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Works printed in Europe before 1501
An incunable or incunabulum (pl.: incunables or incunabula, respectively) is a book, pamphlet, or broadside that was printed in the earliest stages of
Incunable
Work without known surviving copies
Through statistical analysis, it is estimated that the number of lost incunable (works printed in Europe before 1501) editions is at least 20,000. Art
Lost_literary_work
Work by John of Salisbury
The murder of Julius Caesar - an incident discussed in Polycraticus. From a 1474 incunable.
Policraticus
Late 4th/early 5th century Roman grammarian
Commentarii ("Commentaries on the Poems of Virgil"), constituted the first incunable to be printed at Florence, by Bernardo Cennini, in 1471. In the Saturnalia
Servius_the_Grammarian
Early 1st century AD Roman professional rhetorician, historian and author
Page from an incunable of Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia, printed in red and black by Peter Schöffer (Mainz, 1471)
Valerius_Maximus
Transylvanian Dominican theologian (died 1495)
The incunable Disputatio nuper facta in domo Magnifici Laurentii Medices from 1489, an account of Nicolaus' debate with Dragišić in Florence
Nicolaus_de_Mirabilibus
Bibliographic database
cataloging all extant incunables under the GW's system is indefinitely far-off. The ISTC was created to establish a system of incunable cataloging that was
Incunabula Short Title Catalogue
Incunabula_Short_Title_Catalogue
Princess of Pontus and queen of Cappadokia
Woodcut illustration of Berenice (or Laodice) of Cappadocia, from an incunable German translation by Heinrich Steinhöwel of Giovanni Boccaccio's De mulieribus
Laodice_of_Cappadocia
Collection of annotations to the Corpus Iuris Civilis by Accursius
printed edition was produced in Venice in five parts in 1487–1489. This incunable edition was reprinted as a facsimile in Turin by Ex Officina Erasmiana
Glossa_ordinaria_(Accursius)
Medium consisting of pages of text or images
The earliest printed books created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. Steam-powered presses further accelerated manufacturing
Book
Limp binding of an incunable, made of vellum with broken book clasp of the 15th century
Limp_binding
1499 book by Francesco Colonna
reconciled with her by the "Fountain of Venus". It is a famous example of an incunable (a work of early printing). The work was first published in 1499 in Venice
Hypnerotomachia_Poliphili
Private university in Providence, Rhode Island, US
Sothebys.com Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine "64 Mexican incunables and counting". John Carter Brown Library. Archived from the original on
Brown_University
Academic journal
publication covering the history of printing and the book. Its focus is on incunables, early printing, and the life and work of Johannes Gutenberg, inventor
Gutenberg-Jahrbuch
The Lyme Caxton Missal is an incunable or early printed book containing the liturgy of the Mass according to the Sarum Rite, published in 1487 by William
Lyme_Caxton_Missal
Production and distribution of media
single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople
Publishing
Saxon God
purported Germanic god of the Saxons, according to the 1492 Saxon Chronicle incunable probably written by the Brunswick goldsmith Conrad Bothe (c. 1475 – c
Krodo
Ancient Greek lyric poet (c. 630–c. 570 BC)
educated woman and talented poet. In this woodcut, illustrating an early incunable of Boccaccio's De mulieribus claris, she is portrayed surrounded by books
Sappho
Corpus de Incunables de Clásicos Latinos en España. 'Impresor: Johannes Planck Archived 2022-05-22 at the Wayback Machine', in Corpus de Incunables de Clásicos
Juan_Planck
Prefecture in Grand Est, France
ouvre une grande médiathèque sur le port in L'Express (in French) "Les incunables" (in French). Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg. 10
Strasbourg
Belgian public library
special collections consists of ca. 600 medieval manuscripts, ca. 70 incunables, and the library and archives of the poet Guido Gezelle (1830-1899). The
Bruges_Public_Library
Old library building in Braunschweig, Germany
around 1309 to the end of the 16th century, the collection of manuscripts, incunable, etc. grew through acquisitions and donations. The most important and
Liberei
Historical capital and largest city of Silesia, located in southwestern Poland
Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium (1475) by Kasper Elyan, the first ever incunable in Polish, containing the proceedings and prayers of the Wrocław bishops
Wrocław
Library in Épinal, Vosges, France
numbered and are available on line on the bmi's catalogue. The bmi's 102 incunables are also from the revolutionary seizures at the Vosges abbeys and from
Bibliothèque multimédia intercommunale
Bibliothèque_multimédia_intercommunale
Written work of art
single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople
Literature
German businessman (1930–2021)
German state government of Baden-Württemberg authorized the sale of an incunable about Medieval history to him in 2008. The price was about Euro 20 million
August_von_Finck_Jr.
Period of civil unrest
Profesa's library, which also burned, lost 80,000 volumes, including incunables and first editions of Spanish Golden Age authors like Lope de Vega, Calderón
Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)
Blackletter typeface
Bible was still set in Textualis type, the oldest preserved Schwabacher incunable dates from 1472, and was printed in Augsburg. Schwabacher types appeared
Schwabacher
Calendar that is Poland's oldest known print
for the year 1474, and Poland's oldest known print. This single-sheet incunable, known also as the Calendarium cracoviense (Cracovian Calendar), was published
Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474
Almanach_cracoviense_ad_annum_1474
Decree of the Holy Roman Empire
Incunable of the Golden Bull in Early New High German, late 15th century, University of Jena
Golden_Bull_of_1356
The Golden Legend, a translation by William Caxton; as the most printed incunable across Europe, this reaches its 9th edition in English by 1527 Giacomo
15th_century_in_literature
Among the earliest major books printed using mass-produced movable metal type in Europe
contained in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp.[citation needed] Incunable British Library, "Early Printed Bibles - In Latin 1454 onwards" Time Magazine
36-line_Bible
Sexuality in ancient Rome
Page from an incunable of Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX, printed in red and black by Peter Schöffer (Mainz, 1471).
Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome
Pamphilus de amore in an incunable printed ca. 1480–1484 in Zaragoza by Pablo Hurus and Juan Planck
Pamphilus_de_amore
Public library in Strasbourg, France
Archived from the original on 2025-11-13. Retrieved 2026-02-19. Les Incunables Archived 2013-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, bnu.fr Manuscripts at the
National Academic Library (Strasbourg)
National_Academic_Library_(Strasbourg)
Norms in international relations
Khadduri 1956, pp. 360–361. Roden, Kate (June 8, 2020). "An Italian Incunable in Tarlton's Collection". Tarlton Law Library: The Lectures of Baldus
International_law
Earliest major book printed in Europe
keeping a "trophy book". Books in Germany Canons of page construction Incunable Jikji List of most expensive books and manuscripts Niels Henry Sonne.
Gutenberg_Bible
Early form of the Frisian language
existing works were compiled into seventeen legal codices, one being an incunable, which contain several distinct legal texts. Many of the codices are not
Old_Frisian
Red text added for emphasis in a manuscript
normal method. The "great majority of incunables did not issue from the press in a finished state... hardly any incunable was considered 'finished' by its
Rubrication
Database of Averroes' texts
Averroes. DARE aims to provide scholars with the digitized manuscripts and incunables of Averroes's works (around 60,000 as of April 2013), as well as edited
Digital Averroes Research Environment
Digital_Averroes_Research_Environment
Poem by Horace
Stenuit, Bernard (2011). "Horace: éditions incunables à Florence, Venise, Milan et Strasbourg" [Horace: incunable editions in Florence, Venice, Milan, and
Odes_1.4
Italian writer and art critic (1675 – 1755)
humanist education whose publications on Etruscan antiquities stand as incunables of Etruscology, he engaged in running skirmishes in print with his rival
Francesco_Scipione_Maffei
Italian merchant (1362–1435)
Resources/STG: Brown University, Providence, R.I., 2002. La Sfera From the Incunable Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library
Gregorio_Dati
Theological treatise by Thomas Aquinas
Summa Theologiae Page from an incunable edition of part II (Peter Schöffer, Mainz 1471) Author Thomas Aquinas Language Latin Subject Christian theology
Summa_Theologica
House in Buckinghamshire, England
centuries of Western European and Polish origin. There were also seven Incunables pressed in the 15th century. Among the first editions were early piano
Fawley_Court
English printer and publisher
was the earliest attempt to identify and examine setting copy for an incunable edition of a Middle English work. De Worde published more than 400 books
Wynkyn_de_Worde
1493 biblical encyclopedia by German historian Hartmann Schedel
largest print-runs of an edition during the incunabula (also known as the incunable period of book production c. 1455–1500), one of the first large-scale
Nuremberg_Chronicle
Public library in Nancy, France
de Nancy, various dates Library Photostream on Flickr. Catalogue des incunables de la Bibliothèque publique de Nancy (1466-1500) (in French). 1883. Catalogue
Bibliothèque municipale de Nancy
Bibliothèque_municipale_de_Nancy
Story collection by Geoffrey Chaucer
26 February 2017. "A Digital Catalogue of the Pre-1500 Manuscripts and Incunables of the Canterbury Tales Second Edition". Archived from the original on
The_Canterbury_Tales
Library building in Manhattan, New York
researchers before they are allowed to enter. The collection includes 800 incunable works published in Europe before 1501, Americana published before 1801
New York Public Library Main Branch
New_York_Public_Library_Main_Branch
German printer
christiana, de praedestinatione sanctorum) History of printing in Poland Incunable Johannes Gutenberg Movable type Printing Global spread of the printing
Kasper_Straube
Social club in New York City
curiosities" and special collections of armor, coins, precious stones and Incunable to the other members at their annual dinners. According to its constitution
Hobby_Club
First printed edition of a work that was previously only in manuscripts
out in Milan in 1475, followed by editions in 1482 and 1483. Other two incunable editions came from Strasbourg in 1489 and 1491, but the book was not separately
Editio_princeps
American bibliographer (1903–1970)
" the dating of the Missale Speciale or Constance Missal, an undated incunable (book printed before 1501) believed by many to pre-date the Gutenberg
Allan_H._Stevenson
City in Normandy, France
André Malraux, and the Natural History Museum. Medieval manuscripts and Incunables are conserved at the public library. The archives of the city, at the
Le_Havre
Themes and motifs in medieval art
Chronicles of Nuremberg by Hartmann Schedel, folio 4 verso, incunable, 1493
Representation of animals in Western medieval art
Representation_of_animals_in_Western_medieval_art
French printer of incunables
or Petrus Maufer de Maliferis, was a 15th-century French printer of incunables, who learned the trade together with Martin Morin when the family Lallemant
Petrus_Maufer
Historic library in Milan, Italy
1943, the building was damaged by an Allied air raid. Manuscripts and incunables had been removed and escaped intact, and the damage to the fabric was
Biblioteca_Ambrosiana
Mythological narrative poem by Ovid
hexameter Publication date 1471 Published in English 1480; 546 years ago (1480) Media type Incunable Lines 11,995 Full text Metamorphoses at Wikisource
Metamorphoses
15th-century Breton-French-Latin dictionary
first printed in 1499 in Tréguier; its early date classifies it as an incunable. The work takes its name from an earlier dictionary, the Latin Catholicon
Catholicon (trilingual dictionary)
Catholicon_(trilingual_dictionary)
Catholic church of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Assisi
1476. The friary now houses a vast library (with medieval codices and incunables), a museum with works of art donated by pilgrims through the centuries
Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi
City in Apulia, Italy
endowment of about 6,000 volumes, today it has over 20,000 volumes, 17 incunable, over 200 16th-century manuscripts. These include some rare works, and
Brindisi
Austrian-born book dealer (1907–1988)
W. Rosenbach. Kraus specialized in medieval illuminated manuscripts, incunables (books printed before 1501), and rare books of the 16th and 17th centuries
Hans_P._Kraus
Italian Renaissance humanist, professor and Greek–Latin translator
ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6. Masson, Irvine (1936). "The Bibliography of a Small Incunable". The Library. 4th ser. 17 (1): 36–61. doi:10.1093/library/s4-xvii.1.36
Andrea_Brenta
American banker and philanthropist (1822–1887)
included many rare works like "Aldine first editions of the classics, incunables, vellum manuscripts, historical and beautiful bindings, Americana, and
Robert_Lenox_Kennedy
Poem by 1st-century BC Roman poet Catullus
1472 editio princeps—paratextual features of this incunable include the heading ("On Aemilius", the name appearing at the bottom right in what is now
Catullus_96
Calendar year
is captured by a joint Venetian–Spanish fleet. December 31 – The last incunable is printed in Venice. Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million
1500
German printer (c. 1420–1466)
which Pfister later made use of, and which had originated with Gutenberg. Incunable Scholderer, J. Victor (1912). "'Albrecht Pfister of Bamberg' (book review)"
Albrecht_Pfister
Second major book printed with movable type in the West
Jersey. Long issue, but missing ff. 143-175. Also from St Victor in Mainz. Incunable Ikeda, Mayumi (2010). "The first experiments in printing at the Fust-Schöffer
Mainz_Psalter
"Front" and "back" sides of a leaf of paper
all verso pages will have even numbers. In many early printed books or incunables (e.g. João de Barros's Décadas da Ásia), it is the folia ("leaves") rather
Recto_and_verso
from the 15th century. Books printed before 1 January 1501, are called incunables. The spreading of book printing all over Europe occurred relatively quickly
History_of_books
Port city in Italy
Biblioteca Labronica are stored: 120,000 books, 1,500 manuscripts, 117 incunables, 2,000 cinquecentine (is a book printed in the 16th century) and 60,000
Livorno
Spanish cake
Europe. The first mention of a sweet mona date back to the 15th century incunable Trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria, and in 1783 the Royal Spanish Academy
Easter_mona
American reality television series episodes
a 1947 Masco guitar amplifier that belonged to Hank Williams; a 1484 incunable illuminated book, which Rick wishes to purchase for himself, much to the
List_of_Pawn_Stars_episodes
Library Incunables". Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 101 (3): 345–395. Sharpe, Richard (June 2008). "The Present and Future of Incunable Cataloguing
A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century now in the Bodleian Library
A_Catalogue_of_Books_Printed_in_the_Fifteenth_Century_now_in_the_Bodleian_Library
16th-century book
Shepherdes, also known as the Kalendar and Compost of Shepherds. was an incunable almanac first published in the 1490s in Paris as the Compost et Kalendrier
The_Kalender_of_Shepherdes
Library in Pontevedra, Spain
sisters. Part of the library of Professor Carlos Villar. The library has 10 incunables, 20 manuscripts and 1849 rare books from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
Pontevedra_Public_Library
Early astronomical instrument
Astronomicus". Retrieved 2009-07-18. Sorgeloos, Claude (2001). "Un post-incunable retrouvé : L'Usus annuli astronomici de Gemma Frisius, Louvain et Anvers
Astronomical_rings
Bibliographical union catalogue of early English printing to 1640
Universal Short Title Catalogue Bibliographical Society Bibliography Incunable History of books Text Creation Partnership Stationers' Company Bloomberg-Rissman
Short-Title Catalogue (Pollard and Redgrave)
Short-Title_Catalogue_(Pollard_and_Redgrave)
French mystic and poet (died 1310)
A beguine represented in an incunable, printed in Lübeck in 1489.
Marguerite_Porete
Art museum in Boston, Massachusetts
editions and manuscripts of Dante, works by miniaturist Jean Bourdichon, incunables, and illuminated manuscripts. The museum regularly produces scholarly
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum
Musical instrument
Quaestiones in librum II sententiarum written by Johannes Duns Scotus. The incunable is in the Ethnographic Museum in Brno kept in the Czech Republic and probably
Shahrud
1521 Serbian printed psalter
printed the Cetinje Octoechos at Zeta's capital, Cetinje. It was the first incunable written in the Serbian recension of Church Slavonic. The Crnojević printing
Goražde_Psalter
Military unit
residence, and had extensive fortifications erected. He left valuable incunables such as a prayer book, today kept at the National Library of Sweden, and
Order of Saint George (House of Habsburg)
Order_of_Saint_George_(House_of_Habsburg)
French writer
d'Hippocrate annoté par Rabelais, 1887 (Le courrier de Lyon et du Sud-Est) Les incunables de la ville de Lyon et les premiers débuts de l'imprimerie (in collaboration
Aimé_Vingtrinier
Polish artist (1901–1980)
Maiden atop the Bear", (Medyka 1925). It was a pastiche on a medieval Incunable, particularly on the Balthasar Behem Codex, well known to her and which
Aniela_Pawlikowska
Library
Georg Philipp Telemann. The collections also include manuscripts and incunables from Polish monasteries in Gniezno, Lubiń, Mogilno, Pakość, Pelplin, and
Berlinka_(art_collection)
Historical region in Central Europe
published the Statuta synodalia episcoporum Wratislaviensium [pl], the first incunable in Lower Silesia, which also contains the first-ever text printed in the
Lower_Silesia
1383 book by Francesc Eiximenis
Title page of the incunable edition of the Regiment de la Cosa Pública (Valencia, Cristòfor Cofman, 1499). Francesc Eiximenis is on the right. He offers
Regiment_de_la_cosa_pública
Public library in Olomouc, Czech Republic
collection of historical sources, among others 1451 manuscripts and 1700 incunables. List of libraries in the Czech Republic Papajík, David (September 2011)
Research_Library_in_Olomouc
Catalan philosopher (c.1330–1409)
31–45. ISBN 978-84-8415-524-9. Gascón Urís, Sergi. Estudi de manuscrits i incunables del Llibre dels àngels. Tesina (TFG) (UAB, Bellaterra, 1988). Gascón Urís
Francesc_Eiximenis
- Illusionism (art) - Illusionistic ceiling painting - Imprimatura - Incunable - Intercolumniation - Intermedio - Isenheim Altarpiece - Italian city-states
Index_of_Renaissance_articles
Paper brand
paper for writing and art publication. The mill thus produced paper for incunables (the name given to the first printed books), such as the Nuremberg Chronicle
Arches_paper
Jewish bibliophile
among others. Sassoon originally owned some 412 manuscripts and twenty incunables, the rarest of which he retrieved from Baghdad. By 1914, the Sassoon collection
David_Solomon_Sassoon
Developmental stage of Low German
German The Sachsenspiegel Reynke de Vos, a version of Reynard Low German Incunable prints in Low German as catalogued in the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke
Middle_Low_German
Activity of collecting books
"printing" is irrelevant. Any book printed up to the year 1501 is known as an incunable or incunabulum. Such books command a premium and are particularly sought
Book_collecting
1944 Nazi razing of Warsaw
1944 after the collapse of the Uprising. About 26,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunables, 80,000 early printed books, 100,000 drawings and prints, 50,000 note
Destruction_of_Warsaw
Bohemian nobleman
created a library with a vast collection of precious manuscripts and incunables. With its approximately 11000 volumes, it was one of the largest libraries
William_of_Rosenberg
Ersch and Gruber, Encyc. section ii., part 28, pp. 33–37; M. Schwab, Les Incunables Orientaux, Paris, 1883; Chwolson, Reshit Ma'ase ha-Defut be-Yisrael, Warsaw
Hebrew_incunabula
cumuliform, cumulose, cumulous, cumulus cūnae cūn- cradle cunabula, incunable, incunabula, incunabular, incunabulum cuneus cune- wedge coign/coigne
List of Latin words with English derivatives
List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives
travel, tourism, insurance
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
INCUNABLE
travel, tourism, insurance