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Behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events
Pavlovian fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events. It is a form of learning in which an aversive
Fear_conditioning
Aspect of learning procedure
Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e
Classical_conditioning
Topics referred to by the same term
Eyeblink conditioning, classical conditioning involving pairing of a stimulus with an eyeblink-eliciting stimulus Fear conditioning, classical conditioning involving
Conditioning
Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process in which voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition
Operant_conditioning
Basic emotion induced by a perceived threat
cognitive regulation, and reconsolidation. Fear conditioning, also known as Pavlovian or classical conditioning, is a process of learning that involves pairing
Fear
Description of psychological research
post-traumatic stress disorder. In fear conditioning, the main circuits that are involved are the sensory areas that process the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
Fear_processing_in_the_brain
Fear of small spaces
reduction in the size of the amygdala, classical conditioning, or a genetic predisposition to fear small spaces. One study[which?] indicates that anywhere
Claustrophobia
Anxiety disorder classified by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation
Pavlovian fear conditioning". Learning & Behavior. 39 (3): 202–211. doi:10.3758/s13420-011-0017-7. PMC 3117985. PMID 21286897. "vicarious conditioning". BehaveNet
Phobia
Form of learning
classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which the first stimulus is classically conditioned to
Second-order_conditioning
Specific learned behavior from classical conditioning
called "conditioned suppression" or "conditioned fear response (CFR)." It is an "emotional response" that results from classical conditioning, usually
Conditioned emotional response
Conditioned_emotional_response
Paired structure within the brain temporal lobe
both the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning, a form of classical conditioning of emotional responses. Accumulating evidence has
Amygdala
Fear of snakes
notes that while conditioned fear responses to evolutionarily novel dangers such as electrical outlets is possible, the conditioning is slower because
Ophidiophobia
Variety of structures in the brain related to memory
processing of emotions. Pavlovian conditioning tests have shown the active role of the amygdala in fear conditioning in rats. Research involving lesions
Neuroanatomy_of_memory
Heritable characteristics affecting learning
trained in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm had elevated levels of mRNA for DNMT3a and DNMT3b in the hippocampus. Fear conditioning is an associative
Epigenetics in learning and memory
Epigenetics_in_learning_and_memory
Reflexive physiological reaction
someone to experience feelings of fear), but it can also be elicited by a neutral stimulus as a result of fear conditioning, a process that occurs when a
Fear-potentiated_startle
Family of translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases
rats contextual fear conditioning is abolished when the hippocampus is subjected to hippocampectomy just one day after conditioning, but rats retain
TET_enzymes
Fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time
conditioned cue or a conditioned context, respectively, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus. An example of this process is a fear conditioning
Extinction_(psychology)
Vertebrate brain region
amygdala by the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, consequently altering fear conditioning in rats. In 2007, studies using anterograde tracing methods, located
Hippocampus
Set of brain structures involved in emotion and motivation
Quirk, Gregory J.; Repa, J. Christopher; LeDoux, Joseph E. (1995). "Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons:
Limbic_system
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
R (2014). "Fear memory formation can affect a different memory: fear conditioning affects the extinction, but not retrieval, of conditioned taste aversion
Epigenetics
Concept in psychology
individual. Fear-Conditioning. Over time, individuals learn that a stimulus is not benign through personal experience. Implicitly, a fear of a particular
Risk_aversion_(psychology)
Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
Contextual fear conditioning in the mouse causes the mouse to have a long-term memory and fear of the location in which it occurred. Contextual fear conditioning
Memory
20th-century psychology study
"classical conditioning", he could use this unconditioned response to condition a child to fear a distinctive stimulus that normally would not be feared by a
Little_Albert_experiment
Biological process
in brain neurons are important in learning and memory. Contextual fear conditioning (a form of associative learning) in animals, such as mice and rats
DNA_methylation
Region of often-methylated DNA with a cytosine followed by a guanine
rodents to contextual fear conditioning, causing an especially strong long-term memory to form. At 24 hours after the conditioning, in the hippocampus brain
CpG_site
Treatment method for anxiety disorders
unpleasant reactions such as anxiety (that were previously learned during fear conditioning) remain intact - they are not expected to be eliminated - but that
Exposure_therapy
Action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus
"Differential Contribution of Amygdala and Hippocampus to Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning". Behavioral Neuroscience, 1992, p. 274 Medford, Nick. "Conjoint Activity
Startle_response
Biological cell regulation mechanisms
methylated cytosine. In a rat, a painful learning experience, contextual fear conditioning, can result in a life-long fearful memory after a single training
Regulation_of_gene_expression
Fear of travel
including classical conditioning, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences. A primary cause is traumatic conditioning, where a direct negative
Hodophobia
Class of enzymes
rapid fear memory, but does not completely prevent fear memory in the long run. In 2004, Rodrigues and colleagues found that fear conditioning increased
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase_II
Pathological fear of contamination and germs
contribute to the development of the condition. One commonly accepted theory known as the Classical Conditioning Model posits that specific phobias are
Mysophobia
Rationality-focused community blog
psychological barriers that prevent good decision-making, including fear conditioning and cognitive biases, that have been studied by the psychologist Daniel
LessWrong
American neuroscientist
detail. He chose to focus on a simple behavioral model, Pavlovian fear conditioning. This procedure allowed him to follow the flow of information about
Joseph_E._LeDoux
Reaction to specific stumuli
single conditioning sessions, and it was found that freezing behavior remained unchanged while avoidance was disrupted. Finally, they tested conditioning with
Freezing_behavior
Cell cycle regulation pathway
Long-term fear conditioning training was affected in rats but there was no effect in short term conditioning. Specifically, amygdala fear conditioning was lost
PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway
Common fear or phobia among children and, to a varying degree, adults
Fear of the dark is a common fear or phobia among toddlers, children and, to a varying degree, adults. A fear of the dark does not always concern darkness
Fear_of_the_dark
Irrational fear of blood or bloody wounds
with conditioning experiences. However, examinations of available case-by-case verbal summaries call into question the conclusion that conditioning episodes
Blood_phobia
Mouse line used in memory research
researchers to label activated neurons during a learning experiment (e.g. fear conditioning, water maze training). When the memory is retrieved days later, the
TetTag
Fear of the sea or large open water
theory behind systemic desensitization is classical conditioning which aims to replace feelings of fear and anxiety with a state of calm. Relaxation techniques
Thalassophobia
Fear of being in an aircraft whilst in flight
medication. The condition can be treated with exposure therapy, which works better when combined with cognitive behavioral therapy. People with fear of flying
Fear_of_flying
Structures of the brain
long-lasting fear memories. In an adult animal, fear conditioning induces a permanent memory resilient to erasure by extinction. After extinction, conditioned fear
Perineuronal_net
Epigenetic phenomenon
In rats contextual fear conditioning is abolished when the hippocampus is subjected to hippocampectomy just 1 day after conditioning, but rats retain a
Reprogramming
Wear and tear on the body due to stress
Chronic stress also causes greater response to fear of the unlearned in the nervous system, and fear conditioning. In the immune system, the increase in levels
Allostatic_load
Extreme fear of heights
"fear". The term "hypsophobia" derives from the Greek word ύψος (hypsos), meaning "height". In Modern Greek, the actual term used for this condition is
Acrophobia
List of fears of different things or objects
'fear') occur in technical usage in psychiatry to construct words that describe irrational, abnormal, unwarranted, persistent, or disabling fear as
List_of_phobias
American neuroscientist
neuronal ensembles in the dentate gyrus implicated in contextual fear conditioning in APP/PS1 mice, they found a significant increase in memory retrieval
Christine_Ann_Denny
Organic chemical that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter
Palmiter RD (September 2009). "Dopamine is necessary for cue-dependent fear conditioning". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (36): 11089–97. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI
Dopamine
Neurological process
fear conditioning experiments, leading to the net loss of spines in the frontal association cortex, a region strongly associated in fear conditioning
Neuronal_memory_allocation
Chemical compound (chemotherapy medication)
blocks memory consolidation, but not short-term memory, of a context fear conditioning event. The blockage of memory consolidation was proposed to be due
Cytarabine
Psychological theory
years old. Persons diagnosed with this disorder often score low on fear conditioning. The lack of the empathy associated with ASPD is thought to be linked
Low_arousal_theory
Fear of spiders and other arachnids
conditioning while the conditioned ophidiophobia and arachnophobia were permanent. Psychiatrist Randolph M. Nesse notes that while conditioned fear responses
Arachnophobia
Sociological process
Social conditioning is the sociological process of training individuals in a society to respond in a manner generally approved by the society in general
Social_conditioning
Group of neurons on the floor of the midbrain
from the amygdala, where it may also play a role in avoidance and fear-conditioning. Electrophysiological recordings have demonstrated that VTA neurons
Ventral_tegmental_area
Parts of the human brain
PMID 32277045. Giustino TF, Maren S (2018). "Noradrenergic Modulation of Fear Conditioning and Extinction". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 12: 43. doi:10
Basolateral_amygdala
Flattery, telling people what they want to hear
and decision-making. Because these structures underlie empathy and fear conditioning, reduced functioning means these individuals do not experience the
Superficial_charm
5-day heat wave leading to over 700 heat-related deaths
not have air conditioning, or had air conditioning but could not afford to turn it on, and did not open windows or sleep outside for fear of crime. The
1995_Chicago_heat_wave
the retrieval of conditioned fear in rodents indicates that the PVT becomes engaged at a delayed time point following fear conditioning. For the methodology
Paraventricular_thalamus
Conscious subjective experience
biological functions of the amygdala are not only limited to the "fear-conditioning" and "processing of aversive stimuli", but also are present on other
Emotion
Neuroscientific theory
PMC 6672064. PMID 17215391. Bauer EP; LeDoux JE; Nader K (2001). "Fear conditioning and LTP in the lateral amygdala are sensitive to the same stimulus
Hebbian_theory
Alternative therapy for treating trauma
model/SIBAM model in SE, however, is reminiscent of the Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction models underlying exposure-based extinction paradigms
Somatic_experiencing
Neuroscientist
(2010). "Effects of recent exposure to a conditioned stimulus on extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioning". Learning & Memory. 17 (10): 512–21. doi:10
Daniela_Schiller
Traumatic memories in the human mind
the amygdala is a crucial site of neural changes that occur during fear conditioning. In tests with rats, lesions to their basolateral amygdala were shown
Traumatic_memories
Fear of thunder and lightning
brontophobia, ceraunophobia, or tonitrophobia, is the fear of thunder and lightning or an unwarranted fear of scattered and/or isolated thunderstorms, a type
Astraphobia
American behavioral neuroscientist
established a role for amygdaloid long-term potentiaion in Pavlovian fear conditioning, as well as defining the role for the hippocampus in contextual learning
Stephen_Maren
American neurobiologist and author
of norepinephrine enhance consolidation of memory for contextual fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 2003, 23, 6754–6758 Okuda, S., Roozendaal
James_McGaugh
tone conditioning. The role of overexpression of CREB has not been examined systematically in fear conditioning, and studies of other conditioning paradigms
CREB_in_cognition
Projection neurons in the brain that synthesize and release dopamine
pathway also regulates associated learning such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The tuberoinfundibular pathway transmits dopamine from
Dopaminergic_pathways
Spanish psychiatrist
psychosis: a neurofunctional meta-analysis. Neural signatures of human fear conditioning: an updated and extended meta-analysis of fMRI studies. "2017 Highly
Joaquim_Radua
Anxiety disorder
assembly' or 'market-place' and -φοβία (-phobía), meaning 'fear'. Agoraphobia is a condition where individuals become anxious in unfamiliar environments
Agoraphobia
Chemical compound
using mice, and in 2017 by Duke et al. using rats, when contextual fear conditioning is applied to the rodents, causing an especially strong long-term
8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine
Class of enzymes
a neuron, needs to alter protein expression. As an example, when fear conditioning creates a new memory in a rat, 9.17% of the genes in the rat hippocampus
DNA_methyltransferase
Fear of developing or having phobias
the fear of phobias, or the fear of fear, including intense anxiety and unrealistic and persistent fear of the somatic sensations and the feared phobia
Phobophobia
Generating of neurons from neural stem cells in adults
various effects on learning and memory, conditioning, and investigative behaviors. Impaired fear conditioning has been seen in studies involving rats
Adult_neurogenesis
DNA repair process
process of memory formation and maintenance. In rats, contextual fear conditioning can trigger life-long memory for the event with a single trial, and
Base_excision_repair
Study of epigenetics' influencing behavior
regulation. Rats with a new, strong long-term memory due to contextual fear conditioning have reduced expression of about 1,000 genes and increased expression
Behavioral_epigenetics
Professor of psychology
preparedness theory of phobias: The effects of initial fear level on safety-signal conditioning to fear-relevant stimuli. Psychophysiology, 21, 647–652. McNally
Richard_McNally
Chemical compound
2011). "Effects of the SARM ACP-105 on rotorod performance and cued fear conditioning in sham-irradiated and irradiated female mice". Brain Research. 1381:
ACP-105
Fear or uneasiness of objects with small, irregular shaped holes
fear or distress. Sufferers often primarily experience disgust when they see trypophobic imagery, although some experience equal levels of both fear and
Trypophobia
Study of biological and neural mechanisma in behaviour
term potentiation of excitatory synaptic transmission (in rodent fear conditioning) which is believed to be a vital mechanism in learning and memory
Behavioral_neuroscience
Fear of sharp things
phobia, the morbid fear of sharp things. [citation needed] It is derived from the Greek aichmē (point) and phobos (fear). This fear may also be referred
Aichmophobia
Modification of histones by addition of methyl groups
transcription and is upregulated in hippocampus one hour after contextual fear conditioning in rats. However, dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2)
Histone_methylation
Removal of a methyl group from nucleotides in DNA
rats contextual fear conditioning is abolished when the hippocampus is subjected to hippocampectomy just one day after conditioning, but rats retain
DNA_demethylation
study, entitled "Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval", examining fear conditioning in rats, has provided
Hippocampal memory encoding and retrieval
Hippocampal_memory_encoding_and_retrieval
Inability of adults to recall memories from childhood
neurons used in 'forgotten' fear conditioning in infant mice, Guskjolen et al.[full citation needed] found retrieval of the fear response was possible by
Childhood_amnesia
Area in the frontal lobe of the brain
"Vasopressin in the lateral septum promotes elemental conditioning to the detriment of contextual fear conditioning in mice". European Journal of Neuroscience.
Septal_area
American neuroscientist
M & Fanselow MS. Opioid regulation of Pavlovian overshadowing in fear conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience 124, 510-519 (2010). doi: 10.1037/a0020083
Moriel_Zelikowsky
Systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals
operant conditioning, for example, is the Skinner Box, "puzzle box" or operant conditioning chamber to test the effects of operant conditioning principles
Behaviorism
Developmental disorder
in grey matter volume in the amygdala, which may account for the fear conditioning deficits. This reduction has been linked to difficulty processing
Conduct_disorder
1981 studio album by Romeo Void
3:03 "Confrontation" – 2:41 "Drop Your Eyes" (Iyall, Zincavage) – 3:37 "Fear to Fear" – 2:38 "I Mean It" (Benjamin Bossi, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 5:38
It's_a_Condition
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
behavioral changes including cued fear conditioning, contextual fear conditioning, spatial memory, operant conditioning, and inhibitory avoidance. The mRNA
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein
Activity-regulated_cytoskeleton-associated_protein
presence of non-visual cognitive impairment in other tasks such as fear conditioning. FVB mice show elevated aggressive behavior towards newly intruding
FVB_mouse
Type of behavior therapy
Connect stimulus to the incompatible response or coping method by counter conditioning. In this step the client completely relaxes and is then presented with
Systematic_desensitization
the midline nuclei may also play a role in retrieving consolidated fear conditioning through the projection to the central nucleus of the amygdala. Carpenter
Paratenial_nucleus
Generation of cells within the nervous system
of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning". Experimental Brain Research. 228 (4): 481–491. doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0
Neurogenesis
American neuroscientist
Carlezon, W. A.; Benes, F. M.; Kandel, E. R.; Bolshakov, V. Y. (2002). "Fear Conditioning Occludes LTP-Induced Presynaptic Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission
Vadim_Bolshakov
Exaggerated, intense fear found in children
their child's phobia to a direct conditioning episode. 26% of parents linked their child's phobia to a vicarious conditioning episodes. 56% of parents linked
Childhood_phobia
Assessments of the cognitive capabilities of humans and other animals
Short-term memory Y-maze Long-term memory Morris water maze Contextual fear conditioning Attention 5-choice serial reaction time task Executive control Reversal
Cognitive_test
Field of study
histone acetylation is associated with fear conditioning. Histone acetylation can be involved in all parts of fear memory, including the development to
Epigenetics of anxiety and stress–related disorders
Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders
classical conditioning in males and hinder it in females. A study done by Maeng et al. demonstrated that stress allowed faster classical conditioning of male
Effects_of_stress_on_memory
Psychology concept
counter conditioning. They explain the differences between classical conditioning and counter conditioning and also explain how counter conditioning works
Counterconditioning
FEAR CONDITIONING
FEAR CONDITIONING
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Near and Dear One
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Fear.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places in northern France named with the Germanic element lÄr ‘clearing’.English : variant of Layer.English : nickname from Old English hlÄ“or ‘cheek’, ‘face’Irish : reduced Anglicization of Gaelic Mac Giolla Uidhir ‘son of the swarthy lad’ or ‘son of the servant of Odhar’, a byname from odhar (genitive uidhir) ‘dun-colored’, ‘weatherbeaten’. Compare McAleer.
Male
Russian
Variant spelling of Russian Fedor, FEDAR means "gift of God."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English pe(e)re ‘pear’ (Old English pere, peru, from Latin pirum), a metonymic occupational name for a grower or seller of pears, or a topographic name for someone who lived by a pear tree or pear orchard.English : nickname from Middle English pere ‘peer’, ‘companion’ (Old French pe(e)r, from Latin par ‘equal’).Jewish : Americanization of some like-sounding Ashkenazic surname; e.g. possibly a shortened form of a surname such as Pearl, Pearlman, or Pearlstein.
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumbria)
English (Northumbria) : topographic name for someone who lived by the Wear river in northern England. The river name is ancient, occuring in the form Vedra in Ptolemy’s Geographia; it is probably a Celtic word meaning ‘water’.English (Northumbria) : topographic name for someone who lived near a dam or weir, a variant spelling of Ware 1, or a habitational name from a place called Weare, in Devon and Somerset, from Old English wær, wer ‘weir’.
Boy/Male
English Shakespearean
Shakespearian king.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a locksmith, Middle English keyere, kayer, Old English cǣgere, from cǣg ‘key’ (see Care).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English gere ‘fit of passion’ (see Geary 3).German : possibly an altered spelling of Gier.
Boy/Male
American, British, English, German, Shakespearean
Shakespearian King; Of the Meadow
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Fern 1.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English nickname Bere meaning ‘bear’ (Old English bera, which is also found as a byname), or possibly from a personal name derived from a short form of the various Germanic compound names with this first element. Compare for example Bernhard. The bear has generally been regarded with a mixture of fear and amusement because of its strength and unpredictable temper on the one hand and its clumsy gait on the other, and in the medieval period it was also thought to typify the sins of sloth and gluttony. All these characteristics are no doubt reflected in the nickname. Throughout the Middle Ages the bear was a familiar figure in popular entertainments such as bear baiting and dancing bears.English : variant spelling of the habitational name Beer.Probably a translation of cognates of 1 in other languages, for example German Baer, and also an Americanized spelling of German Bahr.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Traveler
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a sociable person, from Middle English fe(a)re ‘comrade’, ‘companion’ (Old English (ge)fēra).English : nickname for a proud or haughty person, from Middle English fere ‘proud’ (Old French fier).
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : variant of Sayer.
Boy/Male
Australian, German
Bear; Courageous
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Freer.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Dere, Old English Dēora, in part a short form of various compound names formed with dēore ‘dear’, in part a byname meaning ‘beloved’, or dēor ‘brave’, ‘bold’.English : nickname from Middle English dere, Old English dēor ‘wild animal’, or from the adjective of the same form, meaning ‘wild’, ‘fierce’. By the Middle English period the adjective was falling out of use, and the noun was beginning to be restricted to the sense of modern English deer, so that this may be the sense behind the surname in some cases.
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Short.
FEAR CONDITIONING
FEAR CONDITIONING
Biblical
my contempt
Boy/Male
Australian, Jamaican
Sentinel; Guard
Boy/Male
Hindu
Blessing, Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh
Enchanting
Girl/Female
Muslim
Happiness
Girl/Female
British, English, Spanish
Beautiful Sunrise
Boy/Male
Hindu
King of the world
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Finnish, German, Norse, Scandinavian, Swedish
Kinship; Bride; Wife of Thor
Biblical
an oak; a curse; perjury
Boy/Male
Indian
Upright, True, True believer
FEAR CONDITIONING
FEAR CONDITIONING
FEAR CONDITIONING
FEAR CONDITIONING
FEAR CONDITIONING
v. i.
To be in, or come into, gear.
n.
One who fears, or lives in fear.
n.
A toothed wheel, or cogwheel; as, a spur gear, or a bevel gear; also, toothed wheels, collectively.
v. t.
To carry or bear upon the person; to bear upon one's self, as an article of clothing, decoration, warfare, bondage, etc.; to have appendant to one's body; to have on; as, to wear a coat; to wear a shackle.
n.
An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as, the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear.
v. t.
To perceive by the ear; to apprehend or take cognizance of by the ear; as, to hear sounds; to hear a voice; to hear one call.
v. t.
To cause or make by friction or wasting; as, to wear a channel; to wear a hole.
a. & adv.
Far.
adv.
Close to one's interests, affection, etc.; touching, or affecting intimately; intimate; dear; as, a near friend.
n.
Same as Feuar.
v. t.
To bring forth or produce; to yield; as, to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest.
n.
Engagement of parts with each other; as, in gear; out of gear.
v. t.
To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction; to wear; as, to bear a sword, badge, or name.
n.
To affright; to terrify; to drive away or prevent approach of by fear.
superl.
Marked by scarcity or dearth, and exorbitance of price; as, a dear year.
prep.
Adjacent to; close by; not far from; nigh; as, the ship sailed near the land. See the Note under near, a.
v. i.
To draw near; to approach.
v. t.
To place in the rear; to secure the rear of.
v. t.
To separate by violence; to pull apart by force; to rend; to lacerate; as, to tear cloth; to tear a garment; to tear the skin or flesh.
n.
A dear one; lover; sweetheart.