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American juvenile executed in Maryland
Leonard Melvin Shockley (1941– April 10, 1959) was a juvenile executed in the United States on April 10, 1959, for a murder committed when he was under
Leonard_Shockley
Surname list
American poet Jim Shockley, American politician Josh Shockley, American MMA fighter Leonard Shockley, American juvenile criminal Marian Shockley, American actress
Shockley
execution this year, before abolishing capital punishment in 1965. Leonard Shockley became the last juvenile to be executed in the United States. John
List of people executed in the United States in 1959
List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_1959
was the first executed for a crime committed at the age of 16 since Leonard Shockley in 1959. "Execution List 1999". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved
List of people executed in the United States in 1999
List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_1999
American killer (1969–1999)
committed their crime when under the age of 16 is unconstitutional. Leonard Shockley, penultimate juvenile offender to be executed for a crime committed
Sean_Sellers
execution of a juvenile was 17-year-old Leonard Shockley, who was executed for murder in Maryland on April 10, 1959. Shockley was also the last person to be executed
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
Capital_punishment_for_juveniles_in_the_United_States
Executed American serial killer (1929–1961)
Preceded by Leonard Shockley Executions carried out in Maryland Succeeded by John Thanos
Nathaniel_Lipscomb
mental health issues, but the Supreme Court lifted the stay. In 1959, Leonard Shockley was executed in Maryland, becoming the last person in the United States
Capital punishment in the United States
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
Prison in Baltimore, Maryland
Steven Oken (1962–2004), spree killer; executed by lethal injection Leonard Shockley (1941/42–1959), juvenile murderer; executed in the gas chamber John
Metropolitan Transition Center
Metropolitan_Transition_Center
Month of 1959
in Massapequa, New York Died: Leonard Shockley, 17, became the last juvenile to be executed in the United States. Shockley, who was 16 when he committed
April_1959
Son of Charles Darwin (1850–1943)
Leonard Darwin FRGS (15 January 1850 – 26 March 1943) was an English politician, economist and eugenicist. He was a son of the naturalist Charles Darwin
Leonard_Darwin
Technology hub in California, United States
William Shockley are often called "the father of Silicon Valley". Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed
Silicon_Valley
City in California, United States
location of many high technology companies. In 1956, William Shockley established Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View, the first company
Mountain_View,_California
individuals credited with the invention of the transistor were William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The introduction of the transistor is
History_of_the_transistor
American physicist (1908–1991)
be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for their invention of the transistor; and again in
John_Bardeen
Former sperm bank in California, US
at the time. The only contributor who became known publicly was William Shockley, Nobel laureate in physics and eugenicist. Robert Graham managed the sperm
Repository for Germinal Choice
Repository_for_Germinal_Choice
1971 American TV series or program
changed to Lt. Barney Verick, chief of detectives, for the series. Sallie Shockley (Valerie) and Harold Sakata (Kenji Takichi) reprised their roles from the
Sarge_(TV_series)
1981 studio album by Shalamar
Kossi Gardner, William Shelby Guitar – Ernest Reed, Fred Rheimert, Steve Shockley Keyboards – "Gip" Nobels, Gene Dozier, Joey Gallo, John Barnes, Kevin Spencer
Go_for_It_(Shalamar_album)
1931 film
and written by George Arthur Durlam. The film stars Bob Steele, Marion Shockley, Jay Morley, Si Jenks, Hooper Atchley and Murdock MacQuarrie. The film
Near_the_Trail's_End
1979 studio album by Shalamar
bass Leon Sylvers III: bass, percussion Ernest Reed, Fred Rheimert, Steve Shockley: guitars Freeman Brown, Gerald Thompson, Wardell Potts: drums Greg "Popeye"
Big_Fun_(Shalamar_album)
1990 film by Renny Harlin
Peter Nelson as Thompson, Ken Baldwin as Mulkey and Mark Boone Junior as Shockley. Patrick O'Neal appears as Telford, Major Grant's radio operator. The screenplay
Die_Hard_2
1945 attacks in Japan during WWII
Henry L. Stimson commissioned his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley, who estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
2014 book by Walter Isaacson
Jennings, John von Neumann Chapter 4 – The Transistor: John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, Patrick Haggerty, Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore Chapter
The_Innovators_(book)
North-south street in Manhattan, New York
"Cunard Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Shockley, Jay (June 28, 2005). "Robert and Anne Dickey House" (PDF). New York City
Church Street and Trinity Place
Church_Street_and_Trinity_Place
Prison in Bonne Terre, Missouri
Christopher Leroy Collings – Executed on December 3, 2024. Lance Collin Shockley – Executed on October 14, 2025. United States portal Capital punishment
Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center
Eastern_Reception,_Diagnostic_and_Correctional_Center
Former island prison in San Francisco Bay
prisoner were also injured. Shockley, Thompson, and Carnes were tried for the killing of the correctional officers. Shockley and Thompson were sentenced
Alcatraz_Federal_Penitentiary
Alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics
power-conversion efficiencies. Solar cell efficiency is limited by the Shockley–Queisser limit. This calculated limit sets the maximum theoretical efficiency
Perovskite_solar_cell
President of the United States from 1945 to 1953
study done for the staff of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson by William Shockley estimated that invading Japan would cost 1.7–4 million American casualties
Harry_S._Truman
American gangster and crime boss (1929–2018)
Stevie, and Johnny Martorano. ... Later that same night, Jimmy killed Buddy Leonard and left him in Tommy's car on Pilsudski Way in the Old Colony projects
Whitey_Bulger
American actor (born 1955)
of Circumstance Die Hard 2 Shockley Law & Order Garage Manager TV series Quantum Leap Biker TV series 1991 Fever Leonard Television film Delirious Cable
Mark_Boone_Junior
American criminal defense attorney
William Shockley Invented Transistors". www.invent.org. Retrieved August 13, 2020. J. Shurkin, Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator
Michael_John_Kennedy
American actor (1914–2001)
(1981–82, TV Series) - Jason Gioberti Angel of H.E.A.T. (1983) - Peter Shockley Voyagers! (1983, TV Series) - Professor Garth The Warrior and the Sorceress
Harry_Townes
amplifying device for 40 years, until researchers working for William Shockley at Bell Labs invented the transistor in 1947. In the following years, transistors
History of electronics engineering
History_of_electronics_engineering
Protestant Christian movement
Littlefield Publishers, USA, 2015, p. 125 Timothy J. Demy PhD, Paul R. Shockley PhD, Evangelical America: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religious
Evangelicalism
Men's prison in California, US
federal executions have been carried out at San Quentin. Samuel Richard Shockley and Miran Edgar Thompson had been incarcerated at Alcatraz Island federal
San Quentin Rehabilitation Center
San_Quentin_Rehabilitation_Center
2023 American sitcom revival
Zimmet Mathew Harawitz John Larroquette Leila Strachan Mona Garcea Lindsey Shockley Producers John Larroquette Suzy Mamann Greenberg Josh Corey & Brian Kratz
Night_Court_(2023_TV_series)
Museum in Mountain View, California
Schwartz, Andries van Dam 2022: Don Bitzer, Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, Leonard Kleinrock 2023: Rodney Brooks, Thomas E. Kurtz, Barbara Liskov 2024: Allan
Computer_History_Museum
American football player (born 1985)
(1943–1946) Jim Buchanan (1947) Unknown (1948) Frank Guthridge (1949) Bill Shockley (1950) Don Miller (1951–1954) Bob Hooper (1955) Larry Catuzzi (1956–1957)
Joe_Flacco
American multinational financial services corporation
Alexander Lovett (1858). History of the Express Companies. A. L. Stimson. Shockley, Jay (December 12, 1995). "American Express Company Building" (PDF). NYC
American_Express
1969 book by Herbert A. Simon
1207/S15327809JLS1203_4. JSTOR 1466924. S2CID 62539315. Shaw, Robert; Shockley, Kevin (2003). "An Ecological Science of the Artificial? - Review of Herbert
The Sciences of the Artificial
The_Sciences_of_the_Artificial
1945 World War II battle
Philippines Escuadrón 201 Japanese holdout Manila massacre William R. Shockley 225 P-51, 225 P-28, 100 P-47 all A-20s all B-25s all B-24s 16 B-25, 50
Battle_of_Luzon
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Shinichiro Tomonaga. John R. Klauder, George Sudarshan, Roy J. Glauber, and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to the electromagnetic field in the 1950s
Light
Irish novelist and poet (1882–1941)
Atherton 1960 points out that "vicus" is a pun on Vico. Joyce 1939, p. 628. Shockley 2009, p. 104. Attridge 1997, p. 1. Mullin 2014. Levitt 2006, pp. 390–391
James_Joyce
American college football season
additional Georgia drive and forced a fumble by Georgia quarterback D.J. Shockley, setting up a 50-yard drive that culminated in Slaton's second touchdown
2005 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
2005_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team
Allied plan to invade mainland Japan, WWII
worst-case scenario, published on July 21, 1945, by physicist William B. Shockley, predicted that "at least" 5 to 10 million Japanese—military and civilians—could
Operation_Downfall
American author, journalist and social activist (1876–1916)
to Boxing. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 9781107631205. Leonard, Thomas C., Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics
Jack_London
American guitarist (born 1951)
the record are John Klages and David Leonard on rhythm guitar, and most likely Steve Cohen on bass and Ed Shockley on drums. In 2016, he released Rosedale
Richard_Lloyd_(guitarist)
Form in which people experience and express themselves sexually
20 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Timothy J. Demy, Paul R. Shockley, Evangelical America: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religious
Human_sexuality
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
microwave detector crystals during World War II. In 1947, physicist William Shockley theorized a field-effect amplifier made from germanium and silicon, but
Silicon
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
and the periodic system have been reduced to quantum mechanics. Schiff, Leonard I. (1955). Quantum Mechanics. McGraw Hill. Shankar, R. (1994). Principles
Quantum_mechanics
Halldór Laxness None 1956 John Bardeen; Walter Houser Brattain; William Shockley Cyril Norman Hinshelwood; Nikolay Semyonov André Frédéric Cournand; Werner
List_of_Nobel_laureates
Programmable machine that processes data
under William Shockley at Bell Labs, built the first working transistor, the point-contact transistor, in 1947, which was followed by Shockley's bipolar junction
Computer
Selection of American football players
Cleveland Browns Justin Hamilton S Virginia Tech 7 223 Atlanta Falcons D. J. Shockley QB Georgia 7 224 Dallas Cowboys E. J. Whitley C Texas Tech 7 225 San
2006_NFL_draft
American mathematician and electrical engineer (1865–1923)
(1963), Nobel-winning semiconductor inventor William Shockley, and Internet "founding father" Leonard Kleinrock. Steinmetz's connection to Union is further
Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz
Peterson Bruce Jenner George Hamilton August Bo Derek Victoria Cooke William Shockley Bo Derek, Girls of Hawaii September Rita Lee Lisa Welch Roy Scheider Evelyn
List of people in Playboy 1980–1989
List_of_people_in_Playboy_1980–1989
Award for best television comedy series
Patel, Corey Nickerson and Courtney Lilly, co-executive producers; Lindsey Shockley, Peter Saji, Jenifer Rice-Genzuk Henry and Hale Rothstein, supervising
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series
Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Comedy_Series
2024-06-16. Lojek, Bo (2021), "Epilogue", in Lojek, Bo (ed.), William Shockley: The Will to Think, Springer Biographies, Cham: Springer International
List of people with prostate cancer
List_of_people_with_prostate_cancer
American civilian decoration (1942–1952)
1946) A. P. Rowe (1947) Leonard Rowntree (1946) Edgar Sengier (9 April 1946) James Augustine Shannon (1948) William Shockley (1946) Cyril Stanley Smith
Medal_for_Merit
1981 studio album by Lenny Breau and Chet Atkins
– guitar Lenny Breau – guitar Technical Chet Atkins, Mike Poston, Mike Shockley - engineer Herb Burnette - art direction, photography Atkins, Chet. "The
Standard_Brands_(album)
American college football season
Coaches Poll, Georgia was ranked No. 13 in the preseason Coaches Poll. D.J. Shockley was selected as the overall team captain and represented the offense. Max
2005 Georgia Bulldogs football team
2005_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team
determination of the magnetic moment of the electron." 1956 William Bradford Shockley United States "For their researches on semiconductors and their discovery
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
Effort to improve purported human genetic quality
Left". Journal of the History of Ideas 45 (4):567. doi:10.2307/2709374. Leonard, Thomas C. (2016). Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics
Eugenics
Engineering school within Stanford University
upper classmen in the Stanford Electrical Engineering Department. In 1919, Leonard F. Fuller earned a PhD degree at Stanford's electrical engineering department
Stanford University School of Engineering
Stanford_University_School_of_Engineering
North-south avenue in Manhattan, New York
York: Hagstrom Company. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8232-1275-0. Harris, Gale and Shockley, Jay. "East 17th Street/Irving Place Historic District Designation Report"
Lexington_Avenue
Public park in Manhattan, New York
Associates Papers. National Park Service 1978, p. 3. Shockley & Baugher 1983, p. 9. Husband 2008, p. 23. Shockley & Baugher 1983, p. 10. Bleyer, Jennifer (September
Fort_Tryon_Park
Land vehicle designed for travel on snow
original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014. Page, CE; Atkins, D; Shockley, LW; Yaron, M (1999). "Avalanche deaths in the United States: a 45-year
Snowmobile
Private university in California, US
high-tech commercial campus on university land. Also in the 1950s, William Shockley, co-inventor of the silicon transistor, recipient of the 1956 Nobel Prize
Stanford_University
invented by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley at Bell Labs. 1948: The first atomic clock is developed at the National
Timeline of historic inventions
Timeline_of_historic_inventions
American novelist and poet
Retrieved 2012-03-02. (With acceptance speech by Aiken and essay by Evie Shockley from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.) Riggs, Thomas (1999). Reference
Conrad_Aiken
Linear park in New York City
Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018. Shockley, Jay (October 25, 2011). "Bell Telephone Laboratories (Westbeth Artists'
High_Line
American physicist (1900–1976)
for Physics) inelastic scattering, and (with his Ph.D. student William Shockley and close to his own Ph.D. topic), optical properties of alkali halides
John_C._Slater
Isabella Forshall (born 1900), English pediatric surgeon. August 12 – William Shockley (born 1910), American physicist. August 20 – George Adamson (born 1906)
1989_in_science
Practical implementation of improvements
Park. In 1957, dissatisfied employees of Shockley Semiconductor, the company of Nobel laureate William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor, left to
Innovation
American scientific research institute (founded 1946)
Lunt, Teresa F.; Denning, Dorothy E.; Schell, Roger R.; Heckman, Mark; Shockley, William R. (June 1990). "The SeaView Security Model" (PDF). IEEE Transactions
SRI_International
United States (born 1949) Dmitry Shirkov – Russia (1928–2016) William Shockley – United States (1910–1989), Nobel laureate Boris Shraiman – United States
List_of_physicists
United States historic place
Village’s Chapel Buildin [sic]" New York Observer (February 12, 2001) Shockley, Jay "Gansevoort Market Historic District Designation Report part 1", New
Meatpacking District, Manhattan
Meatpacking_District,_Manhattan
Device used to produce electricity from light
approaching the theoretical limiting power efficiency of 33.16%, noted as the Shockley–Queisser limit in 1961. In the extreme, with an infinite number of layers
Solar_cell
Discussions and claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines
superior white children. In the 1960s, the debate was revived when William Shockley publicly defended the view that black children were innately unable to
Race_and_intelligence
British polymath (1890–1962)
Natural Selection was first published by Clarendon Press and is dedicated to Leonard Darwin. A core work of the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis
Ronald_Fisher
Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist (1856–1950)
pranks are purposeful; he supports socialism and is tempted by fascism. — Leonard Feinberg, The Satirist (2006) Throughout his lifetime Shaw professed many
George_Bernard_Shaw
American aviator (1902–1974)
For Conservation. Island Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-61091-090-3. Mosley, Leonard (January 1, 2000). Lindbergh: A Biography. Courier Corporation. p. 365
Charles_Lindbergh
US nonprofit foundation funding scientific racism
Philip A. Vernon William Shockley, winner of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956, received a series of grants in the 1970s. Shockley had become notorious in
Pioneer_Fund
University in Weatherford and Sayre, Oklahoma, US
Ryan, former assistant head coach / defense for the Buffalo Bills Arnie Shockley, former professional football player Stanley Vestal, American writer, poet
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
Southwestern_Oklahoma_State_University
Consolidated city-county in Montana, United States
2017. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018. Shockley, Troy (September 8, 2017). "Butte Cobras, Billings Bulls go dormant 1 week
Butte,_Montana
Gay tavern and monument in New York City
December 30, 2008. Carter, David; Dolkart, Andrew Scott; Harris, Gale; Shockley, Jay (May 27, 1999). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall
Stonewall_Inn
Award
Lander, team leader for sequencing one-third of the Human Genome William Shockley, inventor of the solid-state transistor Ray Tomlinson, inventor of the
MIT150
Nobel-winning semiconductor inventor William Shockley (1966), and Internet 'founding father' Leonard Kleinrock (2010). The featured lecturers of the
Charles P. Steinmetz Memorial Lecture
Charles_P._Steinmetz_Memorial_Lecture
cover artist, 1925–1944, 2019 Yuko Shimizu – illustrator 1996–2000 Evie Shockley – poet, 2023 Tamara Shopsin – illustrator, 2016–2021, 2023 Jane Shore –
List of The New Yorker contributors
List_of_The_New_Yorker_contributors
Branch of engineering
by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at the Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1947. They then invented the
Electrical_engineering
American white supremacist author (1883–1950)
Supremacist". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved October 29, 2019. Leonard Dinnerstein. 1995. Antisemitism in America. Oxford University Press. page
Lothrop_Stoddard
Fauser, Reed Diamond, Frank Knapp Jr., Chelcie Ross, Byrne Piven, William Shockley, Matt Letscher, Richard Lee Jackson, Kristina Anapau, Vincent Ventresca
List of American films of 2005
List_of_American_films_of_2005
award-winning AI journalist William W. Happ (M.S.) – silicon transistor pioneer at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, and Professor at Arizona State University Guadalupe
List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni
American eugenicist, conservationist, and author (1865–1937)
which spread to other states as well over time.[citation needed] Thomas C. Leonard wrote that "Grant was a cofounder of the American environmental movement
Madison_Grant
Brandon Call, Robert Englund, Ed O'Neill, Vince Neil, Sheila E., William Shockley, Steve White, Kari Wuhrer, Delia Sheppard, Pamela Segall, Kurt Loder, Phil
List of American films of 1990
List_of_American_films_of_1990
K. J. Biba. Other integrity models include the Clark-Wilson model and Shockley and Schell's program integrity model, "The SeaView Model" An important
Trusted_system
historian Valentine Hoffbeck. This field of research was opened by Jacques Léonard, a historian specializing in medicine and health, who officially led a
Eugenics_in_France
Female given name
Canadian filmmaker Ann Shipley (1899–1981), Canadian politician Ann Allen Shockley (born 1927), American journalist and author Ann Shoebridge (born 1973)
Anne
Michael Tully (director/screenplay); Marcello Conte, Myles Massey, Emmi Shockley, Joe McCaughtry, Andy Riddle, Helena Seabrook, Maddie Howard, Lea Thompson
List of American films of 2014
List_of_American_films_of_2014
Manufacturing process used to create integrated circuits
circulated at Bell Labs before being formally published in 1957. At Shockley Semiconductor, Shockley had circulated the preprint of their article in December 1956
Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor_device_fabrication
Device for producing coherent EM waves in the sub-visible spectrum
precursor to the laser, inspiring theoretical work by Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow that led to the invention of the laser in 1960 by Theodore Maiman
Maser
LEONARD SHOCKLEY
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LEONARD SHOCKLEY