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Molecular-structure relationship
geminal (from Latin gemini 'twins') refers to the relationship between two atoms or functional groups that are attached to the same atom. A geminal diol
Geminal
Chemical compound containing two hydroxyl (–OH) groups
and propylene-1,3-diol, or beta propylene glycol, HO−CH2−CH2−CH2−OH. A geminal diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to the same atom. These species arise
Diol
Geminal halide hydrolysis is an organic reaction. The reactants are geminal dihalides with a water molecule or a hydroxide ion. The reaction yields ketones
Geminal_halide_hydrolysis
Organic chemical compound
A geminal diol (or gem-diol for short) is any organic compound having two hydroxyl functional groups (−OH) bound to the same carbon atom. Geminal diols
Geminal_diol
Amine with two amino groups
biphenyl and naphthalene: 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl 1,8-diaminonaphthalene Geminal diamines (1,1-diamines) are an uncommon class of diamines mainly of academic
Diamine
Chemical sedative and hypnotic drug
Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula Cl3C−CH(OH)2. It was first used as a sedative and hypnotic in Germany in the 1870s. Over time it was
Chloral_hydrate
Organic compound with formula (CH3CO)2O
catalyst to give geminal diacetates. A former industrial route to vinyl acetate involved the intermediate ethylidene diacetate, the geminal diacetate obtained
Acetic_anhydride
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol There are also two geminal diols (gem-diols), which are less stable: 1,1-Butanediol, hydrate of butanal
Butanediol
Organic compound (CH2(OH)2); simplest geminal diol
an organic compound with chemical formula CH2(OH)2. It is the simplest geminal diol. In aqueous solutions it coexists with oligomers (short polymers)
Methanediol
Organic compound or group with a hydroxyl and amine attached to the same carbon
alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution. Hemiaminals can be viewed as a blend of aminals and geminal diol. They are a special case of amino alcohols. Hemiaminals form from
Hemiaminal
Class of organic compounds
structure. Imidic acids can be formed by metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation of geminal amino alcohols. For example, methanolamine, the parent compound of the
Imidic_acid
Chemical compound
Methanediamine is the simplest geminal diamine. Its chemical formula is CH2(NH2)2, and its structure consists of two amino groups on a central carbon
Methanediamine
Organosulfur compound with two –SH groups
Dihydrolipoic acid, a vitamin Dithiothreitol, a reagent in protein biochemistry Geminal dithiols have the formula RR'C(SH)2. They are formally derived from aldehydes
Dithiol
Organic compounds of the form >C=O
methods. Many other methods have been developed, examples include: By geminal halide hydrolysis. By hydration of alkynes. Such processes occur via enols
Ketone
Covalent bond between carbon and fluorine atoms
by other authors. With increasing number of fluorine atoms on the same (geminal) carbon the other bonds become stronger and shorter. This can be seen by
Carbon–fluorine_bond
Concept in organic chemistry
groups) vs. geminal (between the atoms in a single methyl group) interactions to hyperconjugation. In separate experiments, the geminal and vicinal interactions
Hyperconjugation
Index of chemical compounds with the same molecular formula
3-Propanediol (trimethylene glycol) 1,1-Propanediol (geminal diol) 2,2-Propanediol (geminal diol) Diol (Glycol) Geminal diol Vicinal diol This set index page lists
C3H8O2
Chemical compound
which is a hemihydrate of hexafluoropropane-2,2-diol (F 3C) 2C(OH) 2, a geminal diol. Hydrated HFA behaves differently from the anhydrous material. The
Hexafluoroacetone
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Propanediols. Look up propanediol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Propanediol may refer to any of four isomeric
Propanediol
Reaction in organic chemistry
oxidized to chromium(III) eliminating two equivalents of a halide. The geminal carbodianion complex thus formed (determined as [Cr2Cl4(CHI)(THF)4]) reacts
Takai_olefination
Chemical reaction of esters with halide anions
Glynn, Gary A.; Grenon, Brian J. (1967-01-01). "The decarbethoxylation of geminal dicarbethoxy compounds". Tetrahedron Letters. 8 (3): 215–217. doi:10
Krapcho_decarboxylation
Class of organophosphorus compounds
carbodiphosphoranes by computational studies. In 1976, the earliest synthesis of a geminal dimetallated carbodiphosphorane species was reported by Schmidbaur et al
Carbodiphosphoranes
Organic compound containing the functional group R–CH=O
chloride and HCl to form an aldehyde. Geminal halide hydrolysis Geminal dihalides Hydrolysis of primary geminal dihalides to yield aldehydes. Meyers synthesis
Aldehyde
fluorides: SF4 + RSO3H → SOF2 + RSO2F + HF Aldehydes and ketones convert to geminal difluorides: SF4 + R2CO → SF2O + R2CF2 Alcohols convert to alkyl fluorides
Fluorination by sulfur tetrafluoride
Fluorination_by_sulfur_tetrafluoride
Molecular-structure relationship
geminal, signals that both bromine atoms are bonded to the same carbon atom (i.e., in a 1,1-relationship). For example, 1,1-dibromobutane is geminal.
Vicinal_(chemistry)
Redox reaction that takes place with organic compounds
alkanes −2, −1 alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, alkyl halides, amines 0 alkynes, geminal diols +1 aldehydes +2 chloroform, hydrogen cyanide, ketones +3 carboxylic
Organic_redox_reaction
Organic compound containing a –C(=O)OH group
the acid. A second equivalent will attack the carbonyl group to create a geminal alkoxide dianion, which is protonated upon workup to give the hydrate of
Carboxylic_acid
Chemical compound
occurs mainly at 2950, 2900, 1440, 1150, 1360, and 1375 cm−1 due to the geminal methyl pairs, and at 1085 and 643 cm−1 due to the C–S bond. The 1H NMR
Thioacetone
Professor
olefination, his career has covered a wide variety of topics, including geminal organometallics, organotantalum chemistry, reactions of platinum-group
Kazuhiko_Takai
Organic compound with a C=C–OH group
in the (undesirable) process called photorespiration. Alkenal Enolase Geminal diol, another form of ketones and aldehydes in water solutions Ketone Regioselectivity
Enol
smallest member, glyoxylic acid, semialdehydes often exist as hydrates (geminal diols) HO2C(CH2)nCH(OH)2. Some of semialdehydes and their parent dicarboxylic
Semialdehyde
Group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens
1,2-dibromocompounds are debrominated by zinc dust to give alkenes and geminal dihalides can react with strong bases to give carbenes.[citation needed]
Haloalkane
Organic compound (H–CHO); simplest aldehyde
sizes have been isolated. Similarly, formaldehyde hydrates to give the geminal diol methanediol, which condenses further to form hydroxy-terminated oligomers
Formaldehyde
Polymer
sulfoxide (DMSO), salts, zwitterions, cosolvents, acids, alcohols, phenol, geminal diols and amphiphilic fluoro-compounds. This conductivity is comparable
PEDOT:PSS
Chemical compound
available, propionaldehyde exists in equilibrium with 1,1-propanediol, a geminal diol. 2-Methylpentanal (CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CHO) arises by aldol condensation
Propionaldehyde
Organic reaction
The Skattebøl rearrangement is an organic reaction for converting a geminal dihalo cyclopropane to an allene using an organolithium base. This rearrangement
Skattebøl_rearrangement
Chemical compound
[1+2]cycloaddition to form geminal dichlorocyclopropanes. These can be reduced to cyclopropanes or hydrolysed to give cyclopropanones by a geminal halide hydrolysis
Dichlorocarbene
Measure of an acid's strength in solution
{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4 + CH3CO2H <=> HSO4- + CH3C(OH)2+}}} The unlikely geminal diol species CH3C(OH)+2 is stable in these environments. For aqueous solutions
Acid_dissociation_constant
Class of chemical compounds
cyclohexylamine unit with an aryl moiety attachment. The aryl group is positioned geminal to the amine. In the simplest cases, the aryl moiety is typically a phenyl
Arylcyclohexylamine
Class of chemical compounds
strength and stability of other nearby carbon–fluorine bonds on the same geminal carbon, as the carbon has a higher positive partial charge. Furthermore
Fluorocarbon
Organic compound containing C–PO(OR)2 groups
E-alkenes with elimination of a dialkyl-phosphate. Compounds containing 2 geminal phosphonate groups are known as bisphosphonates. They were first synthesized
Phosphonate
Chemical compound
11-OH-9β-HHC in which the natural n-pentyl side chain is replaced with a geminal-dimethylheptyl substitution. This significantly increases HU-243s binding
11-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol
Drugs used to treat bone disorders
Guiglia, Gabriela; Jeker, Heidi; Klein, Rémy (2002-08-01). "Highly Potent Geminal Bisphosphonates. From Pamidronate Disodium (Aredia) to Zoledronic Acid
Discovery and development of bisphosphonates
Discovery_and_development_of_bisphosphonates
Chemical compound
where two of the original ketone groups are replaced by two pairs of geminal diols. The orange to deep-red and highly hygroscopic anhydrous acid can
Rhodizonic_acid
Chemical compound
carboxylic acid. It is an amino acid structurally similar to cysteine, but with geminal dimethyl substituents α to the thiol. Like most amino acids, it is a colorless
Penicillamine
Analytical technique
couples with fluorine, which is very typical to see in 19F spectrum. With a geminal hydrogen, the coupling constants can be as large as 50 Hz. Other nuclei
Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Fluorine-19_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy
Branch of organic chemistry
than the triorgano derivatives. The simple tin geminal diols (R2Sn(OH)2, the tin analogues of geminal diols R2C(OH)2) and monomeric stannanones (R2Sn=O
Organotin_chemistry
Chemical reaction
the substrate. Conversion of aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding geminal difluorides proceeds by a similar mechanism, with addition of hydrogen
Fluorination with aminosulfuranes
Fluorination_with_aminosulfuranes
Chemical compound
corresponding alkyl fluorides as well as aldehydes and unhindered ketones to geminal difluorides. Carboxylic acids react no further than the acyl fluoride.
Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride
Diethylaminosulfur_trifluoride
Chemical compound
compound has found applications in biodegradable polymers. Alkylation with geminal dihalides gives 1,3-dithiepanes. Oxidation gives the cyclic disulfide 1
1,4-Butanedithiol
Chemical compound
certain heterocycles bearing an acidic N-H. Phase-transfer catalyst in geminal di-alkylation of fluorene, N,N-dialkylation of aniline and N-alkylation
Tetraethylammonium_chloride
Chemical reaction
is not sterically hindered, a second iodide can recombine to form the geminal di-iodide; otherwise an elimination reaction leads to the vinyliodide.
Hydrazone_iodination
Reaction in organic chemistry
variable. Under Wurtz conditions, vicinal dihalides yield alkenes, whereas geminal dihalides convert to alkynes. Bicyclobutane was prepared this way from
Wurtz_reaction
Chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water
+ C2H2 → CH3CHO Aldehydes and to some extent even ketones, hydrate to geminal diols. The reaction is especially dominant for formaldehyde, which, in
Hydration_reaction
Chemical compound
Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2C(OH)2. It is used to detect ammonia and amines. Upon reaction
Ninhydrin
Special type of hyperconjugation
reactivity in aqueous base. All chlorides pendant to silicon hydrolyze, but the geminal chlorine on carbon failed to hydrolyze, and the vicinal chlorine eliminated
Negative hyperconjugation in silicon
Negative_hyperconjugation_in_silicon
Any organic compound containing a C=C=C group
in 1954. Laboratory methods for the formation of allenes include: from geminal dihalocyclopropanes and organolithium compounds (or metallic sodium or
Allene
Organic compounds with the structure >C=S
has also been employed. Thiones can also be prepared from geminal dichlorides, but geminal dichlorides are typically prepared from ketones as well. There
Thioketone
geminus gemin- twin bigeminal, bigeminy, gemel, gemelli, gemelliparous, geminal, geminate, gemination, gemini, gimmal, ingeminate, quadrigeminal, trigeminal
List of Latin words with English derivatives
List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives
Hydrocarbon compound with 3 or more consecutive double bonds
synthetic method for butatriene synthesis is based on reductive coupling of a geminal dihalovinylidene. Tetraphenylbutatriene was reported synthesized in 1977
Cumulene
Chemical compound CH3CH(SH)2
that is added to or found in some foods. The compound is an example of a geminal dithiol. Flavouring uses of ethane-1,1-dithiol may include drinks, oil
Ethane-1,1-dithiol
Study of chemical compounds containing carbon-selenium bonds
pharmaceutical manufacture. Contrary to theoretical productions, selenium stablizes geminal carbanions slightly less than the corresponding sulfur compounds. Moreover
Organoselenium_chemistry
Chemical compound
cyclopropane-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexol, (-C(OH)2-)3 also exists. This contains geminal hydroxy groups. Corkran, Greg; David W. Ball (2004). "The relative energies
Cyclopropanetrione
Chemical compound
of water. In this situation, the aldehyde reacts with water to form the geminal diol hydrate, which is then oxidized again. The oxidation generates water
Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate
Tetrapropylammonium_perruthenate
Chemical compound
with molecular formula C6O12H12 or C6(OH)12 or (C(OH)2)6. It is a sixfold geminal diol with a cyclohexane backbone and can be regarded as a sixfold hydrate
Dodecahydroxycyclohexane
α-functionalized ketones as the final product. Similar to monohalo ketones, geminal dihalo ketones initially form metal enolates upon exposure to one- or two-electron
Reductive dehalogenation of halo ketones
Reductive_dehalogenation_of_halo_ketones
Gattermann aldehyde synthesis Gattermann Koch reaction Gattermann reaction Geminal halide hydrolysis Gewald reaction Gibbs phthalic anhydride process Gilman
List_of_organic_reactions
Type of functional group in a molecule
reaction. Compounds such as 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, which contain multiple geminal halogens adjacent to a hydroxyl group may be considered halohydrins (although
Halohydrin
Permanent bond dipole due to electron-rich or -poor groups in a molecule
factors, including intramolecular interactions and resonance effects in geminal diacids, that operate alongside inductive contributions. The ordering above
Inductive_effect
Chemical compound
(2020-07-29). "Protobranching as repulsion-induced attraction: a prototype for geminal stabilization". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 22 (29): 16998–17006
Tetramethylbutane
Hypothetical organic molecule ((H2N)2C=C(NH2)2)
compound with formula C2N4H8 or (H2N)2C=C(NH2)2. Like all polyamines that are geminal, this compound has never been synthesised and is believed to be extremely
Tetraaminoethylene
silicon, or may form a 3-membered ring in which silicon is hypercoordinate. Geminal dihalides react with silylmetal anions to give a halide anion, a silyl
Transition metal silyl complexes
Transition_metal_silyl_complexes
Overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry
Thioacetals Ketals Acid Anhydrides Acyl Halides Acyl Chlorides Alcohols Diols Geminal Diols Vicinal Diols Fatty Alcohols Silanols Thiols Triols Aldehydes Aldols
Outline_of_organic_chemistry
Chemical compound
hydrate (1,1,3-propanetriol), in which the aldehyde group converts to a geminal diol: HOCH2CH2CHO + H2O → HOCH2CH2CH(OH)2 The hydrate is also in equilibrium
Reuterin
Paralytic shellfish toxin
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin. Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish
Saxitoxin
Chemical compound
monohydrate and similar names. This compound is unusual in containing stable geminal hydroxy groups. Dihydroxymalonic acid is a water-soluble white solid. It
Dihydroxymalonic_acid
Chemical process which generates cyclopropane rings
or difluorocarbene, which are reasonably stable and will react to form geminal dihalo-cyclopropanes. These compounds can then be used to form allenes
Cyclopropanation
Chemical compound
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin-analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish
Neosaxitoxin
Organic molecule containing a neutral carbon with two unbound valence electrons
Molecules with no acidic proton can still be induced to α-eliminate. A geminal dihalide exposed to organolithiums can undergo metal-halogen exchange and
Carbene
pairs) 1,2,3,4 ortho 1,2,3,5 meta 1,2,4,5 para Possible isomers with two geminal hydroxyls (on the same carbon) are[dubious – discuss] 1,1,2,3-Cyclohexanetetrol
Cyclohexanetetrol
Computer security model
that superjacent strata need not. This concept is none other than the geminal architectural concept (taken from the Anderson Report) underlying DoD-style
Multiple_single-level
Russian chemist
synthesized novel anionic σ-complexes of trinitrobenzene with C–E bonds in geminal positions (E = Si, Ge, Sn) and studied their transformation pathways in
Oleg_Reutov
Chemical compound
is typically hydrated, i.e., one keto group has added water to give the geminal diol. DPD is produced by degradation of S-adenosylhomocysteine by the action
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione
to axial anomeric: 7–9 Hz Axial to exocyclic hydroxymethyl: 5 Hz, 2 Hz Geminal between hydroxymethyl protons: 12 Hz NOEs are sensitive to interatomic
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carbohydrates
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_carbohydrates
Affect on molecular properties due to spatial arrangement of electron orbitals
orbital of the forming bond between the diene and the dienophile. If the two geminal substituents are both aromatic rings with different substituents tuning
Stereoelectronic_effect
Chemical compound
1,1-Dihydroxyethene is an organic compound consisting of two hydroxy groups as substituents on the same carbon atom of an ethene chain. The chemical is
1,1-Dihydroxyethene
Chemical compound
highly volatile liquid that is easily soluble in water to form Hydrates. A geminal diol, also known as monohydrate, 2,2-dichloro-1,1-ethanediol, is formed
Dichloroacetaldehyde
H2C-CH2 fragments that are subdivided into two groups of two in either geminal relationships via a mirror plane along the C-C bond, i.e. HAHA′C-CHBHB′
Magnetic_inequivalence
Chemical compound
phosphoric acid mixture at 40 °C. Hydrolytic and thermal stability: The geminal dimethyl group and the sulfomethyl group combine to sterically hinder the
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane_sulfonic_acid
Algorithm in computational quantum physics
Michele; Attaccalite, Claudio; Sorella, Sandro (15 October 2004). "Correlated geminal wave function for molecules: An efficient resonating valence bond approach"
Variational_Monte_Carlo
Mixing (superposition) of atomic orbitals
potentials within semiempirical antisymmetrized product of strictly localized geminals approach". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 85 (3): 109–117
Orbital_hybridisation
Class of molecules
and gold. The gold complex is of particular note as it is the first geminal digold complex and provides experimental evidence supporting the structure
Carbones
Chemical compound
Decarbamoylsaxitoxin, abbreviated as dcSTX, is a neurotoxin which is naturally produced in dinoflagellate. DcSTX is one of the many analogues of saxitoxin
Decarbamoylsaxitoxin
Chemical compound
Kirsch, Stefan F. (6 November 2015). "Synthesis and Chemistry of Organic Geminal Di- and Triazides". Molecules. 20 (11): 20044–20062. doi:10.3390/molecules201119675
Carbonyl_diazide
Chemical compound
an organic compound with formula C5O10H10 or C5(OH)10. It is a fivefold geminal diol on a cyclopentane backbone. The compound can be regarded as the fivefold
Decahydroxycyclopentane
Chemical reaction involving the addition of a nucleophile to an electrophile
compound as an electrophile, the nucleophile can be: water in hydration to a geminal diol (hydrate) an alcohol in acetalisation to an acetal a hydride in reduction
Nucleophilic_addition
Method of separating enantiomers in a racemic mixture by reaction rate
alcohols. Effective selectivity was dependent upon the presence of either a geminal or cis substituent to the alcohol-bearing group, with a notable exception
Kinetic_resolution
Class of enzymes
(Asp273). The formylglycine residue (FGly70) is first hydrated to form a geminal diol whose hydroxyl group subsequently coordinates with a Calcium(II) ion
N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase
N-sulfoglucosamine_sulfohydrolase
Acetic acid bearing an aldehyde group
example, in the presence of water, the carbonyl rapidly converts to a geminal diol (described as the "monohydrate"). The equilibrium constant (K) is
Glyoxylic_acid
Class of carbon compounds
properties. Unlike carbodiphosphoranes, there has yet to be a report of geminal coordination of transition metals to CDCs. CDCs have also been used in
Carbodicarbenes
GEMINAL
GEMINAL
GEMINAL
GEMINAL
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Hindu
Female
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Ketilríðr, KETILFRÃÃUR means "cauldron/kettle beautiful."
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, French, German, Welsh
Blessed; White Circle; Fair Bow
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Surname.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Verse
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Chinese, Christian, Danish, French, German, Greek, Irish, Latin, Muslim
Light; Honour; Bright One; Shining One
Girl/Female
Scottish Irish
Abbreviation of Christine. Follower of Christ.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from a short form of the personal name Thomas.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
New Light
GEMINAL
GEMINAL
GEMINAL
GEMINAL
GEMINAL
a.
A pair.