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Average value of a random variable
theory, the expected value (also called expectation, mean, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average. The expected value of a random
Expected_value
Performance metric in football and hockey
player would be expected to score given the chances created, independent of whether those chances were actually converted. xG values are produced by statistical
Expected_goals
Topics referred to by the same term
Expected value is a term used in probability theory and statistics. It may also refer to: Expectation value (quantum mechanics), the probabilistic expected
Expected value (disambiguation)
Expected_value_(disambiguation)
Risk measure estimating the average loss in the worst tail of the distribution
"expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the worst q % {\displaystyle q\%} of cases. ES is an alternative to value at
Expected_shortfall
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up expected in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Expected may refer to: Expectation (epistemic) Expected value Expected shortfall Expected utility
Expected
In decision theory, the expected value of sample information (EVSI) is the expected increase in utility that a decision-maker could obtain from gaining
Expected value of sample information
Expected_value_of_sample_information
Amount in information economics
known expected value of perfect information (EVPI) and expected value of sample information (EVSI). Note that VoI is not necessarily equal to "value of decision
Value_of_information
Decision theory term
The expected value of perfect information analysis tries to measure the expected cost of that uncertainty, which “can be interpreted as the expected value
Expected value of perfect information
Expected_value_of_perfect_information
Concept in economics
social behaviour. The expected utility hypothesis states an agent chooses between risky prospects by comparing expected utility values (i.e., the weighted
Expected_utility_hypothesis
Valuation in finance
whether a planned activity is expected to create value. NPV works by converting future cash flows into their “present value,” recognising that money available
Net_present_value
Casino game of chance
The expected value of a $1 bet (except for the special case of top line bets), for American and European roulette, can be calculated as expected value =
Roulette
Averages of repeated trials converge to the expected value
small number of observations will coincide with the expected value or that a streak of one value will immediately be "balanced" by the others . Throughout
Law_of_large_numbers
Expected present value of life-contingent cash flows
The actuarial present value (APV) is the expected value of the present value of future payments whose timing or amount depends on uncertain events such
Actuarial_present_value
Expected gain on a financial investment
The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure
Expected_return
Measure of spatial autocorrelation
conclusions you make about a phenomenon, especially when using distances. The expected value of Moran's I under the null hypothesis of no spatial autocorrelation
Moran's_I
Prospect-weighted valuation method for assessing uncertain project outcomes
Expected commercial value (ECV), also known as estimated commercial value, is a prospect-weighted value for a "project" with unclear conclusions; it is
Expected_commercial_value
Concept in decision theory
In decision theory and quantitative policy analysis, the expected value of including uncertainty (EVIU) is a measure that quantifies the potential benefit
Expected value of including uncertainty
Expected_value_of_including_uncertainty
Theory that attempts to blend economics and ergodic theory
instance, expected-utility theory was proposed in 1738 by Daniel Bernoulli as a way of modeling behavior which is inconsistent with expected-value maximization
Ergodicity_economics
Expected value of a quantum measurement
In quantum mechanics, the expectation value is the probabilistic expected value of the result (measurement) of an experiment. It can be thought of as
Expectation value (quantum mechanics)
Expectation_value_(quantum_mechanics)
Probability distribution
then the expected value of X is: E [ X ] = n p . {\displaystyle \operatorname {E} [X]=np.} This follows from the linearity of the expected value along
Binomial_distribution
Statistical hypothesis testing measure
the q-value in the Storey procedure provides a means to estimate the positive false discovery rate (pFDR). Just as the p-value gives the expected false
Q-value_(statistics)
Proposition in probability theory
e., the expected value of the conditional expected value of X {\displaystyle X} given Y {\displaystyle Y} is the same as the expected value of X {\displaystyle
Law_of_total_expectation
Paradox involving a game with repeated coin flipping
sum grows without bound so the expected win is an infinite amount of money. Considering nothing but the expected value of the net change in one's monetary
St._Petersburg_paradox
Bet sizing formula for long-term growth
maximizing the long-term expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the long-term expected geometric growth rate. John
Kelly_criterion
Economics theory
individuals seek to maximise their expected utility rather than the expected monetary value of assets. In defining expected utility in this sense, the pair
Risk_aversion
Concept in probability theory and gambling
gambler's ruin is the fact that a gambler playing a game with non-positive expected value will eventually go bankrupt, regardless of their betting system. The
Gambler's_ruin
Probability distribution
first equation and X {\displaystyle X} does not satisfy the second. The expected value and variance of a geometrically distributed random variable X {\displaystyle
Geometric_distribution
Expected value of a random variable given that certain conditions are known to occur
conditional expectation, conditional expected value, or conditional mean of a random variable is its expected value evaluated with respect to the conditional
Conditional_expectation
Comparison of two distributions
quantile of the expected value of the order statistic of a standard normal distribution. More generally, Shapiro–Wilk test uses the expected values of the order
Q–Q_plot
Technique in quantum computation
Hadamard test is a method used to create a random variable whose expected value is the expected real part R e ⟨ ψ | U | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} \langle
Hadamard_test
Measure giving the average loss beyond a specified Value-at-Risk level
is a risk measure associated with the more general value at risk. It quantifies the expected value of the loss given that an event outside a given probability
Tail_value_at_risk
Probability distribution on a hyper-sphere of arbitrary dimension
the expected value is: A p ( κ ) μ {\displaystyle A_{p}(\kappa ){\boldsymbol {\mu }}} . For κ = 0 {\displaystyle \kappa =0} , the expected value is at
Von_Mises–Fisher_distribution
Gambling strategy where the amount is raised until a person wins or becomes insolvent
8744%. The expected amount won is (1 × 0.978744) = 0.978744. The expected amount lost is (63 × 0.021256)= 1.339118. Thus, the total expected value for each
Martingale_(betting_system)
Theorem in probability and statistics
unconscious statistician, or LOTUS, is a theorem which expresses the expected value of a function g(X) of a random variable X in terms of g and the probability
Law of the unconscious statistician
Law_of_the_unconscious_statistician
Model in probability theory
stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to the most recent value. In other words, the conditional
Martingale (probability theory)
Martingale_(probability_theory)
Value calculated on simplified assumptions
model. Expected value Look-through earnings Net realizable value Option (finance) § Basic decomposition Valuation of options § Intrinsic value Option
Intrinsic_value_(finance)
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
making is being non-probabilistic: in contrast to decisions using expected value or expected utility, it makes no assumptions about the probabilities of various
Minimax
Calculation of financial risk
Expected loss is the sum of the values of all possible losses, each multiplied by the probability of that loss occurring. In bank lending (homes, autos
Expected_loss
Probability distribution
its expected value: ln G X = E [ ln X ] {\displaystyle \ln G_{X}=\operatorname {E} [\ln X]} For a beta distribution, the expected value integral
Beta_distribution
Poker term
of winning a hand with a future card in order to estimate the call's expected value. The purpose of this is to statistically guide a player's decision between
Pot_odds
Difference between a variable's observed value and a reference value
difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity of interest (where true value denotes the Expected Value, such as the population mean)
Deviation_(statistics)
Topics referred to by the same term
valuable, value, value types, valued, or values in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Value. Value or values may refer
Value
Possibility of something bad happening
the value at risk. Risk is often measured as the expected value of the loss. This combines the probabilities and consequences into a single value. See
Risk
Better to receive money now than later
their money now only if they expect a favorable net return on their investment in the future, such that the increased value to be available later is sufficiently
Time_value_of_money
Bound on optimal stopping in random sequences
expected value of a decision-making process that handles a sequence of random inputs from known probability distributions, relative to the expected value
Prophet_inequality
Mathematical relation assigning a probability event to a cost
on the expected value of the loss function; however, this quantity is defined differently under the two paradigms. We first define the expected loss in
Loss_function
Probability that random variable X is less than or equal to x
_{x\to +\infty }x(1-F_{X}(x))=0.} In addition, the (finite) expected value of the real-valued random variable X {\displaystyle X} can be defined on the
Cumulative distribution function
Cumulative_distribution_function
Numeric quantity representing the center of a collection of numbers
{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} ) to distinguish it from the group mean (or expected value) of the underlying distribution, denoted μ {\displaystyle \mu } or μ
Mean
Nonconstructive method for mathematical proofs
calculating the expected value of some random variable. If it can be shown that the random variable can take on a value less than the expected value, this proves
Probabilistic_method
Mathematical function
probability density function of a normally distributed random variable with expected value μ = b and variance σ2 = c2. In this case, the Gaussian is of the form
Gaussian_function
Compound probability distribution
\pi (\lambda )\,d\lambda .} The variance is always bigger than the expected value. This property is called overdispersion. This is in contrast to the
Mixed_Poisson_distribution
Concept in psychology
with higher or equal expected value. Conversely, rejection of a sure thing in favor of a gamble of lower or equal expected value is known as risk-seeking
Risk_aversion_(psychology)
Theorem in probability theory
under certain conditions, the expected value of a martingale at a stopping time is equal to its initial expected value. The concept can be understood
Optional_stopping_theorem
Branch of mathematics concerning probability
descriptions of redirect targets Expected value – Average value of a random variable Variance – Statistical measure of how far values spread from their average
Probability_theory
Probability distribution modeling a coin toss which need not be fair
{\displaystyle p} based on a random sample is the sample mean. The expected value of a Bernoulli random variable X {\displaystyle X} is E [ X ] = p
Bernoulli_distribution
Monte Carlo algorithm
integral (such as the expected value of one of the variables). Typically, some of the variables correspond to observations whose values are known, and hence
Gibbs_sampling
Puzzle in logic and mathematics
switching envelopes. On the other hand, a simple calculation using expected values suggests the opposite conclusion, that it is always beneficial to swap
Two_envelopes_problem
Concept in decision theory
( x i ) . {\displaystyle P(x_{i}).} The subjective expected utility is the resulting expected value of the utility: E [ u ( X ) ] = ∑ i u ( x i ) P ( x
Subjective_expected_utility
Random variable with multiple component dimensions
{\mathcal {R}}} denotes support of Y {\displaystyle \mathbf {Y} } . The expected value or mean of a random vector X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } is a fixed
Multivariate_random_variable
Any individual whose preferences satisfy four axioms has a utility function
the form of maximizing the expected value of some cardinal utility function. The theorem forms the foundation of expected utility theory. In 1947, John
Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem
Von_Neumann–Morgenstern_utility_theorem
Class of statistical models
predicts the expected value of a given unknown quantity (the response variable, a random variable) as a linear combination of a set of observed values (predictors)
Generalized_linear_model
industries, but has value in the protection of personal and/or corporate data—in every industry. Time to value depends on how the expected benefit of a project
Time_to_value
Equivalence of average-case and expected complexity
{\displaystyle x} , such as its running time, for which one wishes to study the expected value over randomized algorithms and random inputs. The algorithms used in
Yao's_principle
Probability measure
implies that in a complete market, a derivative's price is the discounted expected value of the future payoff under the unique risk-neutral measure. Such a measure
Risk-neutral_measure
Rule for calculating an estimate of a given quantity based on observed data
error of θ ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\theta }}} is defined as the expected value (probability-weighted average, over all samples) of the squared errors;
Estimator
Mathematical framework for investment risk
used by MPT are based on expected values, which means that they are statistical statements about the future (the expected value of returns is explicit in
Modern_portfolio_theory
In statistics, expected mean squares (EMS) are the expected values of certain statistics arising in partitions of sums of squares in the analysis of variance
Expected_mean_squares
Situations involving imperfect or unknown information
piece of information that inhibits the calculation of the full set of expected values for the options available. Uncertainty, only when considered as objective
Uncertainty
Statistical measure of how far values spread from their average
far a set of numbers are spread out from their average value. It is defined as the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable
Variance
Test of statistical significance
p)=\Pr(X=k)={\binom {n}{k}}p^{k}(1-p)^{n-k}} . As we have observed a value greater than the expected value, we could consider the probability of observing 51 6s or
Binomial_test
Measure of variation in statistics
This specific one is biased, meaning that its expected value in repeated sampling deviates from the true value, but it is still consistent. Its mean squared
Standard_deviation
Decrease in asset values, or the allocation of cost thereof
this involves four criteria: Cost of the asset Expected salvage value, also known as the residual value of the assets Estimated useful life of the asset
Depreciation
Concept in statistics and wave theory
{(x-x_{0})^{2}}{2\sigma ^{2}}}\right]} where σ is the standard deviation and x0 is the expected value, then the relationship between FWHM and the standard deviation is F
Full_width_at_half_maximum
Mathematical problem involving optimal stopping theory
the expected value of the selected applicant. Since the applicant's values are i.i.d. draws from a uniform distribution on [0, 1], the expected value of
Secretary_problem
Concept in mathematical finance
in probability theory: the expected value of a convex function is greater than or equal to the function of the expected value: E [ f ( X ) ] ≥ f ( E [ X
Convexity_(finance)
Numerical method for the valuation of financial options
value at the node. The steps are as follows: Under the risk neutrality assumption, today's fair price of a derivative is equal to the expected value of
Binomial options pricing model
Binomial_options_pricing_model
Type of bet
is profitable in the long term is by calculating the expected value. The formula for expected value is: E [ X ] = x 1 p 1 + x 2 p 2 + x 3 p 3 … x k p k
Parlay
Discrete probability distribution
that, in the categorical distribution specifically, the expected value of seeing a particular value i is directly specified by the associated parameter pi
Categorical_distribution
Average uncertainty in variable's states
"bans", or "hartleys". An equivalent definition of entropy is the expected value of the self-information of a variable. The concept of information entropy
Entropy_(information_theory)
Calculations in probability theory
definition of variance is either the expected value of the SDM (when considering a theoretical distribution) or its average value (for actual experimental data)
Squared deviations from the mean
Squared_deviations_from_the_mean
Measure of the error of an estimator
difference between the estimated values and the true value. MSE is a risk function, corresponding to the expected value of the squared error loss. The fact
Mean_squared_error
Function of the observed sample results
the p-value that can deal with optional continuation of experiments. Second, it is also used to abbreviate "expect value", which is the expected number
P-value
Notion in statistics
distribution that models X. Formally, it is the variance of the score, or the expected value of the observed information. The role of the Fisher information in the
Fisher_information
Current worth of a future sum discounted to today
economics and finance, present value (PV), also known as present discounted value (PDV), is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the
Present_value
Mathematical model of financial markets
price given the risk of the security and its expected return (instead replacing the security's expected return with the risk-neutral rate). The equation
Black–Scholes_model
Probability distribution
the canonical example of a "pathological" distribution since both its expected value and its variance are undefined (but see § Moments below). The Cauchy
Cauchy_distribution
Form of gambling
fixed-odds arbitrage actions and Dutch books. When a bet has a positive expected value, it is said to be getting "the best of it." In contrast, "laying odds"
Fixed-odds_betting
Topics referred to by the same term
player's expected share of the pot In backgammon, the average expected value that will be won or lost Brand equity, in marketing, the value built up in
Equity
Middle quantile of a data set or probability distribution
comparison statistics. The expected value of the median falls slightly as sample size increases while, as would be expected, the standard errors of both
Median
Information theory
information is, in its most basic form, the expected value of the mutual information of two random variables given the value of a third. For random variables X
Conditional mutual information
Conditional_mutual_information
Card game
voluntarily by a player who either believes the bet has a positive expected value or who is trying to bluff other players for various strategic reasons
Poker
Probability and computer science concept
concentration inequality which bounds the deviation between the sampled value and the expected value of certain functions when they are evaluated on independent random
McDiarmid's_inequality
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm
Q-learning finds an optimal policy in the sense of maximizing the expected value of the total reward over any and all successive steps, starting from
Q-learning
Hypothesis about intelligent agents
presence of uncertainty, AIXI attempts to maximize its "expected utility", the expected value of its objective function. A standard reinforcement learning
Instrumental_convergence
Aspect of decision and prospect theories
aversion, which describes the rational behavior of valuing an uncertain outcome at less than its expected value. When defined in terms of the pseudo-utility
Loss_aversion
Probability of shared birthdays
easily summed because of the linearity of the expected value. For instance, with d = 365, you should expect about 21 different birthdays when there are
Birthday_problem
The difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value. binary data Data that can take only two values, usually represented by the
Glossary of probability and statistics
Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics
Gradient of the likelihood function
its expected value over the sample space. Under certain regularity conditions on the density functions of the random variables, the expected value of the
Informant_(statistics)
Statistical phenomenon
the expected values of X and Y, respectively, and σx and σy are the standard deviations of X and Y, respectively. Hence the conditional expected value of
Regression_toward_the_mean
Economics concept
this is typically modelled by assuming that the expected value of a variable is equal to the expected value predicted by the model. For example, suppose
Rational_expectations
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPECTED VALUE
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Expected
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Expected; Prospective; Anticipated; Awaited
Boy/Male
Muslim
Respected
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Expected
Boy/Male
Tamil
Expected
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Desired; Expected
Boy/Male
Muslim
Expected
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Respected
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Respected
Boy/Male
Muslim
Expected
Girl/Female
Indian
Expected, Expectation
Girl/Female
Indian
Expected, Expectation
Boy/Male
Indian
Respected
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Expected
Girl/Female
Muslim
Respected
Boy/Male
Hindu
Expected
Girl/Female
Tamil
Apekshaa | அபேகà¯à®·à®¾
Expected, Expectation
Apekshaa | அபேகà¯à®·à®¾
Boy/Male
Tamil
Expected
Girl/Female
Tamil
Apeksha | அபேகà¯à®·à®¾
Expected, Expectation
Apeksha | அபேகà¯à®·à®¾
Boy/Male
Arabic, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Muslim, Telugu
Expected
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPECTED VALUE
Male
African
first-born.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Rajkala | ராஜà¯à®•à®²à®¾Â
A crescent of the Moon, A royal piece
Girl/Female
Arabic
Tall; Pretty
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Light of Peace
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Loving Devotion
Boy/Male
Indian
Trust worthy friend
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Japanese
Lord Saraswati
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Courage bravery
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Italian Giustino, GIUSTINA means "fair, just."
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Béibhinn, BÉBHIONN means "fair lady."
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPECTED VALUE
n.
One who expects.
n.
That which is expected or looked for.
v. i.
To succeed; to turn out as expected.
a.
Disposed or expected to respond; answering; according; corresponding.
a.
Not to be expected; inconceivable.
a.
As might not be expected; -- serving to introduce what is unexpected or less expected.
imp. & p. p.
of Expect
a.
Unexpected; unforeseen; unware.
a.
That may be expected or looked for.
infinitive.
Performed; executed; finished.
a.
Unexpected.
a.
Capable of being done, executed, or effected; practicable.
n.
The first or the expected second coming of Christ.
a.
Not expected; coming without warning; sudden.
a.
Not expected or looked for.
v. t.
To look for (mentally); to look forward to, as to something that is believed to be about to happen or come; to have a previous apprehension of, whether of good or evil; to look for with some confidence; to anticipate; -- often followed by an infinitive, sometimes by a clause (with, or without, that); as, I expect to receive wages; I expect that the troops will be defeated.
a.
Unhoped; unexpected.
a.
Not hoped or expected.
a.
Not to be expected or anticipated.
a.
Alt. of Exserted