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Works printed in Europe before 1501
An incunable or incunabulum (pl.: incunables or incunabula, respectively) is a book, pamphlet, or broadside that was printed in the earliest stages of
Incunable
Work without known surviving copies
Through statistical analysis, it is estimated that the number of lost Incunable (works printed in Europe before 1501) editions is at least 20,000. Art
Lost_literary_work
Bibliographic database
cataloging all extant incunables under the GW's system is indefinitely far-off. The ISTC was created to establish a system of incunable cataloging that was
Incunabula Short Title Catalogue
Incunabula_Short_Title_Catalogue
Late 4th/early 5th century Roman grammarian
Commentarii ("Commentaries on the Poems of Virgil"), constituted the first incunable to be printed at Florence, by Bernardo Cennini, in 1471. In the Saturnalia
Servius_the_Grammarian
The incunable Disputatio nuper facta in domo Magnifici Laurentii Medices from 1489, an account of Nicolaus' debate with Dragišić in Florence
Nicolaus_de_Mirabilibus
Academic journal
publication covering the history of printing and the book. Its focus is on incunables, early printing, and the life and work of Johannes Gutenberg, inventor
Gutenberg-Jahrbuch
Private university in Providence, Rhode Island, US
Sothebys.com Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine "64 Mexican incunables and counting". John Carter Brown Library. Archived from the original on
Brown_University
Work by John of Salisbury
The murder of Julius Caesar - an incident discussed in Polycraticus. From a 1474 incunable.
Policraticus
Limp binding of an incunable, made of vellum with broken book clasp of the 15th century
Limp_binding
Collection of annotations to the Corpus Iuris Civilis by Accursius
Library) Author Accursius Language Latin Subject Corpus Iuris Civilis Published c. 1250 (as a manuscript), 1476 (as a book [an incunable]) Media type Gloss
Glossa_ordinaria_(Accursius)
Medium consisting of pages of text or images
The earliest printed books created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. Steam-powered presses further accelerated manufacturing
Book
1499 book by Francesco Colonna
reconciled with her by the "Fountain of Venus". It is a famous example of an incunable (a work of early printing). The work was first published in 1499 in Venice
Hypnerotomachia_Poliphili
Ancient Greek lyric poet (c. 630–c. 570 BC)
educated woman and talented poet. In this woodcut, illustrating an early incunable of Boccaccio's De mulieribus claris, she is portrayed surrounded by books
Sappho
German businessman (1930–2021)
German state government of Baden-Württemberg authorized the sale of an incunable about Medieval history to him in 2008. The price was about Euro 20 million
August_von_Finck_Jr.
Prefecture in Grand Est, France
ouvre une grande médiathèque sur le port in L'Express (in French) "Les incunables" (in French). Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg. 10
Strasbourg
Sexuality in ancient Rome
Page from an incunable of Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX, printed in red and black by Peter Schöffer (Mainz, 1471).
Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome
The Lyme Caxton Missal is an incunable or early printed book containing the liturgy of the Mass according to the Sarum Rite, published in 1487 by William
Lyme_Caxton_Missal
Written work of art
single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople
Literature
Machine for applying ink under pressure
for over a century. Surviving pre-16th century print works, known as incunable, are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and North America. Beyond
Printing_press
Library in Épinal, Vosges, France
numbered and are available on line on the bmi's catalogue. The bmi's 102 incunables are also from the revolutionary seizures at the Vosges abbeys and from
Bibliothèque multimédia intercommunale
Bibliothèque_multimédia_intercommunale
Decree of the Holy Roman Empire
Incunable of the Golden Bull in Early New High German, late 15th century, University of Jena
Golden_Bull_of_1356
Theological treatise by Thomas Aquinas
Summa Theologiae Page from an incunable edition of part II (Peter Schöffer, Mainz 1471) Author Thomas Aquinas Language Latin Subject Christian theology
Summa_Theologica
1493 biblical encyclopedia by German historian Hartmann Schedel
largest print-runs of an edition during the incunabula (also known as the incunable period of book production c. 1455–1500), one of the first large-scale
Nuremberg_Chronicle
1521 Serbian printed psalter
printed the Cetinje Octoechos at Zeta's capital, Cetinje. It was the first incunable written in the Serbian recension of Church Slavonic. The Crnojević printing
Goražde_Psalter
Among the earliest major books printed using mass-produced movable metal type in Europe
contained in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp.[citation needed] Incunable British Library, "Early Printed Bibles - In Latin 1454 onwards" Time Magazine
36-line_Bible
English printer and publisher
was the earliest attempt to identify and examine setting copy for an incunable edition of a Middle English work. De Worde published more than 400 books
Wynkyn_de_Worde
Early form of the Frisian language
existing works were compiled into seventeen legal codices, one being an incunable, which contain several distinct legal texts. Many of the codices are not
Old_Frisian
Corpus de Incunables de Clásicos Latinos en España. 'Impresor: Johannes Planck Archived 2022-05-22 at the Wayback Machine', in Corpus de Incunables de Clásicos
Juan_Planck
Public library in Strasbourg, France
Archived from the original on 2025-11-13. Retrieved 2026-02-19. Les Incunables Archived 2013-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, bnu.fr Manuscripts at the
National Academic Library (Strasbourg)
National_Academic_Library_(Strasbourg)
Period of civil unrest
Profesa's library, which also burned, lost 80,000 volumes, including incunables and first editions of Spanish Golden Age authors like Lope de Vega, Calderón
Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)
Production and distribution of media
single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople
Publishing
Historical capital and largest city of Silesia, located in southwestern Poland
Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium (1475) by Kasper Elyan, the first ever incunable in Polish, containing the proceedings and prayers of the Wrocław bishops
Wrocław
Early 1st century AD Roman professional rhetorician, historian and author
Page from an incunable of Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia, printed in red and black by Peter Schöffer (Mainz, 1471)
Valerius_Maximus
Old library building in Braunschweig, Germany
around 1309 to the end of the 16th century, the collection of manuscripts, incunable, etc. grew through acquisitions and donations. The most important and
Liberei
Library Incunables". Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 101 (3): 345–395. Sharpe, Richard (June 2008). "The Present and Future of Incunable Cataloguing
A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century now in the Bodleian Library
A_Catalogue_of_Books_Printed_in_the_Fifteenth_Century_now_in_the_Bodleian_Library
The Golden Legend, a translation by William Caxton; as the most printed incunable across Europe, this reaches its 9th edition in English by 1527 Giacomo
15th_century_in_literature
1383 book by Francesc Eiximenis
Title page of the incunable edition of the Regiment de la Cosa Pública (Valencia, Cristòfor Cofman, 1499). Francesc Eiximenis is on the right. He offers
Regiment_de_la_cosa_pública
House in Buckinghamshire, England
centuries of Western European and Polish origin. There were also seven Incunables pressed in the 15th century. Among the first editions were early piano
Fawley_Court
Red text added for emphasis in a manuscript
normal method. The "great majority of incunables did not issue from the press in a finished state... hardly any incunable was considered 'finished' by its
Rubrication
Italian writer and art critic (1675 – 1755)
humanist education whose publications on Etruscan antiquities stand as incunables of Etruscology, he engaged in running skirmishes in print with his rival
Francesco_Scipione_Maffei
16th-century book
Shepherdes, also known as the Kalendar and Compost of Shepherds. was an incunable almanac first published in the 1490s in Paris as the Compost et Kalendrier
The_Kalender_of_Shepherdes
Italian merchant (1362–1435)
Resources/STG: Brown University, Providence, R.I., 2002. La Sfera From the Incunable Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library
Gregorio_Dati
Blackletter typeface
Bible was still set in Textualis type, the oldest preserved Schwabacher incunable dates from 1472, and was printed in Augsburg. Schwabacher types appeared
Schwabacher
Story collection by Geoffrey Chaucer
26 February 2017. "A Digital Catalogue of the Pre-1500 Manuscripts and Incunables of the Canterbury Tales Second Edition". Archived from the original on
The_Canterbury_Tales
Princess of Pontus and queen of Cappadokia
Woodcut illustration of Berenice (or Laodice) of Cappadocia, from an incunable German translation by Heinrich Steinhöwel of Giovanni Boccaccio's De mulieribus
Laodice_of_Cappadocia
Catalan philosopher (c.1330–1409)
31–45. ISBN 978-84-8415-524-9. Gascón Urís, Sergi. Estudi de manuscrits i incunables del Llibre dels àngels. Tesina (TFG) (UAB, Bellaterra, 1988). Gascón Urís
Francesc_Eiximenis
Pamphilus de amore in an incunable printed ca. 1480–1484 in Zaragoza by Pablo Hurus and Juan Planck
Pamphilus_de_amore
from the 15th century. Books printed before January 1, 1501, are called incunables. The spreading of book printing all over Europe occurred relatively quickly
History_of_books
Themes and motifs in medieval art
Chronicles of Nuremberg by Hartmann Schedel, folio 4 verso, incunable, 1493
Representation of animals in Western medieval art
Representation_of_animals_in_Western_medieval_art
Poem by Horace
Stenuit, Bernard (2011). "Horace: éditions incunables à Florence, Venise, Milan et Strasbourg" [Horace: incunable editions in Florence, Venice, Milan, and
Odes_1.4
Earliest major book printed in Europe
keeping a "trophy book". Books in Germany Canons of page construction Incunable Jikji List of most expensive books and manuscripts Niels Henry Sonne.
Gutenberg_Bible
Library building in Manhattan, New York
researchers before they are allowed to enter. The collection includes 800 incunable works published in Europe before 1501, Americana published before 1801
New York Public Library Main Branch
New_York_Public_Library_Main_Branch
Art museum in Boston, Massachusetts
editions and manuscripts of Dante, works by miniaturist Jean Bourdichon, incunables, and illuminated manuscripts. The museum regularly produces scholarly
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum
Rušd. DARE aims to provide scholars with the digitized manuscripts and incunables of Averroes's works (around 60,000 as of April 2013), as well as edited
Digital Averroes Research Environment
Digital_Averroes_Research_Environment
Italian Renaissance humanist, professor and Greek–Latin translator
ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6. Masson, Irvine (1936). "The Bibliography of a Small Incunable". The Library. 4th ser. 17 (1): 36–61. doi:10.1093/library/s4-xvii.1.36
Andrea_Brenta
Austrian-born book dealer (1907–1988)
W. Rosenbach. Kraus specialized in medieval illuminated manuscripts, incunables (books printed before 1501), and rare books of the 16th and 17th centuries
Hans_P._Kraus
Public library in Nancy, France
de Nancy, various dates Library Photostream on Flickr. Catalogue des incunables de la Bibliothèque publique de Nancy (1466-1500) (in French). 1883. Catalogue
Bibliothèque municipale de Nancy
Bibliothèque_municipale_de_Nancy
French mystic and poet (died 1310)
A beguine represented in an incunable, printed in Lübeck in 1489.
Marguerite_Porete
American reality television series episodes
a 1947 Masco guitar amplifier that belonged to Hank Williams; a 1484 incunable illuminated book, which Rick wishes to purchase for himself, much to the
List_of_Pawn_Stars_episodes
15th-century Breton-French-Latin dictionary
first printed in 1499 in Tréguier; its early date classifies it as an incunable. The work takes its name from an earlier dictionary, the Latin Catholicon
Catholicon (trilingual dictionary)
Catholicon_(trilingual_dictionary)
Catholic church of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Assisi
1476. The friary now houses a vast library (with medieval codices and incunables), a museum with works of art donated by pilgrims through the centuries
Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi
"Front" and "back" sides of a leaf of paper
all verso pages will have even numbers. In many early printed books or incunables (e.g. João de Barros's Décadas da Ásia), it is the folia ("leaves") rather
Recto_and_verso
Author of a 4th-century herbal
Wessex. Based on a 9th-century manuscript of Monte Cassino the first incunable of Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius was printed in Rome in 1481. The first printing
Pseudo-Apuleius
City and municipality in Apulia, Italy
endowment of about 6,000 volumes, today it has over 20,000 volumes, 17 incunable, over 200 16th-century manuscripts. These include some rare works, and
Brindisi
1944 Nazi razing of Warsaw
1944 after collapse of the Uprising. About 26,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunables, 80,000 early printed books, 100,000 drawings and prints, 50,000 note
Destruction_of_Warsaw
City in Normandy, France
André Malraux, and the Natural History Museum. Medieval manuscripts and Incunables are conserved at the public library. The archives of the city, at the
Le_Havre
Saxon God
purported Germanic god of the Saxons, according to the 1492 Saxon Chronicle incunable probably written by the Brunswick goldsmith Conrad Bothe (c. 1475 – c
Krodo
Port city in Italy
Biblioteca Labronica are stored: 120,000 books, 1,500 manuscripts, 117 incunables, 2,000 cinquecentine (is a book printed in the 16th century) and 60,000
Livorno
Public library in Olomouc, Czech Republic
collection of historical sources, among others 1451 manuscripts and 1700 incunables. List of libraries in the Czech Republic Papajík, David (September 2011)
Research_Library_in_Olomouc
Mythological narrative poem by Ovid
hexameter Publication date 1471 Published in English 1480; 546 years ago (1480) Media type Incunable Lines 11,995 Full text Metamorphoses at Wikisource
Metamorphoses
Spanish cake
Europe. The first mention of a sweet mona date back to the 15th century incunable Trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria, and in 1783 the Royal Spanish Academy
Easter_mona
German nobleman (1729–1780)
Paul Ernest had a strong interest in history and collected rare books, incunables, manuscripts, images, coins and natural history curiosities. In 1765,
Charles Paul Ernest, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt
Charles_Paul_Ernest,_Count_of_Bentheim-Steinfurt
Activity of collecting books
"printing" is irrelevant. Any book printed up to the year 1501 is known as an incunable or incunabulum. Such books command a premium and are particularly sought
Book_collecting
Compilation of Jewish law and ritual
Offenberg, Adri K. . The Printing History of the Constantinople Hebrew Incunable of 1493: A Mediterranean Voyage of Discovery, in The British Library Journal
Arba'ah_Turim
Library in Douai, France
Anchin Abbey and Marchiennes Abbey during the French Revolution), over 300 incunables, a considerable number of works printed in Douai on hand-operated presses
Bibliothèque municipale de Douai
Bibliothèque_municipale_de_Douai
American bibliographer (1903–1970)
" the dating of the Missale Speciale or Constance Missal, an undated incunable (book printed before 1501) believed by many to pre-date the Gutenberg
Allan_H._Stevenson
German printer
Retrieved 7 March 2012. Incunable Short Title Catalogue. Georgius Lauer. 29 October 1470. Retrieved 13 July 2018. Incunable Short Title Catalogue. Georgius
Georgius_Lauer
Italian Renaissance humanist
facultate disputatio (alternatively as De arte historica), 1548; 1567. An incunable of historiography. De rhetorica facultate, 1548 In Aristotelis poeticam
Francesco_Robortello
Library in Pontevedra, Spain
sisters. Part of the library of Professor Carlos Villar. The library has 10 incunables, 20 manuscripts and 1849 rare books from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
Pontevedra_Public_Library
Italian physician
325. Circa instans, 14th century Munich: Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, Incunable, Circa instans, Venice 1497 New York: New York Botanical Garden, Circa
Matthaeus_Platearius
Historical region in Central Europe
published the Statuta synodalia episcoporum Wratislaviensium [pl], the first incunable in Lower Silesia, which also contains the first-ever text printed in the
Lower_Silesia
Belgian public library
special collections consists of ca. 600 medieval manuscripts, ca. 70 incunables, and the library and archives of the poet Guido Gezelle (1830-1899). The
Bruges_Public_Library
French writer
d'Hippocrate annoté par Rabelais, 1887 (Le courrier de Lyon et du Sud-Est) Les incunables de la ville de Lyon et les premiers débuts de l'imprimerie (in collaboration
Aimé_Vingtrinier
Calendar that is Poland's oldest known print
for the year 1474, and Poland's oldest known print. This single-sheet incunable, known also as the Calendarium cracoviense (Cracovian Calendar), was published
Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474
Almanach_cracoviense_ad_annum_1474
Early astronomical instrument
Astronomicus". Retrieved 2009-07-18. Sorgeloos, Claude (2001). "Un post-incunable retrouvé : L'Usus annuli astronomici de Gemma Frisius, Louvain et Anvers
Astronomical_rings
paper for writing and art publication. The mill thus produced paper for incunables (the name given to the first printed books), such as the Nuremberg Chronicle
Arches_paper
the Wayback Machine Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa «Hallan en Escocia el incunable más antiguo en castellano de Los Siete Sabios.» La Razón. Gerónimo Borao
Pablo_Hurus
Calendar year
is captured by a joint Venetian–Spanish fleet. December 31 – The last incunable is printed in Venice. Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million
1500
Second major book printed with movable type in the West
Jersey. Long issue, but missing ff. 143-175. Also from St Victor in Mainz. Incunable Ikeda, Mayumi (2010). "The first experiments in printing at the Fust-Schöffer
Mainz_Psalter
Historic library in Milan, Italy
1943, the building was damaged by an Allied air raid. Manuscripts and incunables had been removed and escaped intact, and the damage to the fabric was
Biblioteca_Ambrosiana
It was printed 16 times between 1484 and 1674, including two further incunable editions (1492, 1493). Henry Coley published an English translation in
Centiloquium_Hermetis
Manuscripts of Vetus Latina versions of the Bible
Cath Apc (fragments) Hernando del Castillo [es] Dold & Schildenberger Incunable Escorial 54.V.35 Madrid, Spain 95 Madrid glosses 1150 Genesis (fragments)
Vetus_Latina_manuscripts
Typeface
the University of California, Los Angeles for use in its Aldine Press incunable collection. The Miller family has also been used in the National Post
Miller_(typeface)
Poem by 1st-century BC Roman poet Catullus
1472 editio princeps—paratextual features of this incunable include the heading ("On Aemilius", the name appearing at the bottom right in what is now
Catullus_96
French printer of incunables
or Petrus Maufer de Maliferis, was a 15th-century French printer of incunables, who learned the trade together with Martin Morin when the family Lallemant
Petrus_Maufer
cumuliform, cumulose, cumulous, cumulus cūnae cūn- cradle cunabula, incunable, incunabula, incunabular, incunabulum cuneus cune- wedge coign/coigne
List of Latin words with English derivatives
List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives
Library
Georg Philipp Telemann. The collections also include manuscripts and incunables from Polish monasteries in Gniezno, Lubiń, Mogilno, Pakość, Pelplin, and
Berlinka_(art_collection)
2026 Spanish film
Mayor Ortega, Leonor (23 April 2026). "'El libro negro de las horas': un incunable muy peligroso". La Vanguardia. Sánchez Sequera, Marco (21 April 2026)
Kraken: The Black Book of Hours
Kraken:_The_Black_Book_of_Hours
- Illusionism (art) - Illusionistic ceiling painting - Imprimatura - Incunable - Intercolumniation - Intermedio - Isenheim Altarpiece - Italian city-states
Index_of_Renaissance_articles
deliberately burned by the authorities, including 26,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunables (printed before 1501), 80,000 early printed books, 100,000 drawings and
List of book-burning incidents
List_of_book-burning_incidents
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
King
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Beautiful sunshine of the sun and day
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English sparewe ‘sparrow’, perhaps for a small, chirpy person, or else for someone bearing some fancied physical resemblance to a sparrow.
Male
Greek
Greek name ABRAX means "shining one." In mythology, this is the name of one of the steeds of Aurora. The other is Phaeton.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Good Fortune
Female
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Greek Elisabet, ELISABETE means "God is my oath."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Worth, Deserving, Merit
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, German, Indian, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi, Persian
Messenger of Happiness; Good News; Glad Tiding
Girl/Female
Tamil
Harshini | ஹரà¯à®·à¯€à®¨à¯€
Cheerful, Happy
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil
Granted of All Desires; Lord Vishnu
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE