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Scientific educational toy
Euler's Disk, invented between 1987 and 1990 by Joseph Bendik, is a trademarked scientific educational toy. It is used to illustrate and study the dynamic
Euler's_Disk
Topological invariant in mathematics
algebraic topology and polyhedral combinatorics, the Euler characteristic (or Euler number, or Euler–Poincaré characteristic) is a topological invariant
Euler_characteristic
integer. Euler system Euler's factorization method Euler's Disk – a toy consisting of a circular disk that spins, without slipping, on a surface Euler rotation
List of topics named after Leonhard Euler
List_of_topics_named_after_Leonhard_Euler
Approach to finding numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations
In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary
Euler_method
child playing a toy piano Battling Tops Beyblade Chinese yo-yo (Diabolo) Euler's Disk Fidget Spinner Frisbee (1950s) Gyroscope Hula hoop (1950s) Magnet Space
List_of_toys
Spinning physics toy
fully described by considering dry friction forces at the contact point. Euler's Disk – another spinning physics toy that exhibits surprising behavior Tennis
Tippe_top
Numerical method for ordinary differential equations
region of absolute stability for the backward Euler method is the complement in the complex plane of the disk with radius 1 centered at 1, depicted in the
Backward_Euler_method
Point where a mathematical object behaves irregularly
accelerates towards infinite—before abruptly stopping (as studied using the Euler's Disk toy). Hypothetical examples include Heinz von Foerster's facetious "Doomsday's
Singularity_(mathematics)
Small, flat and usually round piece of material used as money
and has been studied using high speed photography and devices such as Euler's Disk. The slowing down is predominantly caused by rolling friction (air resistance
Coin
Plane figure, bounded by circle
In geometry, a disk (also spelled disc) is the region in a plane bounded by a circle. A disk is said to be closed if it contains the circle that constitutes
Disk_(mathematics)
Difference between logarithm and harmonic series
(11): 2624–2640. doi:10.1111/evo.14372. PMID 34606622. S2CID 238357410. "Eulers Constant". num.math.uni-goettingen.de. Retrieved 2024-10-19. Waldschmidt
Euler's_constant
centrifugal force, Reactive centrifugal force Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector Euler's disk elastic potential energy Mechanical equilibrium D'Alembert's principle
List of mathematical topics in classical mechanics
List_of_mathematical_topics_in_classical_mechanics
Plaything intended to stimulate learning
GIANTmicrobes Playmobil model scenes Musical instruments Toy piano Physics Euler's Disk Galilean cannon Newton's cradle Rattleback Tippe top Hoberman sphere
Educational_toy
Concept in geometry
as the area of a circle in informal contexts, strictly speaking, the term disk refers to the interior region of the circle, while circle is reserved for
Area_of_a_circle
Cremmer Euler's Disk Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics) Euler's laws of motion Euler's three-body problem Euler equations (fluid dynamics) Euler force
Index_of_physics_articles_(E)
Circle constructed from a triangle
orthocentroidal disk. Furthermore, the Fermat point, the Gergonne point, and the symmedian point are in the open orthocentroidal disk punctured at its
Orthocentroidal_circle
Two-dimensional manifold
that S # M = M. This is because deleting a disk from the sphere leaves a disk, which simply replaces the disk deleted from M upon gluing. Connected summation
Surface_(topology)
Compact non-orientable two-dimensional manifold
cross-capped disk is homeomorphic to a self-intersecting disk, as shown in Figure 3. The self-intersecting disk is homeomorphic to an ordinary disk. The parametric
Real_projective_plane
components) and χ(S) is the Euler characteristic of S. When compressing a compressible surface along a nontrivial compressing disk, the Euler characteristic increases
Incompressible_surface
Type of non-Euclidean geometry
{\displaystyle 2\pi R\sinh {\frac {r}{R}}\,.} And the area of the enclosed disk is: 4 π R 2 sinh 2 r 2 R = 2 π R 2 ( cosh r R − 1 ) . {\displaystyle
Hyperbolic_geometry
Center of the inscribed circle of a triangle
to G). Any other point within the orthocentroidal disk is the incenter of a unique triangle. The Euler line of a triangle is a line passing through its
Incenter
Circle with radius of one
called the open unit disk, while the interior of the unit circle combined with the unit circle itself is called the closed unit disk. One may also use other
Unit_circle
Smooth closed surface with g holes
distinct tori: the interior of a disk is removed from each of g distinct tori and the boundaries of the g many disks are identified (glued together),
Genus_g_surface
Subfield of cosmology
a disk shape and is called a spiral galaxy due to spiral-like "arm" structures located on the disk. There are different theories on how these disk-like
Galaxy formation and evolution
Galaxy_formation_and_evolution
Theorem about the range of an analytic function
{\textstyle h} contains a disk of radius | h ′ ( w ) | R / 72 {\textstyle |h'(w)|R/72} . But from above, any sufficiently large disk contains at least one
Picard_theorem
Spherical geometry analog of a straight line
3-space is a great circle of exactly one sphere. The disk bounded by a great circle is called a great disk: it is the intersection of a ball and a plane passing
Great_circle
Method of drawing geometric objects
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Straightedge and compass construction
Straightedge_and_compass_construction
Periodic change in the direction of a rotation axis
reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the
Precession
Surface of revolution with a hole in the middle
doughnut. Doughnuts are an example of a solid torus created by rotating a disk, and are not toroids. Toroidal structures occur in both natural and synthetic
Toroid
Visual technique in topological graph theory
topological disk, and each edge is represented by a topological rectangle with two opposite ends glued to the edges of vertex disks (possibly to the same disk as
Ribbon_graph
Geometry of the surface of a sphere
Andalusi scholar Jabir ibn Aflah. Leonhard Euler published a series of important memoirs on spherical geometry: L. Euler, Principes de la trigonométrie sphérique
Spherical_geometry
ratios | r | < 1. {\displaystyle |r|<1.} Cesàro summation Abel summation Euler summation The series is Borel summable for every z with real part < 1. Certain
Divergent_geometric_series
Percussion instrument constructed by rods, bells, tubes suspended in air
contact with a suspended central clapper in the form of a ball or horizontal disk, or with each other. Wind chimes may be used to observe changes in wind direction
Wind_chime
Number of "holes" of a surface
unit disk along the boundary. The genus of a 3-dimensional handlebody is an integer representing the maximum number of cuttings along embedded disks without
Genus_(mathematics)
Infinitely detailed mathematical structure
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Fractal
{\displaystyle \chi } is the Euler characteristic. The crosscap number of the unknot is zero, as the Euler characteristic of the disk is one. The crosscap number
Crosscap_number
Mathematical space with two coordinates
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Two-dimensional_space
Theorem in differential geometry
suppose we flatten the hemisphere to make it into a disk. This transformation is a homeomorphism, so the Euler characteristic is still 1. However, on the left
Gauss–Bonnet_theorem
Study of space and shapes locally given by a convergent power series
D_{1}} onto the unit disk and existence of w = g ( z ) {\displaystyle w=g(z)} mapping D 2 {\displaystyle D_{2}} onto the unit disk. Thus g − 1 f {\displaystyle
Geometric_function_theory
Three-holed sphere
three open disks with pairwise disjoint closures. Thus a pair of pants is a compact surface of genus zero with three boundary components. The Euler characteristic
Pair_of_pants_(mathematics)
Perimeter of a circle or ellipse
to the circle itself, that is, the locus corresponding to the edge of a disk. The circumference of a sphere is the circumference, or length, of any one
Circumference
Operating System (CTOS) – later acquired by Unisys Cromemco DOS (CDOS) – a Disk Operating system compatible with CP/M Cromix – a multitasking, multi-user
List_of_operating_systems
Constant equal to twice pi
Leonhard Euler initially used the single letter π to denote the constant 6.28... in his 1727 Essay Explaining the Properties of Air. Euler would later
Tau_(mathematics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Bernoulli (crater), lunar crater Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, model of a bending beam Bernoulli Box, a removable disk storage system based on the Bernoulli
Bernoulli
logarithmic functions List of integrals of area functions Partial derivative Disk integration Gabriel's horn Jacobian matrix Hessian matrix Curvature Green's
List_of_calculus_topics
does not bear any name apart from the name of the operating system itself. Disk file systems are usually block-oriented. Files in a block-oriented file system
List_of_file_systems
Software that emulates an entire computer
Virtual machines frequently use virtual disks for their storage; in a very simple example, a 10-gigabyte hard disk drive is simulated with a 10-gigabyte
Virtual_machine
Mapping theorem in topology
every continuous map from the n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional closed unit disk D n {\displaystyle D^{n}} to D n {\displaystyle D^{n}} must have at least
Lefschetz_fixed-point_theorem
molecules of nano-size in a single piece of platform, including a compact disk or DVD. This type of micro-fluidic biochip is based upon the principle of
Centrifugal micro-fluidic biochip
Centrifugal_micro-fluidic_biochip
Theorem on holomorphic functions
example implies that a non-constant holomorphic function cannot map an open disk onto a portion of any line embedded in the complex plane. Images of holomorphic
Open mapping theorem (complex analysis)
Open_mapping_theorem_(complex_analysis)
Integration method to calculate volume
CliffsNotes.com. Retrieved July 8, 2014. Weisstein, Eric W. "Method of Disks". MathWorld. Frank Ayres, Elliott Mendelson. Schaum's Outlines: Calculus
Disc_integration
Topological space
a > 0 {\displaystyle a>0} is the surface bundle of the automorphism of a disk given by rotation by an angle of 2 π b / a {\displaystyle 2\pi b/a} (with
Seifert_fiber_space
Crescent shape bounded by two circular arcs
disk in another (where they intersect but neither is a subset of the other). Alternatively, if A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} are disks,
Lune_(geometry)
Surface of revolution of a catenary
1985 that the only immersed minimal disk in the unit ball with free boundary is an equatorial totally geodesic disk. Nitsche also claimed without proof
Catenoid
Fractal named after mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot
Mandelbrot set is a compact set, since it is closed and contained in the closed disk of radius 2 centred on zero. A point c {\displaystyle c} belongs to the Mandelbrot
Mandelbrot_set
Positive Euler characteristic 2-disk Sphere Real projective plane Zero Euler characteristic Annulus Möbius strip Torus Klein bottle Negative Euler characteristic
List of geometric topology topics
List_of_geometric_topology_topics
Holomorphic functions are analytic Schwarzian derivative Analytic capacity Disk algebra Univalent function Ahlfors theory Bieberbach conjecture Borel–Carathéodory
List of complex analysis topics
List_of_complex_analysis_topics
Mathematical power series of arctangent
}{\frac {(-1)^{k}x^{2k+1}}{2k+1}}.} This series converges in the complex disk | x | ≤ 1 , {\displaystyle |x|\leq 1,} except for x = ± i {\displaystyle
Arctangent_series
Mathematical technique for improving convergence
the point z = 1 {\displaystyle z=1} is close to or on the boundary of the disk of convergence, the series for S {\displaystyle S} will converge very slowly
Series_acceleration
Infinite series summing alternating 1 and -1 terms
\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }z^{n}} , which is only defined on the complex unit disk, |z| ≤ 1. In modern mathematics, the sum of an infinite series is defined
Grandi's_series
Straight line segment that passes through the centre of a circle
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Diameter
Relationship between two lines that meet at a right angle
bisectors of the sides also play a prominent role in triangle geometry. The Euler line of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the triangle's base. The
Perpendicular
summation formula (Poisson resummation) Wavelet theory Poisson wavelet Poisson disk Poisson image editing Advanced Poisson-Boltzmann Solver Poisson (crater)
List of things named after Siméon Denis Poisson
List_of_things_named_after_Siméon_Denis_Poisson
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
dual-core Athlon64 with a 1,900 MHz CPU). Just less than 5 gigabytes of disk storage was required and about 2.5 gigabytes of RAM for the sieving process
RSA_cryptosystem
Statement in complex analysis
analysis typically viewed to be about holomorphic functions from the open unit disk D := { z ∈ C : | z | < 1 } {\displaystyle \mathbb {D} :=\{z\in \mathbb {C}
Schwarz_lemma
Straight figure with zero width and depth
arbitrarily closely without touching it. With respect to triangles we have: the Euler line, the Simson lines, and central lines. For a convex quadrilateral with
Line_(geometry)
Branch of differential geometry and differential topology
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Symplectic_geometry
German mathematician (1826–1866)
the functional equation for the zeta function (already known to Leonhard Euler), behind which a theta function lies. Through the summation of this approximation
Bernhard_Riemann
Counts pieces of a disk cut by lines
the central polygonal numbers, describes the maximum number of pieces of a disk (a pancake or pizza is usually used to describe the situation) that can be
Lazy_caterer's_sequence
Coordinate system in two dimensions
equation for a part of the plane with rotational symmetry, e.g. a circular disk, log-polar coordinates is the natural choice. A similar situation arises
Log-polar_coordinates
Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri (1667–1733) – non-Euclidean geometry Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) Tobias Mayer (1723–1762) Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777)
List_of_geometers
Mathematical approximation of a function
interval (or open disk in the complex plane) containing x. This implies that the function is analytic at every point of the interval (or disk). The Taylor
Taylor_series
Family of computer operating systems
contained machine services and devices (such as printers, terminals, or disk drives), providing a uniform interface, but at the expense of occasionally
Unix
Fundamental object of geometry
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Point_(geometry)
Euclidean geometry without distance and angles
That is developed in the article Affine connection. In 1748, Leonhard Euler introduced the term affine (from Latin affinis 'related') in his book Introductio
Affine_geometry
Branch of geometry that studies combinatorial properties and constructive methods
include Euclidean graphs, the 1-skeleton of a polyhedron or polytope, unit disk graphs, and visibility graphs. Topics in this area include: Graph drawing
Discrete_geometry
Principle relating to fluid dynamics
original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012. Tymony, Cy. "Origami Flying Disk". MAKE Magazine. This occurs because of Bernoulli's principle — fast-moving
Bernoulli's_principle
Topological space of dimension zero
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Zero-dimensional_space
Geometry without the parallel postulate
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Absolute_geometry
Integral of the Gaussian function, equal to sqrt(π)
The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function f ( x ) = e − x 2 {\displaystyle f(x)=e^{-x^{2}}}
Gaussian_integral
Geometric model of the physical space
In 1760, Euler proved a theorem expressing the curvature of a space curve on a surface in terms of the principal curvatures, known as Euler's theorem.
Three-dimensional_space
Non-orientable surface with one edge
circular disk in the plane that it rotates within, and the Möbius strip that it generates forms a slice through the solid torus swept out by this disk. Because
Möbius_strip
Mathematical invariance under transformations
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Symmetry
Mathematical theorem in complex analysis
to "force" all points within overlapping open disks to assume the same value as the maximum. The disks are laid such that their centers form a polygonal
Maximum_modulus_principle
Branch of mathematics
differential equation describing a minimal surface in terms of the Euler–Lagrange equation. In 1760 Euler proved a theorem expressing the curvature of a space curve
Differential_geometry
Space with one dimension
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
One-dimensional_space
Part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points; line with two endpoints
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Line_segment
Speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum
The "c" was used for "celerity" meaning a velocity in books by Leonhard Euler and others, but this velocity was not specifically for light; Isaac Asimov
Speed_of_light
Genome assembly algorithm
additional disk space. Mismatch corrector (which uses the BWA tool). This module requires the longest time (~ 120 min) and the largest additional disk space
SPAdes_(software)
Branch of mathematics
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Geometry
Relation between sides of a right triangle
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Pythagorean_theorem
Branch of mathematics
called a metric. In a metric space, an open set is a union of open disks, where an open disk of radius r centered at x is the set of all points whose distance
Topology
Simply connected Riemann surface is equivalent to an open disk, complex plane, or sphere
is conformally equivalent to one of three Riemann surfaces: the open unit disk, the complex plane, or the Riemann sphere. The theorem is a generalization
Uniformization_theorem
Swedish mathematician (1852–1923)
Eneström index, which is used to identify Euler's writings. Most historical scholars refer to the works of Euler by their Eneström index. Eneström received
Gustaf_Eneström
Graph that can be embedded in the plane
fixed circle and all edges are straight line segments that lie inside the disk and don't intersect, so n-vertex regular polygons are universal for outerplanar
Planar_graph
Volume space bounded by a sphere
Thus, for example, a ball in the Euclidean plane is the same thing as a disk, the planar region bounded by a circle. In Euclidean 3-space, a ball is taken
Ball_(mathematics)
Overview of and topical guide to geometry
Isosceles trapezoid Triangle Acute and obtuse triangles Equilateral triangle Euler's line Heron's formula Integer triangle Heronian triangle Isosceles triangle
Outline_of_geometry
Geometric model of the planar projection of the physical universe
Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Trapezoid Kite Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Disk Area Three-dimensional Surface area Volume Polyhedron Platonic Solid Tetrahedron
Euclidean_plane
Analyzes the topology of a manifold by studying differentiable functions on that manifold
f ( q ) , {\displaystyle 0<a<f(q),} then M a {\displaystyle M^{a}} is a disk, which is homotopy equivalent to a point (a 0-cell) which has been "attached"
Morse_theory
State university of Stockholm, Sweden
Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine "DISK blir studentkår" (PDF). Studentkåren DISK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009
Stockholm_University
EULERS DISK
EULERS DISK
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Allard.Perhaps a shortened form of Swedish Ellertsson (see Ellertson).
Male
German
Frisian and Scandinavian form of German Eckhard, EILERT means "strong edge."
Female
Welsh
Welsh legend name of the daughter of Brychan, possibly derived from the name of a river, from the word alar, ELERI means "more than full; overflowing."
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Yorkshire)
English (mainly Yorkshire) : patronymic from Seller 1–4.
Surname or Lastname
North German
North German : patronymic from the personal name Eggert (see Eckert).Dutch : patronymic from the personal name Egger 2.English : variant of Edgar.
Male
English
 French form of Roman Latin Julius, JULES means "descended from Jupiter (Jove)." In use by the English.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Feller.
Male
French
Variant form of Norman French Eudo, EUDES means "child."Â
Surname or Lastname
Respelling of German Ehlers.English
Respelling of German Ehlers.English : habitational name from High and Low Ellers in West Yorkshire, named from Old English alras, plural of alor ‘alder’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hillary.William Ellery, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Newport, RI, in 1727.
Boy/Male
Teutonic English German Greek
Dwells by the alder trees.
Boy/Male
Danish, German, Swedish
Edge of the Sword; Brave; Hardy; Strong Point of a Sword
Male
English
From an Old English place name ELLERY means "island of elder trees."Â
Female
Native American
Native American Algonquin name PULES means "pigeon."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Buller 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : origin uncertain, perhaps a variant of Allard.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English unisex Hillary, ELLERY means "joyful; happy."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Elder.
Female
English
Pet form of Roman Latin Julia, JULES means "descended from Jupiter (Jove)."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metronymic from Ellen.Dutch : patronymic from Ellen.
EULERS DISK
EULERS DISK
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Godess
Female
Arthurian
, the Britain (?).
Girl/Female
Arabic, French, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi, Tamil
Fragrant; Beloved; Valuable
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Danish, English, French, German
Hazelnut; Life; Desired; Life Giving; Light
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva, Auspicious, Lucky, Always pure
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English dwele ‘foolish’, ‘erring’, ‘heretical’, from an Old English dweollīc, from dwelian, dweolian, dwolian ‘to err’.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Prasutha | பà¯à®°à®¸à¯à®¤à®¾
Flower
Girl/Female
American, British, English
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Boy/Male
Hindu
Air screw, Stimulator
Girl/Female
Spanish
defender of mankind.
EULERS DISK
EULERS DISK
EULERS DISK
EULERS DISK
EULERS DISK
n.
A government by seven persons; also, a country under seven rulers.
a.
One who rules or reigns; a governor; a ruler.
n.
One who rules; one who exercises sway or authority; a governor.
n.
One who enters a caveat.
a.
A person who, on account of his age, occupies the office of ruler or judge; hence, a person occupying any office appropriate to such as have the experience and dignity which age confers; as, the elders of Israel; the elders of the synagogue; the elders in the apostolic church.
n. pl.
Eaters of horseflesh.
a.
Tending to cause ulcers; exulceratory.
n. pl.
Man eaters; cannibals.
adv. & conj.
See Else.
n. pl.
Cannibals; man-eaters; anthropophagi.
n.
One who enters; a beginner.
n.
A straight or curved strip of wood, metal, etc., with a smooth edge, used for guiding a pen or pencil in drawing lines. Cf. Rule, n., 7 (a).
n.
One who pules; one who whines or complains; a weak person.
n.
A gathering of buyers and sellers, assembled at a particular place with their merchandise at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, for trade.
a.
Pertaining to Euler, a German mathematician of the 18th century.
n.
A stickler for rules; a slave of rules
a.
Producing or bearing tubers.
n.
A government in the hands of five persons; five joint rulers.
n.
The tincture red, indicated in seals and engraved figures of escutcheons by parallel vertical lines. Hence, used poetically for a red color or that which is red.
n.
Government by many rulers; polyarchy.