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Pseudorandom number generator
computer science, the middle-square method is a method of generating pseudorandom numbers. In practice it is a highly flawed method for many practical purposes
Middle-square_method
Algorithms for calculating square roots
Heron's method, a special case of Newton's method. If division is much more costly than multiplication, it may be preferable to compute the inverse square root
Square_root_algorithms
generator (rcb_generator)". Technical Report. Widynski, Bernard (2017). "Middle-Square Weyl Sequence RNG". arXiv:1704.00358 [cs.CR]. Kneusel, Ron (2018). Random
List of random number generators
List_of_random_number_generators
Algorithm that generates an approximation of a random number sequence
the "middle square" method generated numbers at a rate some hundred times faster than reading numbers in from punched cards. The middle-square method has
Pseudorandom_number_generator
Square of numbers with equal row, column and diagonal totals
subject of magic squares, leaving out the mysticism of his Middle Eastern predecessors, where he gave two methods for odd squares and two methods for evenly
Magic_square
Algorithm for creating magic squares
Conway's LUX method for magic squares is an algorithm by John Horton Conway for creating magic squares of order 4n+2, where n is a natural number. Start
Conway's LUX method for magic squares
Conway's_LUX_method_for_magic_squares
Methods of constructing magic squares
magic squares have been discovered. These methods can be classified as general methods and special methods, in the sense that general methods allow us
Constructions of magic squares
Constructions_of_magic_squares
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge through careful observation, rigorous skepticism, hypothesis testing, and experimental
Scientific_method
The Strachey method for magic squares is an algorithm for generating magic squares of singly even order 4k + 2. An example of magic square of order 6 constructed
Strachey method for magic squares
Strachey_method_for_magic_squares
Pseudorandomness Cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator Middle-square method Blum Blum Shub ACORN ISAAC Lagged Fibonacci generator Linear congruential
List_of_number_theory_topics
Mathematical process for constructing magic squares
The Siamese method, or De la Loubère method, is a simple method to construct any size of n-odd magic squares (i.e. number squares in which the sums of
Siamese_method
Formula that provides the solutions to a quadratic equation
standard way to derive the quadratic formula is to apply the method of completing the square to the generic quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle
Quadratic_formula
Stream cipher
provides much better results than using the 32 middle bits of that squared number (the middle-square method). Rabbit claims 128-bit security against attackers
Rabbit_(cipher)
Methods used to input Japanese characters on a computer
Japanese input methods are used to input Japanese characters on a computer. There are two main methods of inputting Japanese on computers. One is via
Japanese_input_method
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
form of pseudorandomness, using the middle-square method. He justified this crude method as faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that "Anyone
John_von_Neumann
European history from the 5th to 15th centuries
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to late 15th centuries, comparable with the post-classical
Middle_Ages
Shape with four equal sides and angles
formula for the area of a square forms the basis of the calculation of area and motivates the search for methods for squaring the circle by compass and
Square
Death by suspension around the neck
Hanging has been a standard method of capital punishment since the Middle Ages, and has been the primary execution method in numerous countries and regions
Hanging
Metric unit of area
and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and Bulgaria as a measure of
Hectare
Student-led demonstrations in China
workers, known in China as the June Fourth Incident, were held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
Solving physical puzzles with speed
most popular method, which starts by forming a 1x2x3 block on one side of the cube, repeating it on the other side, and solves the middle and top layer
Speedcubing
Shade of the color gray
In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a
Middle_gray
Method to convey chess moves
standard method of chess notation, used for recording and describing moves. It is based on a system of coordinates to uniquely identify each square on the
Algebraic_notation_(chess)
Chinese mathematician
lost; however, Jia's method was expounded in detail by Yang Hui, who explicitly acknowledged his source: "My method of finding square and cubic roots was
Jia_Xian
Ancient Mesopotamian board game
same number of "battle" squares if the same game were to be played on boards for the later Game of Twenty Squares. This method would also place the rosettes
Royal_Game_of_Ur
Method for solving quadratic equations
completes a larger square of side length x + b 2 a {\displaystyle x+{\tfrac {b}{2a}}} . Completing the square is the oldest method of solving general
Completing_the_square
System of rapid mental calculation
and accuracy Chapter 6 Squares and square roots Chapter 7 Algebraic description of the method Quotes: "A revolutionary new method for high-speed multiplication
Trachtenberg_system
Roman-era word square with a Latin palindrome
of AD 62). The earliest square with Christian-associated imagery dates from the sixth century. By the Middle Ages, Sator squares were to be found in Europe
Sator_Square
Greek mathematician and physicist (c. 287 – 212 BC)
Arbelos Archimedean point Archimedes number Archimedes paradox Methods of computing square roots Salinon Steam cannon Twin circles Zhang Heng Doric Greek:
Archimedes
Polynomial equation of degree two
[coefficient of the] square, add the square of the [coefficient of the] middle term; the square root of the same, less the [coefficient of the] middle term, being
Quadratic_equation
Natural number
of sums, differences, products, and quotients of integers in decimal, a method known as long ago as the 12th century. A decimal integer is divisible by
9
Chinese pronunciation system (601 AD)
millennium BC). The fanqie method used to indicate pronunciation in these dictionaries, though an improvement on earlier methods, proved awkward in practice
Middle_Chinese
such as the method of least squares, curves, means, and special methods depending on resemblance (such as pattern matching, the method of gradation,
History_of_scientific_method
Obscene raising of the middle finger
Giving someone the (middle) finger, also known as flipping the bird or flipping someone off, is an obscene hand gesture. The gesture communicates moderate
The_finger
Method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model
In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for choosing the unknown parameters in a linear regression model by
Ordinary_least_squares
Unique positive real number which when multiplied by itself gives 2
computers and calculators, is the Babylonian method for computing square roots, an example of Newton's method for computing roots of arbitrary functions
Square_root_of_2
Building technique using woven wooden supports packed with clay or mud
Wattle and daub is a composite building method in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called "wattle" is "daubed" with a sticky material usually made
Wattle_and_daub
Ancient Chinese mathematics text
on the mathematical basis of similar right triangles. The methods of completing the squares and cubes as well as solving simultaneous linear equations
The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art
Shape-shifting puzzle similar to Rubik's Cube
pieces on each layer, and the middle layer must have a square shape. However, since only two shapes are possible for the middle layer, there is a quick sequence
Square-1_(puzzle)
the regular layout of the exact pyramid square in equal distance to each base cornerstone as the only method to keep the exact geometric shape of the
Construction of the Egyptian pyramids
Construction_of_the_Egyptian_pyramids
European vessels from the Middle Ages
the 8th century BC and remained in use throughout the Middle Ages. Rowing was the primary method of propulsion, which was well-suited for often-fickle
Medieval_ships
Period of escalations in the Middle East
The Middle East is experiencing an ongoing series of interrelated wars, conflicts, and heightened instability as a result of the Gaza war and genocide
Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
Middle_Eastern_crisis_(2023–present)
American television game show
Hollywood Squares (originally The Hollywood Squares, The New Hollywood Squares (1986-1989), then later stylized as H2: Hollywood Squares) is an American
Hollywood_Squares
Measurement of population size per unit area or unit volume
Jacobs Method), would occupy an area of 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) a little less than the land area of Puerto Rico, 8,868 square kilometres
Population_density
Mathematical identity of polynomials
difference of two squares is one squared number (the number multiplied by itself) subtracted from another squared number. Every difference of squares may be factored
Difference_of_two_squares
Punctuation mark
sentences removed. The term refers to the syntax rather than the enclosure method: the same clause in the form "Mrs. Pennyfarthing – What? Yes, that was her
Bracket
3D combination puzzle
move of Rw is equivalent to one of r. For methods using middle-layer turns (particularly corners-first methods), there is a generally accepted "MES" extension
Rubik's_Cube
Natural number
{\displaystyle 1\times n=n\times 1=n} . As a result, the square 1 2 = 1 {\displaystyle 1^{2}=1} , square root 1 = 1 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1}}=1} , and any
1
Domestic policy of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt
often referred to as the "three C's" of Roosevelt's Square Deal. Thus, it aimed at helping middle-class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and
Square_Deal
Photography
photograph. Diagonals, the middle perpendiculars, the center and the corners of a square are said to comprise the force lines in a square, and are regarded by
Diagonal_method
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
AAI-3, the premise "All squares are rectangles" becomes "MaP"; the symbols mean that the first term ("square") is the middle term, the second term ("rectangle")
Syllogism
Middle quantile of a data set or probability distribution
1800s. However, a decade later, Gauss and Legendre developed the least squares method, which minimizes ( α − α ∗ ) 2 {\displaystyle (\alpha -\alpha ^{*})^{2}}
Median
Economic corridor
the Middle East with Syria as a Case Study". Research Square. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5014382/v1. Retrieved 7 May 2026. "'Game-changer': India-Middle East
India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor
India–Middle_East–Europe_Economic_Corridor
Logic puzzle forming a picture in a grid
bound to each other yet. In this method, the significance of the spaces will be shown. A space placed somewhere in the middle of an uncompleted row may force
Nonogram
Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations
In statistics, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of an assumed probability distribution, given some observed
Maximum_likelihood_estimation
Semitic language
use of the construct state almost disappears from the Middle Aramaic period on, the latter method became the main way of making possessive phrases. For
Aramaic
Driver for hexagonal socketed bolts or screws
Ontario, first commercialized the square socket in 1908, having perfected and patented a suitable cold forming method, using the right material and the
Hex_key
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
criterion. For example, the method of ordinary least squares computes the unique line (or hyperplane) that minimizes the sum of squared differences between the
Regression_analysis
U+FFA0 Tone marks (bangjeom, 방점, 傍點): were used in Middle Korean, written to the left of a syllabic square (but encoded after the leading Hangul jamo or syllable
List_of_Hangul_jamo
American businessman and diplomat (born 1957)
Since 2025, Witkoff has served as the United States special envoy to the Middle East and special envoy for peace missions. He has also acted as a de facto
Steve_Witkoff
Prominent square in Baghdad, Iraq
Square is located in the middle of al-Sa'doun Street and between Tahrir and Kahramana squares and in front of the 17th of Ramadan Mosque. The square is
Firdos_Square
Logical principle
In logic, the law of excluded middle or the principle of excluded middle states that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is
Law_of_excluded_middle
Continent
Ocean. North America covers an area of around 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), representing approximately 16.5% of Earth's land
North_America
Multiplication algorithm
Italian method, Chinese method, Chinese lattice, gelosia multiplication, sieve multiplication, shabakh, diagonally or Venetian squares, is a method of multiplication
Lattice_multiplication
Archaic conception of Earth's shape
Sun by measuring the length of noontime shadows at different latitudes, a method similar to Eratosthenes' measurement of the circumference of the Earth,
Flat_Earth
Royal square in Bhaktapur, Nepal
India. Dathū Lyākū literally means 'middle palace' and contains the principal buildings and temples of the square. This part contains the two main royal
Bhaktapur_Durbar_Square
Traditional headdress worn by men in the Middle East
traditional headdress worn by men from parts of the Middle East and North Africa. It is fashioned from a square scarf, and is usually made of cotton. The keffiyeh
Keffiyeh
Country in West Asia
Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with
Qatar
Method for approximating eigenvalues
The Rayleigh–Ritz method is a direct numerical method of approximating eigenvalues, which originated in the context of solving physical boundary-value
Rayleigh–Ritz_method
Naming a Fischer Random board using numbers
table: e) There are three blank squares remaining; place a Rook in each of the outer two and the King in the middle one. Here is some Lua code which
Chess960_numbering_scheme
Ancient Roman city
understanding the history of the site between the imperial period and the Middle Ages. Sample excavations took place over the whole site, with larger excavations
Cosa
Type of knot
hitches tied around an object. It is most effectively used to secure a middle section of rope to an object it crosses over, such as a line on a fencepost
Clove_hitch
Relation between sides of a right triangle
1800 BC, the Egyptian Middle Kingdom Berlin Papyrus 6619 includes a problem involving two squares whose areas sum to a third square, whose solution is the
Pythagorean_theorem
Statistical method
computational methods like Fisher's exact test may be preferred for analyzing small samples in 2×2 tables, with Yates's correction serving as a middle ground
Yates's correction for continuity
Yates's_correction_for_continuity
Correction for sample variance bias
standard deviation, where n is the number of observations in a sample. This method corrects the bias in the estimation of the population variance. It also
Bessel's_correction
Chinese keyboard entry system
The Cangjie input method (Tsang-chieh input method, sometimes called Changjie, Cang Jie, Changjei or Chongkit) is a system for entering Chinese characters
Cangjie_input_method
Number, approximately 1.618
decimal expansion can be calculated via root-finding methods, such as Newton's method or Halley's method, on the equation x 2 − x − 1 = 0 {\displaystyle
Golden_ratio
rope Butterfly coil – a method for storing and transporting a climbing rope Butterfly loop – forms a fixed loop in the middle of a rope Carrick bend –
List_of_knots
Method of data analysis
optimal method (as in minimizing the squared error), it is still sensitive to outliers in the data that produce large errors, something that the method tries
Principal_component_analysis
Converging drystone walls in the Middle East, to aid in hunting herd animals
places, structures like cairns, tombs or square walls occur alongside kites. Kites are known from the Middle East and Central Asia, with examples known
Desert_kite
Person who portrays a character in a production
Square Press, 2000). Brando, Marlon; Lindsey, Robert (1994). Brando: Songs My Mother Taught Me. Random House. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-679-41013-3. "Method To
Actor
American acting coach and actor (1901–1982)
regarded teachers also developed versions of "The Method", Lee Strasberg is considered to be the "father of method acting in America", according to author Mel
Lee_Strasberg
Feature of chess relating to both kings' positions
squares are corresponding squares (also known as relative squares, sister squares, or coordinate squares) if the occupation of one of these squares by
Corresponding_squares
2010s protests and revolutions in the Arab world
post–Arab Spring in the Middle East is not sectarianism: The bloodiest, most vicious, and most pertinent struggles occur squarely inside the Sunni world
Arab_Spring
Teaching, learning, and scholarly research in mathematics
of the squares on the lengths of the sides of a right triangle equals the square of the length of the hypotenuse. Friberg, Jöran (1981). "Methods and traditions
Mathematics_education
decapitation (beheading). Saudi Arabia is the only country that still uses this method. Capital punishment is used both for offenders of lethal crimes and non-lethal
Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia
Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia
Algorithms to complete a sudoku
boxes, each box being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from
Sudoku_solving_algorithms
Independent education without the guidance of teachers
reward function, incremental action value functions and action selection methods. Rewards work best in motivating learning when they are specifically chosen
Autodidacticism
Statistical method for fitting a line
In non-parametric statistics, the Theil–Sen estimator is a method for robustly fitting a line to sample points in the plane (a form of simple linear regression)
Theil–Sen_estimator
Origami toy used for children's games
smaller square is turned over, and the four corners are folded in a second time. All four corners are folded up so that the points meet in the middle, and
Paper_fortune_teller
Alphabet of the Hebrew language
Alefbet ivri), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is a unicameral abjad script used in the writing
Hebrew_alphabet
Mechanical puzzles
development on Bencisco, an FTO solution method with speedsolving in mind. On April 23, 2018, Streeter used his new method to achieve the world's first documented
Face_Turning_Octahedron
Projection of data onto lower-dimensional manifolds
subspaces) which cannot be adequately captured by linear decomposition methods, onto lower-dimensional latent manifolds, with the goal of either visualizing
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
Nonlinear_dimensionality_reduction
Period of English history from the 5th–15th centuries
opening in 1496. New mining methods were developed and horse-powered pumps were installed in English mines by the end of the Middle Ages. The introduction
England_in_the_Middle_Ages
Earthquake in Nicaragua
houses and small shops were over 40 years old and constructed using a local method called taquezal (or talquezal), in which the timber framed walls are filled
1972_Nicaragua_earthquake
Two-player strategy board game
board. Each player receives five pieces: one master piece placed in the middle square of the back row, known as the Temple Arch, and four student pieces flanking
Onitama
cavalrymen by forming a hollow square fenced with a solid hedge of iron pila (large javelins). Alexander the Great combined both methods in his clashes with the
Infantry_in_the_Middle_Ages
Chinese-based Vietnamese writing system
with other words represented by new characters created using a variety of methods, including phono-semantic compounds. This composite script was therefore
Chữ_Nôm
1886 bombing aftermath in Chicago, US
bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. The rally began peacefully in support of workers striking for
Haymarket_affair
Two-dimensional cellular automaton
permitting) or win condition. The Game of Life is played on an infinite square grid, with each cell being in one of two states: live or dead. Cells in
Conway's_Game_of_Life
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
Boy/Male
English American
Shieldbearer.
Female
English
Pet form of French Madeline, MADDIE means "of Magdala."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English squyer ‘esquire’, ‘a man belonging to the feudal rank immediately below that of knight’ (from Old French esquier ‘shield bearer’). At first it denoted a young man of good birth attendant on a knight, or by extension any attendant or servant, but by the 14th century the meaning had been generalized, and referred to social status rather than age. By the 17th century, the term denoted any member of the landed gentry, but this is unlikely to have influenced the development of the surname.
Female
Yiddish
(מִירל) Yiddish form of Hebrew Miryam, MIRELE means "obstinacy, rebelliousness" or "their rebellion."Â
Female
German
Variant spelling of Low German Maud, MADDE means "mighty in battle."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a fiddle player or a nickname for a skilled or enthusiastic amateur, from Old English fiðelere ‘fiddler’.German : variant of Fiedler.
Male
Swedish
Swedish name derived from Old Norse stúra, STURE means "obstinate."
Male
English
French form of English Stewart, STUART means "house guard; steward." In use by the English and Scottish.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Squire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Compare Aduddell.Perhaps an Americanized spelling of German Dittel, from a pet form of a personal name formed with Diet (Germanic theud ‘people’, ‘race’), for example Dietrich.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a frugal person, from Middle English spare ‘sparing’, ‘frugal’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Riddle.
Boy/Male
Italian
Squire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from a diminutive of Rudd ‘red’.English : habitational name from a place called Ruddle, near Newnham in Gloucestershire.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
Shield Bearer; Knight's Companion
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Squire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Beadle.Americanized spelling of German Bittel or its variant Büttel.
Surname or Lastname
English (northern)
English (northern) : variant of Siddall.
Male
English
Middle English name of uncertain origin, but commonly associated with Latin Milo, MILE means "soldier."Â Compare with another form of Mile.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Madge, MIDGE means "pearl."
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
Boy/Male
German
Graceful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Gold 1.
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, Finnish, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hindu, Indian, Irish, Lebanese, Polish, Russian, Sanskrit, Slavic, Swedish
Light; Pledge; Bright One; Moonlight; Variant of Helen; Palm Tree; Sun-ray and Moonlight; Torch
Boy/Male
Arabic
Zenith; Climax
Boy/Male
Indian, Malayalam
Music of God
Boy/Male
Hebrew, Hindu, Indian
Joy; Delight; Shelter
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metathesized form of the occupational name Coyner.English : possibly an occupational name for a dealer in rabbits or rabbit skins, from an agent derivative of Middle English cony ‘rabbit’ (see Coney).
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh
One Full of Happiness
Boy/Male
Hindu
Who adds pleasure in every ones life with a pint of irritation
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian, Modern
Narmda River
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
MIDDLE SQUARE-METHOD
n.
A square. See 1st Squire.
a.
Of or pertaining to a square, or to squares; resembling a quadrate, or square; square.
n.
A kind of dock (Rumex pulcher) with fiddle-shaped leaves; -- called also fiddle dock.
imp. & p. p.
of Square
n.
Hence, anything which is square, or nearly so
a.
Equally distant from the extreme either of a number of things or of one thing; mean; medial; as, the middle house in a row; a middle rank or station in life; flowers of middle summer; men of middle age.
v. t.
To perforate so as to make like a riddle; to make many holes in; as, a house riddled with shot.
n.
Having the toe square.
a.
Even; leaving no balance; as, to make or leave the accounts square.
n.
To multiply by itself; as, to square a number or a quantity.
v. t.
To separate, as grain from the chaff, with a riddle; to pass through a riddle; as, riddle wheat; to riddle coal or gravel.
a.
Rendering equal justice; exact; fair; honest, as square dealing.
n.
A square; a measure; a rule.
n.
The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; thus, 64 is the square of 8, for 8 / 8 = 64; the square of a + b is a2 + 2ab + b2.
a.
Having four equal sides and four right angles; as, a square figure.
n.
A square piece or fragment.
v. i.
To play on a fiddle.
n.
An instrument having at least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. It is of several forms, as the T square, the carpenter's square, the try-square., etc.
a.
Forming a right angle; as, a square corner.
n.
To place at right angles with the keel; as, to square the yards.