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Study of lichen taxonomy and evolution
Lichen systematics is the study of how lichens are classified and related to each other, combining the naming of lichen taxa, the reconstruction of their
Lichen_systematics
Symbiosis of fungi with algae
Common lichen growth forms A lichen (/ˈlaɪkən/ LY-kən, UK also /ˈlɪtʃən/ LITCH-ən) is a hybrid colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among
Lichen
Branch of biology
comparative biology. adaptation, or evolutionary mechanisms Lichen systematics "Systematics: Meaning, Branches and Its Application". Biology Discussion
Systematics
Human chronic inflammatory disease
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory and immune mediated disease that affects the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes. It is not an actual
Lichen_planus
Itchy skin rash usually affecting the genitals
Lichen sclerosus (LSc) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of disputed cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong predilection
Lichen_sclerosus
(cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen. Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential
Symbiosis_in_lichens
Symbiosis of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria
terms of area covered. Photosynthesis in lichens Lichen systematics – Although they are composite organisms, lichens have traditionally been classified on
Outline_of_lichens
Austrian lichenologist and mycologist
publication in lichen systematics in the latter half of the 20th century". His research interests include the classification and taxonomy of lichens and lichenicolous
Josef_Hafellner
Austrian teacher and lichenologist (1844–1918)
value for the classification of lichens and were regarded by contemporaries as an important contribution to lichen systematics. Steiner was born in Bludenz
Julius_Steiner
Spores produced in an ascus
1007/978-3-319-71740-1_1. ISBN 978-3-319-71740-1. Printzen, Christian (2010). "Lichen systematics: the role of morphological and molecular data to reconstruct phylogenetic
Ascospore
Structure of lichens
Retrieved 27 April 2012. LICHEN BIOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, LICHENS OF NORTH AMERICA, Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, [1] Lichens: Systematics, University of California
Lichen_anatomy_and_physiology
Swedish botanist and taxonomist
contributing to the shaping and publication of Acharius's ideas on lichen systematics. Even as administrative and broader botanical duties took over, Swartz
Olof_Swartz
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
Cetrelia is a genus of leafy lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as sea-storm lichens, alluding to the wavy appearance of
Cetrelia
Study of the distribution of lichens
Lichen biogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies where lichens occur and how their distributions have changed through time. Lichens are
Lichen_biogeography
Swedish lichenologist
professor at the Department of Systematic Botany at Lund University. He built a research school in lichen systematics and supervised nine doctoral students
Ingvar_Kärnefelt
Species of lichenized fungus
xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with notes on their morphology". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Thell, Arne (eds.). Systematics, biodiversity
Rusavskia_elegans
Genus of lichens in the family Teloschistaceae
is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. Common names include orange lichen, orange wall lichen, and sunburst lichen. They can be
Xanthoria
Species of lichen
the validity of the temporal phylogenetic technique for fungal and lichen systematics, and the proposed synonymization of the cetrarioid genera was not
Tuckermannopsis_chlorophylla
Genus of lichens
Usnea is a genus of fruticose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which currently contains roughly 130 species, was established by Michel
Usnea
Tribe of moths
only a subgroup of the entire lichen moth group (Lithosiinae), but now it refers to the entire group. The systematics of the Lithosiini are in need of
Lithosiini
This glossary provides an overview of terms used in the description of lichens, composite organisms arising from algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically
Glossary_of_lichen_terms
Species of lichen
a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen that is endemic to New Zealand. The lichen was first formally described as a new species in 1876
Menegazzia_foraminulosa
Species of lichen-forming fungus
widespread lichen-forming fungus in the family Teloschistaceae. Commonly known as the yellow wall lichen, common orange lichen, or maritime sunburst lichen, this
Xanthoria_parietina
Genus of lichens
to the genus, reflecting renewed interest and improved methods in lichen systematics. For instance, C. blastidiata (2017) and C. flavosorediata (2021)
Candelariella
Species of lichen
Wetmoreana brouardii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It was first formally described as a new
Wetmoreana_brouardii
Single-species genus of lichen
Ernst (1862). "Beitrag zur Flechtensystematik" [Contribution to lichen systematics]. Bericht über die Tätigkeit der St. Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen
Everniopsis
Genus of lichens
was not accepted in a later critical analysis of this technique for lichen systematics. Arve Elvebakk and colleagues expressed a similar opinion, stating
Allocetraria
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
was not accepted in a later critical analysis of this technique for lichen systematics. Arve Elvebakk and colleagues expressed a similar opinion, stating
Cetraria
Form of scleroderma involving isolated patches of hardened skin
antinuclear antibodies. Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap is characterized by both lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, most
Morphea
Species of lichen
serusiauxii is a species of lichen-forming fungus in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Papua New Guinea. The lichen appears as a greenish discolouration
Pseudopyrenula_serusiauxii
Species of lichen
"Anthraquinones from the cultured lichen mycobionts of Teloschistes exilis and Caloplaca erythrantha". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 31 (10): 1197–1200
Teloschistes_exilis
Single-species lichen genus
critical analysis of the temporal banding technique for fungal and lichen systematics, and this change has subsequently been followed in the "2024 Outline
Miltidea
Species of lichen
history of the lichen genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae subfam. Lobarioideae) in the Hawaiian islands". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 95–119
Sticta_emmanueliana
Species of lichen
fumarprotocetraric acid-producing lichen species of Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from New Zealand". Systematics and Biodiversity. 2: 45–47. doi:10
Menegazzia_hypernota
Genus of lichens
Lücking, Robert; Sérusiaux, E; Vězda, A (2005). "Phylogeny and systematics of the lichen family Gomphillaceae (Ostropales) inferred from cladistic analysis
Rubrotricha
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose (leafy) lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but
Parmelia_(fungus)
Indian lichenologist
bioprospecting of lichens. Apart from Lecanora he has revised taxa such as Buellia, Lecidea, Phyllopsora and Rinodina. He has described 28 new lichen species and
Sanjeeva_Nayaka
Chemical compound
Recent Advances in Lichenology. Modern Methods and Approaches in Lichen Systematics and Culture Techniques. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Springer. pp. 161–179.
Constipatic_acid
Species of lichen
(2018). "Lepraria juanfernandezii, a new lichen species from the Southern Hemisphere". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 233–235. doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0019
Lepraria_juanfernandezii
Swedish lichenologist (1914–1992)
distribution and ecology of lichens in South Scandinavia. After graduating from Lund University, he was employed at its department of systematic botany, initially
Ove_Almborn
Species of fungi
Hemigraphaceae. It is a lichenicolous fungus that grows on the thallus of the script lichen Graphis assimilis and has only been collected in Fakahatchee Strand Preserve
Hemigrapha_graphidicola
Glossary of phytopathology, Glossary of lichen terms, and List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
Glossary_of_botanical_terms
Swiss lichenologist
the molecular systematics of family Parmeliaceae helped to identify the nature of lichen chimaeras (photosymbiodemes). These are lichen fungi (mycobionts)
Philippe Clerc (lichenologist)
Philippe_Clerc_(lichenologist)
Species of fungus
Bryoria fremontii is a dark brown horsehair lichen that grows hanging from trees in western North America, and northern Europe and Asia. It grows abundantly
Bryoria_fremontii
English botanist and lichenologist
April 1974. Systematics Association special volume, no. 8. London; New York: Published for the Systematics Association and the British Lichen Society by
Peter_Wilfred_James
Species of lichen-forming fungus
Lobaria pulmonaria is a large epiphytic lichen consisting of an ascomycete fungus and a green algal partner living together in a symbiotic relationship
Lobaria_pulmonaria
German lichenologist
description of lichens. This was also adopted by Abramo Massalongo (1824-1860) and was termed the Italian-Silesian school of lichen systematics and continues
Gustav_Wilhelm_Körber
German academic (born 1956)
lecideoid lichens based largely on specimens he gathered during an extensive collecting trip across the continent. His habilitation in systematic botany
Gerhard_Rambold
Chemical compound found in some lichens
taxonomic character in lichen systematics. Pannarin was first isolated as a chlorine-containing depsidone from Japanese specimens of the lichen Pannaria lanuginosa
Pannarin
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
name for Phaeoplaca; Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Galapagos Islands". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 66 (2): 240–241. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0022
Obscuroplaca
American lichenologist
botany. He is best known for his systematic work on the brown parmelioid lichens and for developing online resources for lichen taxonomy. Esslinger studied
Theodore_Lee_Esslinger
Species of lichen-forming fungus
Parmelia sulcata, commonly known as the hammered shield lichen or cracked-shield lichen, is a foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First described by Thomas
Parmelia_sulcata
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
is a genus of small dark brown to olive or dark grey squamulose lichens. These lichens typically grow on rocks in arid and semi-arid environments worldwide
Peltula
Species of lichen
Lücking, R.; Sérusiaux, E.; Vězda, A. (2005). "Phylogeny and systematics of the lichen family Gomphillaceae (Ostropales) inferred from cladistic analysis
Gyalideopsis_puertoricensis
Norwegian lichenologist (born 1948)
Professor Tor Tønsberg". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 68 (2): 245. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0008. "Lichenes isidiosi et sorediosi crustacei exsiccati:
Tor_Tønsberg
German physician and lichenologist
1862 - Contributions to lichen systematics. Ueber den gegenwärtigen Stand der Flechtenkunde, 1862 - On the present state of lichen knowledge. Kritische Bemerkungen
Ernst_Stizenberger
Genus of lichen
checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Mauritius, with phylogenetic analyses and description of new taxa". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1):
Loekoesia
Species of lichen
Parmotrema perlatum, commonly known as the powdered ruffle lichen, is a common species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. The species has a cosmopolitan
Parmotrema_perlatum
Species of lichen
interpretation". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 59 (3): 454–474. doi:10.1111/jse.12717. Nimis, Pier Luigi (2016). The Lichens of Italy. A Second Annotated
Kuettlingeria_erythrocarpa
Finnish lichenologist (born 1958)
species and genus limits in lichen-forming fungi. Stenroos established the Botanical Museum's first molecular systematics laboratory in the early 1990s
Soili_Stenroos
Single-species lichen genus
species, Stenhammarella turgida, a saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen. This lichen grows on limestone rocks in alpine environments and is found in Europe
Stenhammarella
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
Alectoria is a genus of fruticose lichens belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. These lichens form shrub-like growths with slender, branching strands
Alectoria_(fungus)
Genus of lichen
is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Commonly known as crater lichens, members of the genus are crustose lichens with a thick
Diploschistes
Species of lichen
a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. The lichen was first formally described in 1808 by the English
Kuettlingeria_atroflava
The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus described 110 lichen species in his various works between 1753 and 1774, chiefly in the first (1753) and second (1763)
List of lichens named by Carl Linnaeus
List_of_lichens_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus
Genus of fungi
of lichenologist John A. Elix, "for his immense contributions to lichen systematics and chemistry, especially in Parmeliaceae." Several species distributed
Melanelixia
Austrian biologist
karyology and the biology of the lichen symbiosis to epiphytic algae and lichen algae, especially their biology and systematics. Tschermak-Woess published more
Elisabeth_Tschermak-Woess
Dutch mycologist and lichenologist
research focus is on biodiversity, particularly tropical lichens, encompassing systematics, floristic surveys, and taxonomic reviews. A prolific researcher
André_Aptroot
Order of insects
used in binding. The barklice are found on trees, feeding on algae and lichen. Their name originates from the Greek word ψῶχος (psokhos), meaning "gnawed"
Psocoptera
German lichenologist (born 1968)
Staiger (born 1968) is a German lichenologist known for her systematic studies of tropical lichen families, particularly the Graphidaceae. Born in Stuttgart
Bettina_Staiger
Species of lichen
Oropogon salazinicus is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in East Asia, it was described as a new species by lichenologist
Oropogon_salazinicus
Species of lichen
"Enterographa serusiauxii, a new foliicolous lichen species from Guadeloupe". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 131–133. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0007
Enterographa_serusiauxii
Species of lichen
Robert; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Vězda, Antonín (2005). "Phylogeny and systematics of the lichen family Gomphillaceae (Ostropales) inferred from cladistic analysis
Arthotheliopsis_serusiauxii
Species of lichen
Umbilicaria torrefacta is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Umbilicariaceae. It is an arctic-alpine species with a circumpolar
Umbilicaria_torrefacta
Species of lichen
"The lichen genera Gondwania and Transdrakea gen. nov. ( Teloschistaceae ) – speciation in three southern continents". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 68
Austroplaca_thisbe
Family of lichen-forming fungi
The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family has
Teloschistaceae
Species of lichen-forming fungus
Cetrelia monachorum is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1930 by Alexander Zahlbruckner
Cetrelia_monachorum
Species of lichen
xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with notes on their morphology". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Thell, Arne (eds.). Systematics, biodiversity
Martinjahnsia
American lichenologist (1939–2021)
Harris's training he focused on floristics and systematics of lichens. His early work on the lichens of the Straits of Mackinac region in Michigan, including
Richard_Clinton_Harris
Species of lichen
Mayrhofer, Helmut; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2014). "Molecular systematics of the wood-inhabiting, lichen-forming genus Xylographa (Baeomycetales, Ostropomycetidae)
Xylographa_parallela
French botanist, mycologist, and lichenologist
Nicollon des Abbayes and was strongly influenced by him in her study of lichen systematics and ecology. She published in 1958 an outstanding monograph on the
Marie-Agnès_Letrouit-Galinou
Genus of lichens in the family Roccellaceae
Maria A.; Zambrano, Angel (eds.). Biomonitoring, Ecology, and Systematics of Lichens. Festschrift Thomas H. Nash III. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol
Roccella_(lichen)
Belgian lichenologist
2020. He has had a strong research interest in the systematics of lichens that grow on leaves, the lichen flora of tropical Africa, the genus Parmelia (in
Emmanuël_Sérusiaux
Single-species fungal genus
Robert Lücking in a later critical analysis of this technique for lichen systematics, who noted that "if taxonomy and classification are to reflect evolutionary
Raesaenenia
Species of lichen
placodioid lichens from the Caribbean and Hawaii shakes up the Porinaceae tree (lichenized Ascomycota: Gyalectales)". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (2):
Saxiloba_firmula
Parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen
fungus is a member of a specialised group of fungi that live exclusively on lichens as their host organisms. These fungi, comprising over 2,000 known species
Lichenicolous_fungus
Genus of algae
Trebouxiophyceae. It is a common photobiont in lichen, occurring in the thalli of more than 20 lichen genera worldwide. Asterochloris is distinguishable
Asterochloris
Lichen secondary metabolite
Erythrin is a lichen secondary metabolite in the depside class. It is the D-erythritol ester of lecanoric acid and occurs especially in lichens of the genus
Erythrin
German lichenologist (1951–2019)
German lichenologist whose research focused on the systematics and chemotaxonomy of lecideoid lichens, especially the genus Lecidella. Trained initially
Johannes-Günther_Knoph
Species of hummingbird
at any time during the year. It makes a tiny cup nest of plant fiber and lichen, typically on a horizontal twig 6 to 8 m (20 to 30 ft) above the ground
White-booted_racket-tail
Genus of lichens
Elixia is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Elixiaceae. It has two species: Elixia cretica T.Sprib. & Lumbsch (2010) Elixia flexella (Ach.) Lumbsch
Elixia_(lichen)
Genus of lichen
Parvoplaca is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulrik Søchting, Patrik Frödén, and
Parvoplaca
Species of lichen
Pyrenodesmia micromarina is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in the Eastern Mediterranean
Pyrenodesmia_micromarina
Ecological interaction between taxa
of legumes, and the mutualistic partnership of algae and fungi to form lichens. The term "symbiosis" is derived from Ancient Greek συμβίωσις symbíōsis:
Symbiosis
Genus of foliose lichens
Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus
Punctelia
Species of lichen
Robert; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Vězda, Antonín (2005). "Phylogeny and systematics of the lichen family Gomphillaceae (Ostropales) inferred from cladistic analysis
Gyalideopsis_buckii
List of terms used in biology
This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages to understand and remember
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names
Branch of mycology that studies lichens
Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga
Lichenology
Family of lichen-forming fungi
The Roccellaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the order Arthoniales, established by the French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier in
Roccellaceae
species in the genus Graphis, a lichen-forming fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae. Species of Graphis are crustose lichens that form thin, often pale
List of Graphis (lichen) species
List_of_Graphis_(lichen)_species
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Litton.
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : probably a variant of Fithian.English and Welsh : Alternatively, it may be an altered form of Welsh Gethin.
Male
French
French form of Greek Michaēl, MICHEL means "who is like God?"
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a topographic name for someone living in the Lickey Hills, southwest of Birmingham.Perhaps an altered spelling of Scottish Leckie.
Surname or Lastname
North German (Lücken)
North German (Lücken) : patronymic from the personal name Lück (see Luck 2).English : variant of Lovekin, from a pet form of Love 1 or 2.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English
Lives by the Linden Tree Hill
Girl/Female
English
The linden tree.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from Middle English kychene ‘kitchen’, hence an occupational name for someone who worked in or was in charge of the kitchen of a monastery or great house.Scottish and northern Irish : variant of McCutcheon.
Surname or Lastname
Dutch, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Dutch, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant (plural) of Linde.English : variant spelling of Lindon.Belgian and Dutch (van Linden) : habitational name from places called Linden in Brabant and North Brabant.Dutch (van der Linden) : habitational name from any of numerous places called Ter Linde.Irish : reduced form of McLinden.Swedish (Lindén) : ornamental name from lind ‘lime tree’ + the common suffix -én, from the Latin adjectival ending -enius.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin; it may be from the thieves’ slang term kinchin ‘child’, which is probably a derivative of German Kindchen, diminutive of Kind ‘child’.Americanized form of Kindchen or more probably of Rhenish Kindgen (pronounced ‘kintshen’), both diminutives of Kind.
Male
Hindi/Indian
Variant spelling of Hindi Kishan, KISHEN means "the black" and "the blue."
Male
German
German form Hebrew Yehowyakiyn, JOCHEN means "God establishes."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a stonemason, Anglo-Norman French machun, a Norman dialect variant of Old French masson (see Mason).
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
From the Linden Tree Hill
Male
Hindi/Indian
(लोचन) Hindi name LOCHAN means "the eye."
Surname or Lastname
Dutch (van Lingen) and German
Dutch (van Lingen) and German : habitational name from Lingen on the Ems river in Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and the former East Prussia.English (Herefordshire) : habitational name from a place in Herefordshire, so named from an old British stream name, Welsh llyn ‘water’ + possibly cain ‘clear’, ‘beautiful’.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Lyndon, LINDEN means "lime tree hill." Or from the vocabulary word, linden, meaning "lime tree."
Surname or Lastname
English (West Midlands)
English (West Midlands) : from a pet form of Hick.
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : from a pet form of Hitch.English (Lancashire) : in parts of the West Midlands this may have been a patronymic from Hitch, from an old genitive ending.English (Lancashire) : habitational name from Hitchin in Hertfordshire, which is derived from the dative plural of the old tribal name Hicce, which itself may be derived from a Celtic river name meaning ‘dry’.
Male
French
French form of Roman Latin Lucianus, LUCIEN means "light."
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Telugu
Happiness; Happy
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sacred plant, A sacred plant (Basil)
Boy/Male
Spanish
Famous warrior.
Boy/Male
Hebrew
My father is strong; father of heights.
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Scandinavian Arne, AARNE means "eagle."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Rocks
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
In Attentive Response
Girl/Female
Muslim
Soft, Lion
Boy/Male
Tamil
Fortunate
Boy/Male
English
Star deer.
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
LICHEN SYSTEMATICS
v. t.
To make less burdensome or afflictive; to alleviate; as, to lighten the cares of life or the burden of grief.
v. t.
To furnish food to; to entertain with the fare of the kitchen.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, lichens.
n.
A utensil for roasting meat; as, a tin kitchen.
a.
Mild; calm; as, lithe weather.
n.
The body of servants employed in the kitchen.
a.
Belonging to, or covered with, lichens.
n.
A substance isomeric with starch, extracted from several species of moss and lichen, esp. from Iceland moss.
v. i. & i.
To listen or listen to; to hearken to.
v. t.
To make qualmish; to nauseate; to disgust; as, to sicken the stomach.
a.
Placed in a niche.
v. t.
To make lighter, or less heavy; to reduce in weight; to relieve of part of a load or burden; as, to lighten a ship by unloading; to lighten a load or burden.
n.
Made of linen; as, linen cloth; a linen stocking.
v. t.
To make light or clear; to light; to illuminate; as, to lighten an apartment with lamps or gas; to lighten the streets.
n.
A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen.
n.
Resembling linen cloth; white; pale.
n.
Underclothing, esp. the shirt, as being, in former times, chiefly made of linen.
a.
Capable of being easily bent; pliant; flexible; limber; as, the elephant's lithe proboscis.
n.
One of a class of cellular, flowerless plants, (technically called Lichenes), having no distinction of leaf and stem, usually of scaly, expanded, frond-like forms, but sometimes erect or pendulous and variously branched. They derive their nourishment from the air, and generate by means of spores. The species are very widely distributed, and form irregular spots or patches, usually of a greenish or yellowish color, upon rocks, trees, and various bodies, to which they adhere with great tenacity. They are often improperly called rock moss or tree moss.
n.
Alt. of Lache