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Language for reasoning and representing events
The event calculus is a logical theory for representing and reasoning about events and about the way in which they change the state of some real or artificial
Event_calculus
Issue in artificial intelligence and categorical algebra
{\displaystyle s} and t {\displaystyle t} ). The event calculus uses terms for representing fluents, like the fluent calculus, but also has one or more axioms constraining
Frame_problem
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up calculus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method
Calculus_(disambiguation)
Public dispute between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz (beginning 1699)
In the history of calculus, the calculus controversy was a priority dispute (German: Prioritätsstreit) between mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
Leibniz–Newton_calculus_controversy
Branch of mathematics
infinitesimal calculus or the calculus of infinitesimals, it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus studies
Calculus
British computer scientist (born 1941)
semantics of logic programming. With Marek Sergot, he developed both the event calculus and the application of logic programming to legal reasoning. Together
Robert_Kowalski
Computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University
the event calculus, a logic-based formalism for reasoning about events and their effects over time. Their work introduced modal variants of the event calculus
Iliano_Cervesato
Form of hardened dental plaque
In dentistry, dental calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque. It is caused by precipitation of minerals from saliva and gingival crevicular
Dental_calculus
In artificial intelligence, a condition that varies over time
and numerical values measured by sensors. Event calculus Fluent calculus Frame problem Situation calculus L. Kunze and M. E. Dolha and M. Beetz (2011)
Fluent (artificial intelligence)
Fluent_(artificial_intelligence)
Formalism for expressing dynamical domains in first-order logic
intelligence) Frame problem Situation calculus Event calculus M. Thielscher (1998). Introduction to the fluent calculus. Electronic Transactions on Artificial
Fluent_calculus
Logic formalism
The situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains. It was first introduced by John McCarthy in
Situation_calculus
Comic character by Belgian cartoonist Hergé
Professor Cuthbert Calculus (French: Professeur Tryphon Tournesol [pʁɔ.fɛ.sœʁ tʁi.fɔ̃ tuʁ.nə.sɔl], meaning 'Professor Tryphon Sunflower' or, more scientifically
Professor_Calculus
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
action occurrences with their effects (for example, a formula of the event calculus), the problem of finding a plan for reaching a state can be modeled
Abductive_reasoning
Branch of mathematics concerning probability
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations
Probability_theory
transition system. Linear temporal logic GOLOG Fluent calculus Situation calculus Event calculus Michael Gelfond, Vladimir Lifschitz (1998) "Action Languages"
Action_language
Topic in probability
Palm calculus, named after Swedish teletrafficist Conny Palm, is the study of the relationship between probabilities conditioned on a specified event and
Palm_calculus
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
cause and effect, as formalised, for example, in the situation calculus, event calculus and action languages. Here is a simplified example, which illustrates
Logic_programming
Theoretical framework for analysing performance guarantees in computer networks
Network calculus is "a set of mathematical results which give insights into man-made systems such as concurrent programs, digital circuits and communication
Network_calculus
Calculus for temporal reasoning (relating to time instances) of events
Allen's interval algebra is a calculus for temporal reasoning that was introduced by James F. Allen in 1983. The calculus defines possible relations between
Allen's_interval_algebra
Petri net theory Discrete event system specification Boolean differential calculus Markov chain Queueing theory Discrete-event simulation Concurrent estimation
Discrete-event_dynamic_system
German polymath (1646–1716)
diplomat. Alongside Isaac Newton, he is widely credited with the invention of calculus. He is also credited with making foundational contributions to other areas
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
1943 paper proposing artificial neural networks
"A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" is a 1943 paper written by Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts, published in the journal
A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity
A_Logical_Calculus_of_the_Ideas_Immanent_in_Nervous_Activity
Family of approaches for modelling concurrent systems
additions to the family include the π-calculus, the ambient calculus, PEPA, the fusion calculus and the join-calculus. While the variety of existing process
Process_calculus
Field of philosophical and mathematical logic studying agency and action
Related formalisms include the event calculus and fluent calculus, which provide alternative ways of representing events and their effects. While these
Agentive_logic
Foundation (Erice), in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of Calculus of Variations and related applications. The medal, named after the Italian
Stampacchia_Medal
Mathematical concept
century, with the introduction of the infinity symbol and infinitesimal calculus, mathematicians began to work with infinite series and what some mathematicians
Infinity
Information science by discipline
these temporal logics using both computational formalisms such as the Event Calculus and temporal logics such as defeasible temporal logic. In any consideration
Legal_informatics
situation-oriented concept of affordance with the logical clarity of the event calculus. Affordance is the relation between a situation, usually including an
Object_Action_Complex
Collection of random variables
processes uses mathematical knowledge and techniques from probability, calculus, linear algebra, set theory, and topology as well as branches of mathematical
Stochastic_process
English polymath (1642–1727)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for formulating infinitesimal calculus, although he developed calculus years before Leibniz. Newton contributed to and refined
Isaac_Newton
UK Parliament constituency (since 1983)
2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from
Upper Bann (UK Parliament constituency)
Upper_Bann_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
Representing events and time Situation calculus – Logic formalism Event calculus – Language for reasoning and representing events Fluent calculus – Formalism
Outline of artificial intelligence
Outline_of_artificial_intelligence
Subject field of Boolean algebra discussing changes of Boolean variables and functions
Boolean differential calculus (BDC) (German: Boolescher Differentialkalkül (BDK)) is a subject field of Boolean algebra discussing changes of Boolean variables
Boolean_differential_calculus
Tensor describing energy momentum density in spacetime
electric and magnetic fields Maxwell stress tensor Poynting vector Ricci calculus Segre classification "All the stress–energy tensors explored above were
Stress–energy_tensor
Branch of artificial intelligence aiming to create AI systems with "common sense"
ISBN 0-7432-7663-9. Mueller, Erik T. (2015). Commonsense Reasoning: An Event Calculus Based Approach (2nd ed.). Waltham, Mass.: Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier.
Commonsense_reasoning
developed. The most notable ones are based on linear temporal logic, event calculus, and utility computing. In-network management Network and Service Management
Policy-based_management
Formalism in general relativity
Regge calculus is a formalism for producing simplicial approximations of spacetimes that are solutions to the Einstein field equation. The calculus was
Regge_calculus
American computer scientist
Toms (2024). "Early Validation of High-Level System Requirements with Event Calculus and Answer Set Programming". Theory and Practice of Logic Programming
Gopal Gupta (computer scientist)
Gopal_Gupta_(computer_scientist)
1988 biographical comedy-drama film
Escalante, who inspired 18 Latino students to pass Advanced Placement Calculus in 1982. The film's title refers to Mr. Mister's 1987 song "Stand and Deliver"
Stand_and_Deliver
American mathematician (1924–2005)
best known for authoring The Calculus, a classic textbook about calculus that changed the teaching methods for calculus in world high schools and universities
Louis_Leithold
Integral used in physics
to manipulate. Unlike the Itô calculus, Stratonovich integrals are defined such that the chain rule of ordinary calculus holds. Perhaps the most common
Stratonovich_integral
French computer scientist and philosopher (born 1955)
Bourgne he modelled the principle of double effect. Later, he used the event calculus to represent ethical scenarios under both consequentialist and deontological
Jean-Gabriel_Ganascia
Swiss mathematician (1707–1783)
mathematics, such as analytic number theory, complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus. He also introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and notation
Leonhard_Euler
Bolivian educator, teacher and mathematician
30, 2010) was a Bolivian-American educator known for teaching students calculus from 1974 to 1991 at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. Escalante
Jaime_Escalante
Academic department in London, England
(Associate Professor) Maja Pantić (Professor) Marek Sergot (co-creator of Event calculus) Murray Shanahan (Professor of AI) Nick Jennings (Professor of AI) Nicolas
Department of Computing, Imperial College London
Department_of_Computing,_Imperial_College_London
Legal rationale involving risks, losses and obligations
The Hand formula, also known as the Hand rule, calculus of negligence, or BPL formula, is a conceptual formula created by United States Judge Learned Hand
Hand_formula
Indefinite Multiplication of Events Application of the Calculus of Probabilities to Natural Philosophy Application of the Calculus of Probabilities to the
A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities
A_Philosophical_Essay_on_Probabilities
Intelligence in machines
Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.3) Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): Russell
Artificial_intelligence
Topics referred to by the same term
leads to the consequent Material conditional, in propositional calculus, or logical calculus in mathematics Relevance conditional, in relevance logic Conditional
Conditional
U V W X Y Z See also References Absolute differential calculus An older name of Ricci calculus Absolute geometry Also called neutral geometry, a synthetic
Glossary of areas of mathematics
Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
Natural number
numerical value of true is equal to 1 in many programming languages. In lambda calculus and computability theory, natural numbers are represented by Church encoding
1
Diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a collection of sets
Propositional Boolean algebra Boolean functions Logical connectives Propositional calculus Propositional formula Truth tables Many-valued logic 3 finite ∞ Predicate
Venn_diagram
Ongoing armed conflict in West Asia
Nuclear Hedging Strategy: Shaping the Islamic Republic's Proliferation Calculus". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Gettel, Christopher (December
2026_Iran_war
protesters". Iran International. Retrieved 8 February 2026. "China's ice-cold calculus over Iran". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 3 March 2026. Motamedi
Reactions to the 2025–2026 Iranian protests
Reactions_to_the_2025–2026_Iranian_protests
Method for approximate evaluation of integrals
Mathématique et de Physique, Tome Sixième" [Memoir on the probability of causes of events.], Statistical Science, 1 (3): 366–367, JSTOR 2245476 Wang, Xiang-Sheng;
Laplace's_method
A timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis. 5th century BC - The Zeno's paradoxes, 5th century BC - Antiphon attempts to square the circle, 5th century
Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis
Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis
Professor of computer science
June 2016. "Flexible Protocol Specification and Execution: Applying Event Calculus Planning using Commitments" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF)
Munindar_P._Singh
Defunct American political website
Times online and was renamed FiveThirtyEight: Nate Silver's Political Calculus. In July 2013, ESPN acquired FiveThirtyEight, hiring Silver as editor-in-chief
FiveThirtyEight
Base of natural logarithms
for introducing the number e, particularly in calculus, is to perform differential and integral calculus with exponential functions and logarithms. A general
E_(mathematical_constant)
Broad concept generalizing scalars in mathematics and physics
scrutinized using calculus to derive essential insights into motion within three-dimensional space. Vector calculus extends traditional calculus principles to
Vector (mathematics and physics)
Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
This Crazy Thing" by Coldcut "Straight To Stereo (Tokyo-London)" by Dr Calculus (featured Stephen Duffy) "Strange Tale of Madame Occhahontas and the Westminister
List_of_songs_about_London
French philosopher and mathematician (1596–1650)
of analytic geometry, which facilitated the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Province
René_Descartes
Model to describe distributed systems
is proposed in the chapter by Winskel and Nielsen. Boolean differential calculus Business process modeling Computational biology Concurrent programming
Petri_net
Concept in artificial intelligence
Future of Life Institute. Retrieved 2024-01-23. Heighn (12 June 2022). "The Calculus of Nash Equilibria". LessWrong. Shivam, Harsh (June 22, 2026). "Recursive
Recursive_self-improvement
Theorised tendency towards war between emerging and existing powers
rapid rise turned into stagnation. They write: [T]he calculus that produces war—particularly the calculus that pushes revisionist powers, countries seeking
Thucydides_Trap
"Lifestyle of a Roman Imperial community: Ethnobotanical evidence from dental calculus of the Ager Curensis inhabitants". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
History_of_cannabis_in_Italy
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary calculus. In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered Albert Einstein's work; not only
Alan_Turing
Programming language learning environment
class procedures (their mathematical foundations are also called lambda calculus), first-class lists (including lists of lists), and first-class truly object-oriented
Scratch (programming language)
Scratch_(programming_language)
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
level, using calculus. Relativity Calculator: Special Relativity Archived 2013-03-21 at the Wayback Machine – An algebraic and integral calculus derivation
Special_relativity
Series of 24 comic albums by Hergé
cynical Captain Haddock, the intelligent but hard-of-hearing Professor Calculus (French: Professeur Tournesol), incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson
The_Adventures_of_Tintin
Concept in mathematical modeling, statistical modeling and experimental sciences
variables or multiple dependent variables. For instance, in multivariable calculus, one often encounters functions of the form z = f(x,y), where z is a dependent
Dependent and independent variables
Dependent_and_independent_variables
UK parliamentary by-election
August 2026. Retrieved 13 August 2026. "The Electoral Calculus' Profile of Clacton". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 13 November 2025. Retrieved
2026_Clacton_by-election
Scientific field of study
industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus. The word physics comes from the Latin physica ('study of nature'), which
Physics
German mathematician (1862–1943)
developed a broad range of fundamental ideas including invariant theory, the calculus of variations, commutative algebra, algebraic number theory, the foundations
David_Hilbert
Technique in integral evaluation
In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, is a method for evaluating integrals
Integration_by_substitution
How one process influences another
intervention. The theory of "causal calculus" (also known as do-calculus, Judea Pearl's Causal Calculus, Calculus of Actions) permits one to infer interventional
Causality
Ongoing armed conflict in the Middle East
Patrick (28 November 2023). "A Gaza Truce Aids Both Sides. Until the Calculus Changes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original
Gaza_war
Anthony (July 1982). "Equivalence of Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus Query Languages Having Aggregate Functions". Journal of the Association
Glossary_of_computer_science
Type system used in computer programming and mathematics
Hindley–Milner (HM) type system is a classical type system for the lambda calculus with parametric polymorphism. It is also known as Damas–Milner or Damas–Hindley–Milner
Hindley–Milner_type_system
mathematics.... Before I was fifteen I had mastered differential and integral calculus." Einstein did, however, fail his first entrance exam into the Swiss Federal
List of common misconceptions about history
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_history
him when he threatens to damage her Cabbage Patch doll unless she learns calculus. Georgie joins Mary's bible study group so that he can be close to Veronica
List of Young Sheldon episodes
List_of_Young_Sheldon_episodes
American mathematician and Nobel Laureate (1928–2015)
such equations resolved Hilbert's nineteenth problem on regularity in the calculus of variations, which had been a well-known open problem for almost 60 years
John_Forbes_Nash_Jr.
French monk and historian (c. 1000 – c. after 1070)
de Mathonville. According to Orderic Vitalis, William's nickname was "Calculus". The meaning behind this nickname is unknown. His death, after 1070, is
William_of_Jumièges
was expelled after his friend Trevor Evans convinced him to memorize a calculus test and sell it in order to pay off Trevor's debts to a drug dealer, and
List_of_Suits_characters
Video game competition by Nintendo
Nintendo Games Vol. 4, issue #5: "Ok, you should really be studying for that calculus test next week. And there's a paper due in English Lit. But who cares?
Nintendo_Campus_Challenge
Private residence in Toronto, Canada
mathematical integral symbol, commonly used in calculus; Stewart's wealth derived from his authorship of widely used calculus textbooks. It has won several architectural
Integral_House
Fundamental mechanical principles
states of the system is called the action. Action principles apply the calculus of variation to the action. The action depends on the energy function,
Action_principles
Tensor used in general relativity
geometry Dyadic algebra Euclidean geometry Exterior calculus Multilinear algebra Tensor algebra Tensor calculus Physics Engineering Computer vision Continuum
Einstein_tensor
U.S. vice presidential tenure since 2025
did"; a day later, Vance told the media: "I don't think the political calculus changes at all" whether Harris or Biden was the Democratic nominee. Following
Vice_presidency_of_JD_Vance
Fantasy series by Patrick Rothfuss
Adrià. "Patrick Rothfuss: 'I doodled "Kvothe" in a notebook in high school calculus'". Retrieved 2021-07-31. Pat. "The unhappy announcement". blog.patrickrothfuss
The_Kingkiller_Chronicle
Epithet of the Roman goddess Venus
Oppia". Latomus. 41 (4): 786–793. JSTOR 41532685. D'Ambra, Eve (1996). "The Calculus of Venus: Nude Portraits of Roman Matrons". In Kampen, Nathalie Boymel
Venus_Verticordia
Jungian concept of the meaningfulness of acausal coincidences
mathematics, in the form of probability calculus does explain why such striking and apparently highly improbable events happen. There's no need to conjure
Synchronicity
British politician and journalist (born 1967)
2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from
Michael_Gove
2026 armed clashes in Iran
September 2026. Muhammadshahi, Samand (15 June 2026). "Tehran's Baloch Calculus Amid the War with the U.S." Manara Magazine. Retrieved 29 July 2026. Solomon
Sistan and Balochistan clashes (2026–present)
Sistan_and_Balochistan_clashes_(2026–present)
DeepSpeech Julius Whisper GOLOG – logic programming language, situation calculus, first-order logical language for reasoning about action and change. KataGo
Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
Lists_of_open-source_artificial_intelligence_software
October 22, 1987 (1987-10-22) 108 23.4/35 Dwayne offers to tutor Denise in calculus after she receives a D on a test. Denise believes that it is a scam, but
List of A Different World episodes
List_of_A_Different_World_episodes
Animated television series
The Calculus Affair, on a screenplay by Greg and Bernard Fredisch, in thirteen five-minute episodes. Not coproduced by Télé-Hachette, The Calculus Affair
Hergé's_Adventures_of_Tintin
Tensor that describes the 4D geometry of spacetime
mathematics of general relativity Mathematics of general relativity Ricci calculus For the details, see Section 2.11, The Metric Tensor and the Classical
Metric tensor (general relativity)
Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)
Topics referred to by the same term
Expectancy violations theory, in communications Extreme value theorem, in calculus Extreme value theory, in statistics Electrically variable transmission
EVT
Country within the United Kingdom
developed the ideas of universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, and calculus, and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity. Other inventions
England
travel, tourism, insurance
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
EVENT CALCULUS
travel, tourism, insurance