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In probability theory, lumpability is a method for reducing the size of the state space of some continuous-time Markov chains, first published by Kemeny
Lumpability
Topics referred to by the same term
up lump in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lump may refer to: "Lump" (song), a 1995 song by The Presidents of the United States of America Lump (compilation
Lump
Single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made over time
A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made over time (such as an annuity). The United States Department of Housing
Lump_sum
1991 Canadian film
The Lump is a short animated film released in 1991. It tells the story of an unattractive and unpopular man named George. One day, a lump appears on his
The_Lump
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up lumper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lumper may refer to: a scholar who assigns examples broadly, judging that differences are not as important
Lumper
Simplification of a physical system into a network of discrete components
The lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lumped-component model) is a simplified representation of a physical system or circuit
Lumped-element_model
1995 single by the Presidents of the United States of America
"Lump" is a song by alternative rock band the Presidents of the United States of America. It was released in August 1995 by Columbia Records and included
Lump_(song)
Misconception in economics about allocation of work
In economics, the lump of labour fallacy is the misconception that there is a finite amount of work—a lump of labour—to be done within an economy. It is
Lump_of_labour_fallacy
Capital city of Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur (KL), officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, is the capital city and a federal territory of Malaysia. It is the most populous city
Kuala_Lumpur
Confection
Pineapple lumps or pineapple chunks are a chocolate-covered confection with a soft, chewy pineapple-flavoured middle from New Zealand. They are often
Pineapple_lumps
Opposing approaches to categorisation
Lumpers and splitters are opposing factions in any academic discipline that has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories. The lumper–splitter
Lumpers_and_splitters
Former mining district in Montana, United States
Placer and the Lump Gulch Mining District and a former mining camp called Lump Gulch City. It was named Lump Gulch in 1864 after a lump of gold found by
Lump_Gulch
Sweet-tasting, water-soluble carbohydrates
sugar 0.70 g/mL Powdered sugar 0.56 g/mL Cube sugar (sometimes called sugar lumps) are white or brown granulated sugars lightly steamed and pressed together
Sugar
2006 book by David Douglas Duncan
Picasso & Lump: A Dachshund's Odyssey (ISBN 0821258109) is a 2006 book by David Douglas Duncan that features professional photographs of Pablo Picasso
Picasso_&_Lump
Indonesian traditional dance
Kuda Lumping (Javanese: ꦗꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦥꦁ, Jaran Kepang or Jathilan, Indonesian: Kuda Lumping or Kuda Kepang, English: Flat Horse) is a traditional Javanese dance
Kuda_Lumping
1996 single by Sadat X
"The Lump Lump" is a song by American rapper Sadat X from his debut studio album Wild Cowboys (1996). It was released on October 28, 1996, as the album's
The_Lump_Lump
British rock singer and songwriter (1946–1991)
Shepherd's Bush in the afternoon, and he'd get out the fine china and the sugar lumps and we'd have a cup of tea." His flamboyant dress sense and the emergence
Freddie_Mercury
Variety of potato
The Irish Lumper is a varietal white potato of historic interest. It has been identified as the variety of potato whose widespread cultivation throughout
Irish_Lumper
Dog that lived with Picasso
Lump (1956 – 29 March 1973), was a Dachshund owned by David Douglas Duncan who lived with artist Pablo Picasso for six years, and featured in several of
Lump_(dog)
British folk singer-songwriter (born 1990)
"Lump: Lump review – Laura Marling and Mike Lindsay's dream date". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2018. Bloom, Madison (8 June 2018). "Lump: Lump Album
Laura_Marling
Lump sum turnkey (LSTK) is a combination of the business-contract concepts of lump sum and turnkey. Lump sum is a noun which means a complete payment consisting
Lump_sum_turnkey
Serbian-American engineer and inventor (1856–1943)
the contract. Six years later Westinghouse purchased Tesla's patent for a lump sum payment of $216,000 as part of a patent-sharing agreement signed with
Nikola_Tesla
Sri Lankan rice dish
of the Dutch word lomprijst, which loosely translated means a packet or lump of rice, and it is also believed the dish has roots in the Indonesia dish
Lamprais
Medical condition
A neck mass or neck lump is an ambiguous mass found in the neck area. There are many different possible causes, including head and neck cancer and congenital
Neck_mass
American comedy musician (born 1959)
"Lump", that they ended the song with his last line instead of their own ("And that's all I have to say about that") on the live recording of "Lump" featured
"Weird_Al"_Yankovic
Japanese video game company
Lump of Sugar Ltd. (有限会社ランプオブシュガー, Yūgen-gaisha Ranpu obu Shugā) is a Japanese company specializing in adult visual novels. Founded in April 2005, their
Lump_of_Sugar
Human male external reproductive organ
share the common blue tint with a vein however. It can be felt as a hardened lump or "vein" even when the penis is flaccid, and is even more prominent during
Human_penis
Sovereign state
with the Netherlands and dictates. The Netherlands Antilles can like it or lump it." In addition, the Werkgroep Bestuurlijke en Financiële Verhoudingen Nederlandse
Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
damaged fuel channel material. Observers outside Unit 4 reported burning lumps of material and sparks shooting into the air above the reactor, some of
Chernobyl_disaster
Chemical compound of calcium
Calcium oxide (formula: CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline
Calcium_oxide
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2022
from the original on 19 October 2021. Bourne, Ryan (23 July 2019). "Don't lump Boris Johnson together with Donald Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved
Boris_Johnson
Lymphoid organs at the back of the throat on both sides
mammals, which can often be seen as flesh-colored, pinkish lumps. Tonsils only present as "white lumps" if they are inflamed or infected with symptoms of exudates
Palatine_tonsil
2023 slasher film by Colin Krawchuk
saddles us with a poorly written, lead-footed plot delivered in stodgy lumps between killings." A sequel titled The Jester 2 was released in September
The_Jester_(2023_film)
Passive component (choke) suppressing high-frequency noise in electronic circuits
A ferrite bead – also called a ferrite block, ferrite core, ferrite ring, EMI filter, or ferrite choke – is a type of choke that suppresses high-frequency
Ferrite_bead
Type of construction contract
A lump sum contract in construction is one type of construction contract, sometimes referred to as stipulated-sum, where a single price is quoted for an
Lump_sum_contract
Rounded outgrowth found on external or internal organs of plants or animals
In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal
Tubercle
American conservative cable news channel
"faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year
Fox_News
Swedish actress (1915–1982)
lump under her left breast. The lump was removed on 15 June 1974 in a London clinic. While working on Autumn Sonata, Bergman discovered another lump,
Ingrid_Bergman
2006 South Korean film
Lump Sugar (or Lump of Sugar; Korean: 각설탕) is a 2006 South Korean film directed by Lee Hwan-kyung and starring actress Im Soo-jung. The film revolves
Lump_Sugar
Anthology television series
original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2015. Sepinwall, Alan. "Lumps of coal: The worst TV I watched in 2011". HitFix. Archived from the original
American_Horror_Story
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
themselves. Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would
Albert_Einstein
Attention-seeking extremist
her account of criminal behavior, Savage Appetites: ... Internet cynics lumped the online Nazis together with the serial killer fetishists and the dumbest
Edgelord
Indian-British-American novelist (born 1947)
our culture. If you say that Muslims are being offended by this, and you lump them all together, you immediately grant that they are in fact represented
Salman_Rushdie
Medical condition
tissue and ducts grow over the lobule to form a solid lump. Since both fibroadenomas and breast lumps as a sign of breast cancer can appear similar, it is
Fibroadenoma
Occupation of loading and unloading ships
A dockworker (also called a docker, longshoreman, lumper, stevedore, wharfman or wharfie) is a waterfront manual laborer who loads and unloads ships. As
Dockworker
American animated sitcom
Linden, a student, implied to be on the autism spectrum. Wengert also voices Lump Humpman, a priest, Leore Paulblart the Ponytail Killer, and Stan the Hormone
Big Mouth (American TV series)
Big_Mouth_(American_TV_series)
Mythical creature in Scottish folklore
plesiosaur-like animal, but sceptics argue the object is a log due to the lump on its "chest" area, the mass of sediment in the full photo, and the object's
Loch_Ness_Monster
Chinese currency
(simplified Chinese: 块; traditional Chinese: 塊; pinyin: kuài; lit. 'lump'; originally a lump of silver). One yuan is divided into 10 jiao (角; jiǎo; 'corner')
Yuan_(currency)
Form of athletic theater
(football, I know, I apologize) are getting paid ridiculous contracts (with a lump sum up front, and a lot of the contract guaranteed), professional wrestlers
Professional_wrestling
2005 single by Black Eyed Peas
and materialistic lyrics, criticizing the rhyming of drunk with hump(s), lump(s), and bump(s). He described the mentions of "Coco Pops" and "milk" as ludicrous
My_Humps
External genitalia of the female mammal
can include: itching, or bleeding; skin changes including rashes, sores, lumps or ulcers, and changes in vulvar skin coloration. Pelvic pain might also
Vulva
Species of bird in the crow family
lumped with Woodhouse's scrub jay and collectively called the western scrub jay. IUCN and the Handbook of the Birds of the World maintain this lumped
California_scrub_jay
Topics referred to by the same term
Lump of coal may refer to: a literal lump of coal a traditional warning to children, who are threatened that if they misbehave they will be gifted only
Lump_of_coal
Short story by Daniel Handler
"The Lump of Coal" is a Christmas short story written by Lemony Snicket and illustrated by Brett Helquist. Originally published in the December 10–12,
The_Lump_of_Coal
American alternative rock band
guitarist Dave Dederer. The band became popular in the mid-1990s for their hits "Lump" and "Peaches"—released in 1995 and 1996, respectively—which helped their
The Presidents of the United States of America (band)
The_Presidents_of_the_United_States_of_America_(band)
Consensual or punitive unpaid labor
contract, called an "indenture", may be entered voluntarily for a prepaid lump sum, as payment for some good or service (e.g. travel), purported eventual
Indentured_servitude
1954–1955 fantasy novel by J. R. R. Tolkien
Rings and The Hobbit to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £10,000 (equivalent to £145,000 in 2025) plus a 7.5% royalty
The_Lord_of_the_Rings
North American professional ice hockey league
share of revenue from each game's advertising sales, rather than the usual lump sum paid up front for game rights. The league's annual revenues were estimated
National_Hockey_League
Member of the British royal family (born 1982)
underwent an operation on the left side of her head, reportedly to remove a lump, during this period. Although offered a place at the University of Edinburgh
Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales
First-century Jewish preacher and religious leader
(20 September 2010). Christmas – Philosophy for Everyone: Better Than a Lump of Coal. Wiley. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4443-3090-8. Archived from the original
Jesus
King of Scotland from 1567 to 1625, King of England and Ireland from 1603
whereby Parliament, in return for ten royal concessions, would grant a lump sum of £600,000 to pay off the king's debts plus an annual grant of £200
James_VI_and_I
English television presenter, journalist, author and farmer (born 1960)
that two days before he hit Tymon, he had been told by his doctor that a lump he had could be cancer of the tongue. Testing later confirmed that it was
Jeremy_Clarkson
Fixed tax paid by every liable individual
per annum in 1695, and then obtained permanent exemption in 1709 with a lump sum payment of 24 million livres. The Pays d'états (Brittany, Burgundy, etc
Poll_tax
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
often new, taxa is called splitting. Taxonomists are often referred to as "lumpers" or "splitters" by their colleagues, depending on their personal approach
Species
Japanese multinational corporation
1,157cc motor that was very closely related to the legendary GSX-R1100's lump while its styling was simple, naked and designed to show off this heart of
Suzuki
Pro-Israel lobby group in the United States
transfers, not designated for particular projects, and...transferred as a lump sum in the first month of the fiscal year, instead of in periodic increments
AIPAC
Lumps Fort is a disused fortification built on Portsea Island as part of the defences for the naval base at Portsmouth. Lumps Fort dates from the 18th
Lumps_Fort
Fine powder green tea
compressed tea, such as Lóngfèng Tuánchá (龍鳳團茶, lit. 'Dragon and Phoenix Lump Tea'). The tea was ground into powder using a metal niǎn, then sifted. The
Matcha
Gambling that involves the drawing of numbers at random for a prize
"lifetime" prize, do not offer a lump-sum option. According to some experts, choosing the annuity is better than opting for the lump-sum, especially for those
Lottery
1956 fighter aircraft family by Lockheed
crisis in April 1965, which directly preceded 1965 War and is sometimes lumped into it, the a detachment of two Griffin F-104s was deployed at Mauripur
Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter
Two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference
the current and potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in the lumped element model of electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845
Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws
Member of the British royal family (1961–1997)
in the case. The couple shared custody of their children. She received a lump sum settlement of £17 million (equivalent to £34 million in 2025) as well
Diana,_Princess_of_Wales
Gender identities outside of the gender binary
transphobia is a driving force. Additionally, the use of they/them pronouns is lumped into[clarification needed] the larger, controversial, subject of safe spaces
Non-binary
1845–1852 mass starvation in Ireland
disproportionate share of the potatoes grown in Ireland were the Irish Lumper, creating a lack of genetic variability among potato plants, which increased
Great_Famine_(Ireland)
English girl group
stores and 270,000 copies in the first week. In February 1997, the "Sugar Lumps", a satirical version of the Spice Girls played by Kathy Burke, Dawn French
Spice_Girls
"Lump in the throat" sensation
with 22–45% of people experiencing it at least once in their lifetime. The "lump in the throat" sensation that characterizes globus pharyngis is often caused
Globus_pharyngeus
Taxation on a lump-sum basis
A lump-sum tax is a special way of taxation, based on a fixed amount, rather than on the real circumstance of the taxed entity. In this, the entity cannot
Lump-sum_tax
Railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine
on the earliest locomotives were lubricated by the enginemen dropping a lump of tallow down the blast pipe. More sophisticated methods of delivering the
Steam_locomotive
American animated television series
Princess (Pendleton Ward), a melodramatic and immature princess made out of "lumps"; BMO, a sentient video game console-shaped robot that lives with Finn and
Adventure_Time
Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC
Curtius (1933, pp. 182–192). While Kleiner (2005, p. 153) has suggested the lump on top of this marble head perhaps contained a broken-off uraeus, Curtius
Cleopatra
American actor (1959–2025)
forced to cancel a Citizen Twain show after losing his voice. He noticed a lump in his throat but did not seek medical care until he started vomiting blood
Val_Kilmer
1991 compilation album by Various artists
A Lump of Coal is an Australian compilation album of Christmas music produced in 1991 by Dead Line Records (Australia) and First Warning Records (U.S.)
A_Lump_of_Coal
Genus of bats
Plecotus is a genus of vesper bat, commonly called long-eared bats. They are found throughout Eurasia and northern Africa. Many species in the genus have
Plecotus
British military officer (1741–1801)
British Army, an annual pension of £360 (equivalent to £56,000 in 2025) and a lump sum of over £6,000 (equivalent to £931,000 in 2025). He led British forces
Benedict_Arnold
Social-cultural system
separate sphere identified as "religious." Nor were the diverse traditions lumped together under the term "Hinduism" unified by sharing such common features
Religion
Family of fishes
doi:10.1134/S0032945220060119. S2CID 234670460 – via ResearchGate. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Lump-Sucker".
Cyclopteridae
American actor and filmmaker (born 1946)
controlled substance. In 2013, it was reported that Stallone paid a $2 million lump-sum settlement alongside a monthly amount and a trust for psychiatric and
Sylvester_Stallone
Russian and American actor (1920–1985)
1983, Brynner suffered a sore throat, his voice changed and doctors found a lump on his vocal cords. In Los Angeles, only hours before his 4,000th performance
Yul_Brynner
Indigenous peoples of the United States
Paiute, Southern Paiute, and Owens Valley Paiute. The 2000 U.S. Census lumps these distinct groups into one term. Generally, the word "Paiute" was used
Native Americans in the United States
Native_Americans_in_the_United_States
American actor (born 1944)
Level' With A $60M+ Opening; 'Richard Jewell' & 'Black Christmas' Earn Lumps Of Coal – Sunday Final". Deadline. Retrieved June 9, 2026. Kit, Borys (May
Danny_DeVito
First Islamic caliphate (632–661)
the first Muslim conquests in the 7th century, kharaj usually denoted a lump-sum duty levied upon the conquered provinces and collected by the officials
Rashidun_Caliphate
Person holding a position looking after racehorses
qualifications include Horse Care and Saddlery. In North America, these tasks are lumped into the general job category of "groom," though saddling may be a task
Strapper
Television series
French, Saunders and Burke returned for Comic Relief in 1997 as the Sugar Lumps, along with Llewella Gideon and Lulu, to parody the Spice Girls, with whom
French_and_Saunders
Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2018 to 2022
houses. Khan launched Pakistan's largest welfare programme, distributing a lump sum of Rs12,000 to 10 million low-income citizens under the Ehsaas Programme
Imran_Khan
American politician (born 1978)
"DeSantis to GOP Rep. Donalds: Whose side are you on?". Politico. DeSantis lumped the conservative Black Republican... "Byron Donalds pitches himself as Trump's
Byron_Donalds
2011 film by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa
critical, giving it 1 out of 5 and remarking that it is "a star-studded lump of fantasy and falsehood". Several critics included the film on their end-of-year
Crazy,_Stupid,_Love
1995 epic historical war drama film by Mel Gibson
stated that it was wrong to "desecrate the main memorial to Wallace with a lump of crap". In 1998, someone wielding a hammer vandalized the statue's face
Braveheart
occurrences unknown unknowns can affect the probability of an event taking place. Lump of labour fallacy – the misconception that there is a fixed amount of work
List_of_fallacies
Sugar packed into a cuboid shape
Sugar cubes (also known as sugar lumps in British English) are white sugar granules pressed into small cubes measuring approximately 1 teaspoon each.
Sugar_cube
Species of lily
Bosanski ljiljan (Bosnian lily). L. bosniacum has often been lumped and split and lumped again. Some results of molecular studies support it as an infraspecific
Lilium_bosniacum
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Boy/Male
Hindu
Place of farms
Boy/Male
Muslim
Obvious. Evident.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
French
Eager.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Beauty; Decoration
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Most Prettiest Angel of Heaven; Female of the Haven
Boy/Male
Tamil
Light of the world
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Attacking Enemies
Girl/Female
French
meaning 'From France' or 'free one'.
Girl/Female
English
dear one; darling. Rhyminglike Meryl and Beryl.
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