_Plain
Source of statistical bias
aggregated data. MAUP is closely related to the topic of ecological fallacy and ecological bias (Arbia, 1988). Stan Openshaw's work on this topic has
Modifiable_areal_unit_problem
Study of Earth's spatial information
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geography
Informal logical fallacy
No true Scotsman, or appeal to purity, is an informal fallacy in which one modifies a prior claim in response to a counterexample by asserting the counterexample
No_true_Scotsman
Mathematical finance term
ensemble and time.” Annual growth % Arithmetic mean Compound interest Ecological fallacy (Averages do not predict individual performance) Exponential growth
Volatility_tax
Study of geography's effects on politics
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geopolitics
Dutch psychologist (1928–2020)
living in a certain country; to do so is to commit an “ecological fallacy”. To avoid this fallacy and resulting confusion Brewer and Venaik recommend avoiding
Geert_Hofstede
Study of the spatial outcomes of political processes
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Political_geography
Group of mountain ranges
Evolution in a Spatial Context. The 14th Special Symposium of the British Ecological Society. British Ecolological Society, Blackwell Science Ltd., Ch. 15
North_American_Cordillera
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
A faulty generalization is an informal fallacy wherein a conclusion is drawn about all or many instances of a phenomenon on the basis of one or a few
Faulty_generalization
Obsolete device purported to detect lies
portal Bogus pipeline Cleve Backster Doug Williams (polygraph critic) Ecological fallacy Ronald Pelton Voice stress analysis P300 (neuroscience)#Applications
Polygraph
Creative view of the built environment that emphasizes playfulness and dérive
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Psychogeography
Geographic method incorporating poetry
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geopoetics
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
Cherry picking – Fallacy of incomplete evidence Condorcet paradox – Self-contradiction of majority rule Ecological fallacy – Formal fallacy in statistical
Simpson's_paradox
Use of statistical arguments to assert falsehoods
for two siblings to die from SIDS. This is also an example of the ecological fallacy as it assumes the probability of SIDS in Clark's family was the same
Misuse_of_statistics
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geodesy
Proposed way to organize themes within geography
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Four_traditions_of_geography
System of mountain ranges in Spain
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Baetic_System
Wetland located between the Canadian Shield and Hudson Bay
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Hudson_Bay_Lowlands
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. It can also refer to the tendency to
Nirvana_fallacy
System to capture, manage, and present geographic data
analysing a set of alternative spatial solutions, such as the most likely ecological habitat for restoration, against multiple criteria, such as vegetation
Geographic_information_system
Semi-desert region in South Africa
fossiliferous rocks of the Karoo Supergroup, which records in detail ecological change in the region when it formed part of southern Pangaea from the
Karoo
Steppe region in Kazakhstan
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Kazakh_Steppe
Theory that a society's development is predetermined by its physical environment
"neo-environmental determinism" school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence state-building, economic development, and institutions
Environmental_determinism
1991 book by Mark Monmonier
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
How_to_Lie_with_Maps
Academic study of human–environment interaction
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Environmental_studies
Type of map that visualizes data
aggregate information can result in interpretation issues such as the Ecological fallacy and the Modifiable areal unit problem. Choropleth maps, in almost
Thematic_map
Mountain range in Spain
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Cantabrian_Mountains
Improper usage or mistreatment
JSTOR 1061471. Dutton, Donald G. (1994). "Patriarchy and Wife Assault: The Ecological Fallacy". Violence and Victims. 9 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2
Abuse
Active volcanic belt that covers central-southern Mexico
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt
Subfield of human geography and economics
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Economic_geography
Certain type of mistaken proof
of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in
Mathematical_fallacy
American geographer
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Richard_E._Dodge
Mountain range in the southeastern United States
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Cumberland_Mountains
Application of information science methods in geography and geosciences
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geoinformatics
Subfield within human geography
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Cultural_geography
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
The just-world fallacy, or just-world hypothesis, is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will necessarily
Just-world_fallacy
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
description." — Stephen J. Gould The most often-cited example of this fallacy originated with Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman: Linda is 31 years old
Conjunction_fallacy
Study of cultures, communities, people, lifestyle, and activities of people of the world
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Human_geography
Study of the geographic distribution of languages
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Language_geography
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
A straw man fallacy (sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion,
Straw_man
Region in the Western, Northern and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Great_Karoo
Mental or emotional harm inflicted on a person
Dutton, Donald G. (Summer 1994). "Patriarchy and wife assault: the ecological fallacy". Violence & Victims. 9 (2): 167–182. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.167
Psychological_abuse
Geography textbook by Bernhardus Varenius
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geographia_Generalis
Rhetorical argument
this is called the slippery-slope fallacy. This is a type of informal fallacy, and is a subset of continuum fallacy,[citation needed] in that it ignores
Slippery_slope
Plateau in Central, South and East Asia
Mekong). Its tens of thousands of glaciers and other geographical and ecological features serve as a natural "water tower" storing water and maintaining
Tibetan_Plateau
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
New_England_province
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
good for the economy is consequently known as the broken window fallacy or glazier's fallacy. Bastiat's original parable of the broken window from "Ce qu'on
Parable_of_the_broken_window
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey fallacy (named after the motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground fallacy, or golden mean fallacy—is the fallacy of assuming that the truth or best solution
Argument_to_moderation
Study of a locality's reflected culture and environment projected upon on music
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Music_geography
Geographic data discipline
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geomatics
Province of the larger West Australian Shield in central South Australia
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Gawler_Craton
Scientific discipline
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Geographic information science
Geographic_information_science
1994 book
introduction, the authors warn the reader against committing the ecological fallacy of inferring things about individuals based on the aggregate data
The_Bell_Curve
legal or other effective means because of the area's recognized natural, ecological, cultural, or historical value. province A type of second-level administrative
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
Mountain range in eastern Canada
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Torngat_Mountains
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
equivocation ("calling two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the failure to define one's terms, or knowingly and deliberately
Equivocation
One of several proposed laws of geography
geography should be moved to the second and replaced with another. Ecological fallacy Indicators of spatial association Level of analysis Modifiable temporal
Tobler's second law of geography
Tobler's_second_law_of_geography
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
List of elevation extremes by country
List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country
Programme to reduce domestic violence against women
Dutton, Donald G. (February 1994). "Patriarchy and Wife Assault: The Ecological Fallacy". Violence and Victims. 9 (2): 167–182. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2
Duluth_model
Temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the United States
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Middle Atlantic coastal forests
Middle_Atlantic_coastal_forests
American geographer and fiction writer
(geography) Problems Boundary problem (spatial analysis) Coastline paradox Ecological fallacy Modifiable areal unit problem Modifiable temporal unit problem Neighborhood
Michael_DeMers
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who is economical, Thrifty
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Frugal; Thrifty; Economical; One who is Economical; The Provident
Boy/Male
Indian
One who is economical, Thrifty
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Biological
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
One who is economical thrifty
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
Male
French
Old French name derived from Latin Gilebertus, GILEBERT means "pledge-bright."
Boy/Male
Hindu
One of the Pandavas princes
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical
That Foretells; That Conjectures
Girl/Female
Greek American English
A vision.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Nectar, Amrit, Earth, Daughter
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Goddess Parvathi
Female
Bulgarian
, from the forest.
Male
Hebrew
(×ַבְרָהָ×) Variant spelling of Hebrew Abraham, AVRAHAM means "father of a multitude."Â
Girl/Female
Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Telugu
Flower; Fruit; A Lovely Quite
Girl/Female
Muslim
Chaste, Pure, Pious, Clean
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
a.
Alt. of Necrological
a.
Alt. of Biological
a.
Alt. of Aerological
a.
Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as, economic purposes; economical truths.
a.
Alt. of Eulogical
adv.
In a geological manner.
adv.
In a neological manner.
a.
Of or pertaining to neology; neological.
a.
Alt. of Epilogical
a.
Alt. of Geological
a.
Managed with frugality; not marked with waste or extravagance; frugal; -- said of acts; saving; as, an economical use of money or of time.
a
Alt. of Ethological
a.
Alt. of Neological
a.
Like a huswife; capable; economical; prudent.
a.
Pertaining to aerography; aerological.
a.
Alt. of Myological
a.
Alt. of Mycological
a.
See Economical.
a.
Alt. of Economical
a.
Neologic; neological.