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Vital infrastructure of the networks of the Internet
The Internet backbone is the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers of the Internet. These
Internet_backbone
Computer network that connects other networks together
backbone. Network congestion is often taken into consideration while designing backbones. One example of a backbone network is the Internet backbone.
Backbone_network
Flow of data across the Internet
backbone infrastructure which carried traffic between major interchange centers for traffic, resulting in a tiered, hierarchical system of internet service
Internet_traffic
American projects to promote computer research
industry partnerships, the network developed into a major part of the Internet backbone. The National Science Foundation permitted only government agencies
National Science Foundation Network
National_Science_Foundation_Network
Device that forwards data packets between computer networks
that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone. Routers can be built from standard computer parts but are mostly
Router_(computing)
parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990. The optical backbone of the NSFNET
History_of_the_Internet
Global system of connected computer networks
launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that added to the core of the commercial Internet of later years. In March
Internet
Version 6 of the Internet Protocol
encapsulating IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets, is outlined in RFC 4213. When the Internet backbone was IPv4-only, one of the frequently used tunneling protocols was
IPv6
Organization that provides access to the Internet
monitoring of Internet traffic in real time. Content delivery network Geo-blocking Index of Internet-related articles Internet backbone Internet hosting service
Internet_service_provider
Internet infrastructure through which ISPs exchange traffic
exchange traffic, in replacement of the publicly financed NSFNET Internet backbone. The National Science Foundation let contracts supporting the four
Internet_exchange_point
Top level network on the internet
in the NSFNet backbone by 1989. The Internet could be defined as the collection of all networks connected and able to interchange Internet Protocol datagrams
Tier_1_network
Router used on the internet backbone and on internet exchanges
router is a router designed to operate in the Internet backbone, or core, or in core networks of internet service providers. To fulfill this role, a router
Core_router
Television transmitted over a computer network
medium, and IP traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for Internet backbone trunking and corporate VSAT networks. The copper twisted pair cabling
Internet_Protocol_television
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
departmental networks constitutes the network backbone. Another example of a backbone network is the Internet backbone, which is a massive, global system of fiber-optic
Computer_network
Official commitment between a service provider and a customer
the customer due to failure of service. It is not uncommon for an internet backbone service provider (or network service provider) to explicitly state
Service-level_agreement
Satellite-provided Internet
create a space-based internet backbone. As of 2017, airlines such as Delta and American have been introducing satellite internet as a means of combating
Satellite_Internet_access
Overview of and topical guide to the Internet
Critical Internet infrastructure – Internet access – Internet access in the United States – Internet service provider – Internet backbone – Internet exchange
Outline_of_the_Internet
Internet traffic test method
"Analysis of internet backbone traffic and header anomalies observed" (PDF). In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement.
Internet_Mix
Indian wireline broadband operator
IP infrastructure through National Internet Backbone-II (NIB-II), that provides services through the same backbone and broadband access network. The broadband
BSNL_Broadband
CHINAGBN, are the "backbone" of the mainland Chinese internet. Later dominant telecom providers also started to provide internet services. China Telecom
Internet_in_China
Methods of delivering voice communications and multimedia over IP networks
of many Internet paths is dominated by a small number (often one) of relatively slow and congested bottleneck links. Most Internet backbone links are
Voice_over_IP
Legal control of the internet
applied at various levels of countries and Internet infrastructure: Internet backbone, including Internet exchange points (IXP) with international networks
Internet_censorship
key to make Internet available to the population at large. Projects are being completed that aim at the realization of Internet backbones that might help
Internet_in_Africa
Devices networked together with computers' industrial applications
Using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to the Internet backbone, electric utilities can not only collect data from end-user connections
Industrial_internet_of_things
Replica of website components hosted elsewhere
the early internet, when most users accessed through dialup and the Internet backbone had much lower bandwidth than today, making a geographically localized
Mirror_site
state-owned company Ogero provides the "backbone" telecommunication infrastructure which distributes internet capacity throughout the country. The actual
Posts and telecommunications in Lebanon
Posts_and_telecommunications_in_Lebanon
as Bangkok's Sukhumvit, Silom, and Sathorn areas to the Thailand internet backbone. A 3G UMTS/HSDPA network was launched in Bangkok and vicinity in December
Internet_in_Thailand
African Backbone Kenya Data Networks Telecommunications in Namibia Internet in Ethiopia People's Republic of China – Ghana relations Wireless Internet service
List of terrestrial fibre optic cable projects in Africa
List_of_terrestrial_fibre_optic_cable_projects_in_Africa
Former telecommunications and networking company
first Email services and its MCI.net was an integral part of the Internet backbone. The company was acquired by WorldCom in 1998. MCI was founded as
MCI_Communications
Internet exchange point in Switzerland
The CERN Internet Exchange Point (CIXP) is a historical European Internet landmark, through which the first pan-European Internet backbone and the first
CERN_Internet_Exchange_Point
Former computer network
"multicast backbone") was an experimental backbone and virtual network built on top of the Internet for carrying IP multicast traffic on the Internet. It was
Mbone
Fish - Backbone cabal - Base - Bet exchange - Biefeld-Brown effect - Blank media tax - Bogon filtering - Bomb-making instructions on the internet - Book
Index of Internet-related articles
Index_of_Internet-related_articles
Form of message tampering
requires a privileged position in the network, for example on the internet backbone. Potentially, this class of attack may be performed within a local
Man-on-the-side_attack
Internet backbone
The Central African Backbone (CAB) is a fiber-optic Internet backbone connecting the countries of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
Central_African_Backbone
Voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks
Virginia. When the United States government de-funded the NSFNET backbone, Internet exchange points were needed to replace its function, and initial governmental
Peering
Checking expected operations of a website
performance monitoring will test and monitor performance issues across the Internet backbone and in some cases all the way to the end-user. Third-party website
Website_monitoring
Multicast routing technique to minimize loops and enhance security
unless they are explicitly in use. This is a great benefit to the Internet backbone as blocking packets from obviously bogus source addresses helps to
Reverse-path_forwarding
Mass surveillance program run by the NSA
communications that were encrypted when they traveled across the internet backbone, to focus on stored data that telecommunication filtering systems
PRISM
Telecommunication interception facility
from beam splitters installed in fiber optic trunks carrying Internet backbone traffic. In the analysis of J. Scott Marcus, a former CTO for GTE and a
Room_641A
Loss of internet functionality over a small or large area
redirect targets Internet backbone – Vital infrastructure of the networks of the Internet Internet censorship in the Arab Spring Internet kill switch – Single
Internet_outage
Architecture that uses edge devices
the Internet backbone. In 2011, the need to extend cloud computing with fog computing emerged, in order to cope with huge number of IoT (Internet of Things)
Fog_computing
Running online services principally for financial gain
mid-1980s, the National Science Foundation, the backbone of the internet at the time, claimed that the Internet was for research and not commerce. This strict
Commercialization of the Internet
Commercialization_of_the_Internet
domestic internet backbone is composed of many fibre routes, with microwave links serving the most isolated communities. Iceland's backbone is operated
Internet_in_Iceland
Single shut off mechanism for all Internet traffic
made a true "Internet kill switch" impossible. The lack of regulation allowed for building of a patch-work system (ISPs, Internet backbone) that is extremely
Internet_kill_switch
establish the internet backbone and NITEL's training school to be an international regional training center for internet related programs. Internet users increased
Internet_in_Nigeria
Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
It hosts an interchange between many major carriers, and is on the Internet Backbone. The City of Minneapolis budgeted almost $750,000 to rent space at
Minnesota_Technology_Center
Former American computer hardware company
Gateway switched from Web America Networks to MCI WorldCom as their Internet backbone. Also in that month, Gateway began offering one year of free Gateway
Gateway,_Inc.
Top-level DNS zone
server Alternative DNS root AS112 Internet backbone "Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government
DNS_root_zone
Marketing slogan describing Utah's technology sector
ability to become a leading technology center. Utah also has a strong Internet backbone; it was a Google Fiber early expansion city with service now available
Silicon_Slopes
Pan-European Internet backbone
EBONE (standing for European Backbone) was a pan-European Internet backbone. It went online in 1992 and was deactivated in July 2002. Some portions of
EBONE
Topics referred to by the same term
up backbone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Backbone may refer to: Spinal column, core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals Backbone (1923
Backbone_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
(Amtrak station), Louisiana, US, station code National Internet Backbone NIB-II, the BSNL internet backbone Nagasaki International Television, Japan This disambiguation
NIB
System for debugging Internet routing
having last been updated in the early 2000's. Autonomous system (Internet) Internet backbone Luca Bruno, Mariano Graziano, Davide Balzarotti, and Aurélien
Looking_Glass_server
French-based satellite provider
contribution services, corporate networks, mobile communications, Internet backbone connectivity and broadband access for terrestrial, maritime and in-flight
Eutelsat
Brazilian computer scientist (1950–2022)
actions toward setting up the country's national internet backbone. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame in 2017. Takahashi was the founder and
Tadao_Takahashi
Mail sent using electronic means
on September 9, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016. "Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback
Data transfer direction from client to server
upstream and downstream rates. If a node A on the Internet is closer (fewer hops away) to the Internet backbone than a node B, then A is said to be upstream
Upstream_(networking)
Communications protocol
switching soon turned out to be unsuitable for big routers, especially Internet backbone routers, where the number of simultaneous flows was much more important
NetFlow
Topics referred to by the same term
measure of a bank's financial strength Tier 1 network, category of Internet backbone network Scaled Composites Tier One, a suborbital human spaceflight
Tier_1
Topics referred to by the same term
proposed by David Chaum in 1981 Malta Internet Exchange, an Internet backbone for the country of Malta Milan Internet eXchange, in Milan, Italy MIX (Z39
Mix
Technology entrepreneur (b. 1960)
the growth of the Internet in Sweden and was the de facto architect of EBONE (European Backbone), a pan-European Internet backbone, during its lifetime
Peter_Löthberg
Submarine communications cable system
France. About 18,800 kilometres long, the cable provides the primary Internet backbone between South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East
SEA-ME-WE_4
Term used by the National Security Agency
United States for intercepting telephone and Internet traffic from the Internet backbone, meaning major Internet cables and switches, both domestic and foreign
Upstream_collection
Transoceanic communication line placed on the seabed
up to 10 metres (33 ft) per year. Thus, plugging into the larger Internet backbone with the high bandwidth afforded by fiber-optic cable is still an
Submarine communications cable
Submarine_communications_cable
quadruple play also involves a diverse group of stakeholders, from large Internet backbone providers to smaller startups. Advances in LTE and other technologies
Quadruple_play
Defunct American corporation
doing business as CenturyLink in August 2011. Qwest provided voice, Internet backbone data services, and digital television in some areas. It operated in
Qwest
Early packet switching network (1969–1990)
MILNET was split away, the ARPANET would continue to be used as an Internet backbone for researchers, but be slowly phased out. NCP provided a standard
ARPANET
List of key organizations involved in the Internet's development and governance
Science Foundation’s Internet backbone project. PSINet – One of the first commercial Internet providers. UUNet – Early Internet service provider (ISP)
List of Internet organizations
List_of_Internet_organizations
Computer science debate
the Internet to carry commercial traffic. Subsequently, the Internet backbone was provided by commercial Internet service providers and Internet connectivity
Protocol_Wars
Topics referred to by the same term
information electronically Internet service provider Network service provider, which provides direct Internet backbone access to internet service providers Wireless
Network_provider
traffic usage on internet backbone links". In Proceedings of the 2009 Ninth Annual International Symposium on Applications and the Internet. Wolfgang, John;
Network_traffic_measurement
build a fibre backbone throughout New Zealand. In June 2013, Google started testing Project Loon in Canterbury, a plan to provide internet services via
Internet_in_New_Zealand
A link was established from Ipswich to London for access to the Internet backbone. The first file transfers made via a NeXT-based WWW interface were
Internet in the United Kingdom
Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom
Individual connection to the Internet
Virginia Internet service provider) propagated across backbone routers and caused major disruption to Internet traffic for a few hours. When the Internet is
Internet_access
Internet ecosystem layer that addresses bottlenecks
nodes are usually deployed in multiple locations, often over multiple Internet backbones. Benefits include reducing bandwidth costs, improving page load times
Content_delivery_network
led to upgrades of a major part of the already-existing early 1990s Internet backbone, the NSFNet, and development of NCSA Mosaic, the browser that popularized
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Semiconductor light source
TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone. For some time, computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces
Light-emitting_diode
AGIS (Apex Global Internet Services) is a former Internet backbone based in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It is most remembered as having openly hosted
Apex_Global_Internet_Services
Fiber-optic communications technology
level in the communications hierarchy than CWDM, for example, on the Internet backbone and is therefore associated with higher modulation rates, thus creating
Wavelength-division multiplexing
Wavelength-division_multiplexing
American video game developer
merged with ImaginEngine and created Backbone Entertainment. A group of Digital Eclipse employees split off from Backbone to form Other Ocean Interactive,
Digital_Eclipse
American research and development company
identification element used for Internet Backbone Routing; lower numbers generally indicate a longer established presence on the Internet. AS1 is now operated by
RTX_BBN_Technologies
San Diego Internet service providers, including ATMNet. Fourteen of the ISPs on the list used ATMNet's backbone for access to the Internet either through
ATMNet
Brazilian academic internet backbone organization
(RNP) (National Education and Research Network) is Brazil's academic Internet backbone. It was created in 1989 and the network started being built in 1991
Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa
Rede_Nacional_de_Ensino_e_Pesquisa
from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2019. "TWA Internet Backbone Blocks Only Blasphemous Video URL". Don’t Block the Blog. 24 February
Internet censorship in Pakistan
Internet_censorship_in_Pakistan
Computer network serving a populated area
optic ring as a Gigabit Ethernet MAN backbone within a larger city. The ring topology is implemented using Internet Protocol (IP) so that data can be rerouted
Metropolitan_area_network
Overview of the deployment of IPv6
equipment. The US government, for example, specified in 2005 that the network backbones of all federal agencies had to be upgraded to IPv6 by June 30, 2008; this
IPv6_deployment
225–450 MHz UHF radio system that provides a self-managing IP-based Internet backbone capability without the need for other infrastructure communications
High-capacity_data_radio
Russian communications satellite
Australia and Hawaii. The satellite is used to provide space-based Internet backbone services for the main cities of Asia to and from the United States
Telstar_18
users with faster access to the Internet. In 1999, JARING went a step further by introducing SuperJARING Internet backbone infrastructure with 2.5 Gigabits
Jaring
Radio station in Mountain Pass, California, United States
operated the microwave links for the Highway Stations and provided an Internet backbone for KHYZ's current programming, and was offered the ability to program
KHYZ
University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development. When it was established in 1999, the network backbone had a capacity of 2.5 Gbit/s. An upgrade
Abilene_Network
national Posts and Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) built a national Internet backbone to sell bandwidth to private ISPs. The Postal and Telecommunications
Internet_in_Zimbabwe
Clock deviation from perfect periodicity
relatively slow interconnects such as T1 to be compared to higher-speed internet backbone links such as OC-192. Absolute units such as picoseconds are more
Jitter
Tech stock speculative craze, c. 1995–2003
lost, but also much of it was invested in a very high throughput backbone for the Internet, and lots of software that works, and databases and server structure
Dot-com_bubble
Multinational internet service provider based in the United States
only one who thinks this is disconcerting?". Retrieved 2023-11-14. "Internet Backbone Provider Cogent Blocks Pirate Bay and other "Pirate" Sites - TorrentFreak"
Cogent_Communications
Network zones not needing default routing rules
term "default-free zone" is sometimes confused with an "Internet core" or Internet backbone, but there has been no true "core" since before the Border
Default-free_zone
Japanese telecommunications company
develop A-Bone, an international backbone for the Asia-Pacific region. This project was managed through Asia Internet Holding Co., Ltd., established in
Internet_Initiative_Japan
Name server for the DNS root zone
nameservers Extension Mechanisms for DNS (Extended DNS, version 0) Internet backbone Open Root Server Network .root AS19836 is not listed by the RIPEstat
Root_name_server
linked to the global submarine cable network and the international Internet backbone through Senegal's Sonatel fibre-optic transmission network. The state-run
Telecommunications in Burkina Faso
Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso
Unit of the U.S. National Security Agency
attack. It is difficult to execute without controlling some of the Internet backbone. There are numerous services that FOXACID can exploit this way. The
Tailored_Access_Operations
INTERNET BACKBONE
INTERNET BACKBONE
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Deep Interest
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Light; Interest
Boy/Male
Indian
Internal Cleanliness
Boy/Male
Muslim
Profit, Interest
Boy/Male
Indian
Attached, Intent
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Intent; Busy
Boy/Male
Muslim
Attached, Intent
Girl/Female
Indian
Full of Interest
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil
Music Interest
Girl/Female
Muslim
Intent, Busy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Good Interest
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Interest
Boy/Male
Irish
Steward of church lands.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Interest
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Without Interest
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Profit; Interest
Boy/Male
Arabic
Interest; Zeal
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Attached Intent
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Intent busy
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Ecstasy; Deep Interest
INTERNET BACKBONE
INTERNET BACKBONE
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Name of a Raaga; Flute; Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
French
Masculine; manly; brave.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English
Attractive; Based on the Initials J C; An Abbreviation of Jacinda
Boy/Male
Australian, Dutch, German, Scandinavian
Supplanter; Son of Hans
Girl/Female
Hindu
Goddess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Smile
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Christian, French, Hebrew, Japanese, Muslim, Polish
Praised; Goodness; Excellence
Girl/Female
Latin
An Amazon.
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Lord Rama
Female
French
French form of Latin Apollonia, APOLLINE means "of Apollo."
INTERNET BACKBONE
INTERNET BACKBONE
INTERNET BACKBONE
INTERNET BACKBONE
INTERNET BACKBONE
n.
Private interest; the interest or advantage of one's self.
a.
Closely directed; strictly attentive; bent; -- said of the mind, thoughts, etc.; as, a mind intent on self-improvement.
a.
Internal.
n.
Self-interest; private advantage.
v. i.
To act upon each other; as, two agents mutually interact.
a.
Derived from, or dependent on, the thing itself; inherent; as, the internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scriptures.
v. t.
To take or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place; to cause to stop on the passage; as, to intercept a letter; a telegram will intercept him at Paris.
a.
Intrinsic; inherent; real.
a.
Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as, internal trade; internal troubles or war.
n.
Premium paid for the use of money, -- usually reckoned as a percentage; as, interest at five per cent per annum on ten thousand dollars.
n.
The persons interested in any particular business or measure, taken collectively; as, the iron interest; the cotton interest.
v. i.
To cut into one another; to meet and cross each other; as, the point where two lines intersect.
n.
Participation in advantage, profit, and responsibility; share; portion; part; as, an interest in a brewery; he has parted with his interest in the stocks.
v. t.
To obstruct or interrupt the progress of; to stop; to hinder or oppose; as, to intercept the current of a river.
a.
Permanently existing in something; inseparably attached or connected; naturally pertaining to; innate; inalienable; as, polarity is an inherent quality of the magnet; the inherent right of men to life, liberty, and protection.
v. t.
To cut into or between; to cut or cross mutually; to divide into parts; as, any two diameters of a circle intersect each other at the center.
n.
To engage the attention of; to awaken interest in; to excite emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing; as, the subject did not interest him; to interest one in charitable work.
v. t.
To explain or tell the meaning of; to expound; to translate orally into intelligible or familiar language or terms; to decipher; to define; -- applied esp. to language, but also to dreams, signs, conduct, mysteries, etc.; as, to interpret the Hebrew language to an Englishman; to interpret an Indian speech.
a.
Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; -- opposed to external; as, the internal parts of a body, or of the earth.