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Christians living under Muslim rule in Medieval Spain and Portugal
ancient Mozarabs. There is a long-running debate about how many of the population of Al-Andalus were Mozarabs. Some maintain that the Mozarabs were part
Mozarabs
Medieval Romance dialects of Al-Andalus
discrepancies. Aljamiado Mozarabs Mozarabic Rite Mozarabic art and architecture Andalusian Arabic History of Portugal History of Spain From Mozarab, from the Arabic:
Andalusi_Romance
Mozarabic Christian-Arabic writings
Mozarabic literature (or Mozarab literature) is the literature of the Mozarabs, Christians living under Islamic rule in Spain and their Arabized descendants
Mozarabic_literature
ravaging their lands. Ten thousand Mozarabs joined with the Aragonese during their return. The Almoravids punished the Mozarabs by deporting them from Andalusia
Granada_campaign_(1125–1126)
Capital and largest city of Portugal
while permitting the diverse population of Muwallads, Arabs, Berbers, Mozarabs, Saqaliba, and Jews to maintain their socio-cultural lifestyles. Mozarabic
Lisbon
Variety of grape
Africa, and was spread to Rueda in about the 11th Century, possibly by Mozarabs. Verdejo was generally used to make a strongly oxidized, Sherry-like wine
Verdejo
Mozarab scholar, poet and theologian (800–861)
Alvarus, Spanish: Paulo Álvaro or Álvaro de Córdoba; c. 800 – 861) was a Mozarab Andalusi scholar, poet and theologian of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim
Paul_Albar
Liturgical rite of the Catholic Church and the Anglican Church in Spain and Portugal
culture while retaining their own, were termed Mozarabs. While the Islamic authorities accorded the Mozarabs dhimmi status (thus allowing them to practice
Mozarabic_Rite
to North Africa of the native Christian population of Al-Andalus (the Mozarabs). It was ordered by Emir Ali ibn Yusuf, who ruled the Almoravid Empire
Expulsion of Andalusi Christians in 1126
Expulsion_of_Andalusi_Christians_in_1126
Romance language
Muslim-controlled south, Christians living under Moorish rule, known as Mozarabs, maintained their Latin-derived speech, referred to as Andalusi Romance
Portuguese_language
Mozarab noble
Count of Portucale, might have been a contract to seal peace between the Mozarabs of Coimbra and the high nobility families of northern Portugal. The assets
Sisnando_Davides
Muslims living under Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista
Islam. The corresponding term for Christians living under Muslim rule is Mozarabs. Starting from the eleventh century, when larger regions previously under
Mudéjar
Clan
the Sado (near Alcácer do Sal); in Coimbra, in turn, they were next to Mozarabs the largest population group. Also in Lisbon there were Banu Dānis or Masmuda
Banu_Dānis
Capital of Andalusia and the Province of Seville, Spain
Hispalis. After the Umayyad invasion, this name remained in use among the Mozarabs, being adapted into Arabic as Išbīliya (إشبيلية): since the /p/ phoneme
Seville
Surname list
Fernandes. The Arabized version is Ibn Faranda and it was used by the Mozarabs and Muwallads in Al-Andalus. Fernández was on the list of Officers and
Fernández
region had a population of Christian Berbers; this was supplemented by Mozarabs who left Spain due to the Reconquista. The town is known for producing
Nefzaoua
Peninsula in southwestern Europe
stayed in Al-Andalus progressively arabised and became known as musta'arab (mozarabs). The slave population comprised the Ṣaqāliba (literally meaning "slavs"
Iberian_Peninsula
Mixed or Iberian Muslims in medieval Al-Andalus
more useful for agricultural and navigational purposes. Like the local Mozarabs (Iberian Christians under Muslim rule in the Al-Andalus who remained unconverted
Muladí
Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492)
Muslims, comprised eighty per cent of the population of al-Andalus by 1100. Mozarabs were Christians who had long lived under Muslim and Arab rule, adopting
Al-Andalus
Artistic style on the Iberian Peninsula
emerged in al-Andalus and in the kingdom of León. It's named after the Mozarabs (from musta'rab meaning "Arabized"), the Christians of al-Andalus. It was
Mozarabic art and architecture
Mozarabic_art_and_architecture
Spanish farmer and saint
the Farmer (Spanish: San Isidro Labrador) (c. 1070 – 15 May 1130), was a Mozarab farmworker who lived in medieval Madrid. Known for his piety toward the
Isidore_the_Laborer
Arabic word for God
Thomas E. Burman, Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs, Brill, 1994, p. 103 "How do you pronounce "Allah" (الله) correctly?".
Allah
Medieval Christian military campaigns
converted to Islam after the arrival of the Muslim Arabs and Berbers. The Mozarabs: Christians in Muslim-held lands. Some of them migrated to the north of
Reconquista
Form of Latin used in the Middle Ages
Numerous small states Region Latin Christianity (Most of Europe. Also among Mozarabs and Roman Africans) Era Developed from Late Latin between 4th and 10th
Medieval_Latin
Latin-language written work
Hispana) is a Latin-language history in 95 sections, written by an anonymous Mozarab (Christian) chronicler in Al-Andalus. The Chronicle contains the earliest
Chronicle_of_754
Arabic-speaking pre-Sephardic Jewish communities of the Middle East
Musta'arabi Jews (Arabic: المستعربين al-Mustaʿribīn "Mozarabs"; Hebrew: מוּסְתערבים Mustaʿravim) were the Arabic-speaking Jews who lived in the Middle
Musta'arabi_Jews
Municipality in Castile-La Mancha, Spain
and Mozarabs. Also a number of Moors from the south would increase the preexisting Muslim population of Talavera. Until 1290, Castilians and Mozarabs lived
Talavera_de_la_Reina
Medieval European architectural style
architecture in Germany of the Carolingian and Ottonian periods and Visigothic, Mozarab and Asturian constructions between the 8th and the 10th centuries in the
Romanesque_architecture
Municipality in Oeste e Vale do Tejo, Portugal
established a fortification on this mountain, while a Christian community of Mozarabs lived in the Moncharro neighbourhood. The city was taken from the Moors
Óbidos,_Portugal
Visigothic knight, 3rd Count of Coimbra (c. 715 – c. 760)
in early Al-Andalus, had a significant Christian population (known as Mozarabs), who were allowed to maintain their faith in exchange for paying the jizya
Flávio_Alarico
Umayyad commander in Hispania (died c. 720)
critical phase of the battle. Roger Collins takes an oblique reference in the Mozarab Chronicle par. 52 to mean the same thing. Reilly 2009, p. 52. Rogers, Clifford
Tariq_ibn_Ziyad
Civil parish in Algarve, Portugal
human settlement, was the gathering place for their gods. Christians (Mozarabs) that lived in this zone during the Muslim occupation erected the Church
Sagres_(Vila_do_Bispo)
Israeli undercover counter-terrorism units
Ladino-speaking Sephardic Jews following their expulsion from Spain in 1492, and the Mozarabs of al-Andalus. Members of mista‘arvim units are specifically trained to
Mista'arvim
forcibly took many thousands of Christians with him to Africa. The oppressed Mozarabs sent emissaries to the king of Aragon, Alphonso 1st le Batailleur (1104–1134)
Persecution_of_Christians
Process of growing Arab influence on non-Arab populations
the Mozarabic community. Besides Mozarabs, another group of people in Iberia eventually came to surpass the Mozarabs both in terms of population and Arabization
Arabization
9th-century Al-Andalus Muslim military commander
Portugal and settled near Mérida. In 868, leading a host of Muwallads and Mozarabs, he rebelled against Emir Muhammad I of Córdoba and after a heroic resistance
Ibn_Marwan_al-Jilliqi
Emblematic arch common in Moorish architecture
specifically borrowed from Islamic styles. Starting in the 9th century, some Mozarabs (Christians living under Muslim rule) left al-Andalus and settled in the
Horseshoe_arch
Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1761 to 1818
various historical sources that describe Madragana as either Moorish or Mozarab, which Valdes erroneously interpreted to mean that she was black. Although
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz
City in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain
time, the city's demographics featured a heterogeneous composition, with Mozarabs, Muslims, and Jews, to which incoming Christians from northern Iberia and
Toledo,_Spain
Romanesque Catholic building in Portugal
Portugal and chose Coimbra as capital. The first Count of Coimbra, the Mozarab Sisnando Davides, is buried in the cathedral. Coimbra (the Roman city of
Old_Cathedral_of_Coimbra
Surname list
a patronymic surname, meaning "son of Martín" (English: Martin). Among Mozarabs, the name was Arabized to "Mardanish" (e.g. Ibn Mardanish) (as well as
Martínez_(surname)
Topics referred to by the same term
Mozarabic may refer to: Andalusi Romance, also called the Mozarabic language Mozarabs, the Arabized Christians of the medieval Iberian Peninsula Mozarabic art
Mozarabic
Japanese Christian sect
religious persecution from 1555 to the Meiji Restoration. Inquisition Laramans Mozarabs Marrano/Anusim/Converso – comparable group of hidden Jews in Spain and
Kakure_Kirishitan
722 opening battle of the Reconquista of Spain
Iberia after the Umayyad conquest of 711. According to texts written by Mozarabs in northern Hispania during the late ninth century, the Visigoths in 718
Battle_of_Covadonga
Mozarab martyr and saint
Rudericus; Spanish: San Rodrigo; died 13 March 857) was a Christian priest of Mozarab background, venerated as one of the Martyrs of Córdoba. Tradition states
Saint_Roderick
Calendar year
Eudes) until 898. King Alfonso III repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs (Iberian Christians who have lived under Moorish rule) from Toledo in Al-Andalus
893
State in Islamic Iberia (756–1031 CE)
Peninsula were later referred to as Mozarabs, from Arabic must'arab (Arabic: مُسْتَعْرَب, lit. 'Arabized'). The term "Mozarab" has been used by historians in
Umayyad_state_of_Córdoba
Municipality in Centro, Portugal
the Mondego line, giving its government to Count D. Sisnando Davides, a Mozarab native of a settlement located in the vicinity of Montemor-o-Velho called
Montemor-o-Velho
death in 1091. The city would become an important settlement place for Mozarabs (Portuguese: moçárabes) arriving from Muslim lands to the south. Siege
Siege_of_Coimbra_(1064)
Spanish magistrate and explorer
younger son of a prominent family whose roots traced back to a high-ranking mozarab judge in Islamic Spain. His parents were city councilman Juan Vázquez de
Lucas_Vázquez_de_Ayllón
Christian kingdom in Iberia (1065–1833)
re-populated by inhabitants of Cantabria, Asturias, Vasconia and Visigothic and Mozarab origins. It had its own Romance dialect and customary laws. From the first
Kingdom_of_Castile
Al-Andalus Andalusi Muslims Andalusi Romance Indo-European 1300s AD Al-Andalus Mozarabs and Muladí Antrim Irish Indo-European 25 February 1983 County Antrim Irish
List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe
List_of_extinct_languages_and_dialects_of_Europe
adopted Arabic culture, and these Arabized Christians became known as Mozarabs. The era of Muslim rule before 1055 is often considered a "Golden Age"
Religion_in_Spain
Iberian Peninsula Kingdom of Aragon Mozarabs Almoravid dynasty Christian Tactic Victory Almoravid punish Mozarabs through the Expulsion of Andalusi Christians
List of wars involving ancient and medieval Spain
List_of_wars_involving_ancient_and_medieval_Spain
Municipality in Extremadura, Spain
Roman buildings, notably the Alcazaba fortress. In the 9th century, the Mozarabs of Mérida frequently rebelled against the Caliphate, contributing to the
Mérida,_Spain
was marked by the movements of the Muwallad (ethnic Iberian Muslims) and Mozarabs (Muslim-Iberia Christians). Muhammad I was succeeded by his son Mundhir
History_of_Islam
Traditional Spanish footwear
dance. The Spanish name of the espadrille, alpargata, is a derivative Mozarab al-párğa pl. al-parğāt of abarka. Avarca, a sandal from the Balearic Islands
Abarka
Municipality in Castile and León, Spain
Burgundy, settlers of Asturian, Leonese and Galician origin, as well as some Mozarabs. Zamora was granted a fuero in 1208. The most notable historic episode
Zamora,_Spain
Italian Medieval friar, travel writer and missionary
Thomas E. (1994). Religious polemic and the intellectual history of the Mozarabs, c.1050–1200, Leiden: Brill. Tolan, John V. (2002). Saracens: Islam in
Riccoldo_da_Monte_di_Croce
Fortress in Vila do Bispo, Portugal
Temple of the Raven. This temple would have been frequented mainly by Mozarabs, functioning until the 12th century, when the saint's mortal remains were
Fortress_of_Sagres
Visigothic Bible translator
conquest of Spain, Romulus' descendants had significant power over the Mozarabs of al-Andalus due to the fact that the representatives of Christian communities
Hafs_ibn_Albar
stayed in Al-Andalus progressively arabised and became known as musta'arab (mozarabs). Besides slaves of Iberian origin, the slave population also comprised
History_of_Spain
perfume-burners and the like. The Christian population of Muslim Spain (the Mozarabs) developed a style of Mozarabic art whose best known survivals are a series
Spanish_art
Minor local entity in Castile and León, Spain
the Middle Ages. Its name makes it clear that there was once a castle. Mozarabs from Al-Andalus lived there. It was a town with a Jewish quarter (aljama)
Orbaneja_del_Castillo
Muslim jurist (1058–1126)
battle of Arniswāl. During his campaign, he had received support from the Mozarabs, Christians living under Almoravid rule. On 30 March, Ibn Rushd went to
Ibn_Rushd_al-Jadd
Class of soldiers in the later Middle Ages
deportation of the Mozarab Christians from al-Andalus to North Africa in 1126 by the Almoravids. Once in the hostile Maghrebi environment, the Mozarabs would have
Farfanes
City in Spain
Kharijite Revolt around 740.[citation needed] Towards 846, a group of Mozarabs tried to repopulate the place, but a Muslim attack prevented that initiative
León,_Spain
Municipality in Andalusia, Spain
Ubbadat Al-Arab — Úbeda "of the Arabs" —, aiming to control the neighboring Mozarabs of Baeza. In the 11th century, it was contested among the taifa kingdoms
Úbeda
Calendar year
Altmann of Passau, German bishop and saint August 25 – Sisnando Davides, Mozarab military leader December 19 Adelaide of Susa, margravine of Turin Fujiwara
1091
regions in Northern Africa. At the time of the formation of al-Andalus, Mozarabs and Jews were allowed to remain and retain their slaves if they paid a
Slavery_in_Spain
Spanish town
the word mozarabs (the name of the town in the Middle Ages was Moharabes) referring to the first settlers of the town that were the Mozarabs. The town
Moarves_de_Ojeda
1126 battle during the Reconquista
Valencian Mozarabs, rather than territorial conquests. These Mozarabs repopulated the conquered lands of the Ebro and Jalón, while the Mozarabs who remained
Battle_of_Arnisol
Judge of Coimbra, count of the Christians of Coimbra (c. 690 – c. 735)
in early Al-Andalus, had a significant Christian population (known as Mozarabs), who were allowed to maintain their faith in exchange for paying the jizya
Flávio_Sisebuto_de_Coimbra
Al-Andalusian rebel political and military leader (c. 850 – 917)
fortified the nearby town of Ardales. He rallied disaffected Muwallads and Mozarabs to the cause by playing off resentment towards the taxation levels imposed
Umar_ibn_Hafsun
Hispano-Roman scholar (c. 560–636)
Seville. His tomb represented an important place of veneration for the Mozarabs during the centuries after the Arab conquest of Visigothic Hispania. In
Isidore_of_Seville
Municipality in Castile and León, Spain
the new inhabitants of the city of Ávila -Franks, Castilians, serranos, Mozarabs, Toroans, Portugueses and Bragançans, as well as with the occasional collaboration
Salamanca
building of the chapel, local craftsmen, mostly from Castile, would have been Mozarabs. This would account for the heavy Mozarabic influence on the architecture
San_Baudelio_de_Berlanga
castle of Bobastro near Ardales, in which he incited the Muwallads and Mozarabs to join his cause against the unfair, heavy taxation and humiliating treatment
Bobastro
Iberian King (c. 1040 – 1109)
Andalusian territory, reaching Málaga in 1106, and returned with many Mozarabs, who settled in his kingdom. In 1108 the troops of the Almoravid Tamim
Alfonso VI of León and Castile
Alfonso_VI_of_León_and_Castile
the Spanish-Portuguese (catalans, galicianss, andalusians, sephardim, mozarabs, gypsies et al.), Taíno Arauak and African (Yoruba, Bedouins, Egyptians
Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
Cultural_diversity_in_Puerto_Rico
Castilian warlord and Prince of Valencia from 1094 to 1099
dialectal Arabic word سيد sîdi or sayyid, which means "lord" or "master". The Mozarabs or the Arabs that served in his ranks may have addressed him in this way
El_Cid
influence on Spanish after Latin. It is thought that the bilingualism of the Mozarabs facilitated the large transfer of vocabulary from Arabic to Castilian.
History of the Spanish language
History_of_the_Spanish_language
Historical region of Muslim medieval Spain
incorporation into al-Andalus, the majority of the Christian population (Mozarabs) converted to Islam (muladis) and adopted the language and ways of life
Sharq_al-Andalus
Liturgical plainchant repertory of the Visigothic/Mozarabic rite of the Catholic Church
primarily associated with Hispania under Visigothic rule and later with the Mozarabs (Hispanic Catholic Christians living under Islamic rule and speaking Arabic)
Mozarabic_chant
Count of Coimbra
especially due to the growing Frankish predominance, an elite with whom the Mozarabs continued to dispute control of the city, despite being at a clear disadvantage
Martín_Muñoz
Art style of Europe between the fall of Rome and the 11th century
(See Asturian art). The Christians who lived in Moorish territory, the Mozarabs, created their own architectural and illumination style, Mozarabic art
Pre-Romanesque art and architecture
Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture
Municipality in Community of Madrid, Spain
Abd'Al-Salam [es], hence the name of Alcalá. The plains (presumably with sizeable Mozarab population) were however not fully abandoned during the middle ages. As
Alcalá_de_Henares
Peninsula, which led contemporaries to refer to the affected populations as "Mozarabs" (mozárabes in Spanish; moçárabes in Portuguese; derived from the Arabic
Islam_in_Europe
Art of Spain and Portugal after the Classical Age
century. Mozarabic art, art of mixed Arab-Spanish heritage made by the Mozarabs, the Christians under the Islamic rule. Repoblación art and architecture
Iberian pre-Romanesque art and architecture
Iberian_pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture
Muslim conquests by the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates
to North Africa after being deported from Islamic Spain were called the Mozarabs. They were recognised as forming the Moroccan Church by Pope Innocent IV
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb
11th-century count of Portugal
Years later, Mendo's granddaughter, Loba, married Sisnando Davides, a Mozarab of unknown background and certainly not of noble lineage, who was appointed
Mendo_Nunes
name Rabinatus (or Rapinatus) is well attested in Galicia and among the Mozarabs. Its meaning as a name is unclear. It may have a religious meaning of 'one
Rabinatus
rebellion. 880–928 Bobastro rebellion Emirate of Córdoba Muwallads and Mozarabs led by Umar ibn Hafsun Ibn Hafsun died in 917, his coalition then crumbled
List of revolutions and rebellions
List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions
collectively as the Martyrs of Córdoba. The Martyrs included at least two Mozarabs born in present-day Portugal: Sisenandus of Beja (patron saint of Beja)
Timeline of Portuguese history
Timeline_of_Portuguese_history
Visigothic knight, 2nd Count of Coimbra (c. 710 – c. 740)
in early Al-Andalus, had a significant Christian population (known as Mozarabs), who were allowed to maintain their faith in exchange for paying the jizya
Flávio_Ataúlfo_de_Coimbra
Church in Toledo, Spain
after Mary Magdalene (one of the companions of Jesus), it was founded by Mozarabs during Muslim rule. Its oldest documentary mention dates from 1153, and
Iglesia de la Magdalena, Toledo
Iglesia_de_la_Magdalena,_Toledo
Municipality in Navarre, Spain
three different religious communities were living there: the Muslims, the Mozarabs the Jews (see Jews in Tudela) In the aftermath of the conquest, community
Tudela
Spanish ensemble of stringed instruments
ribbons". Some instruments used for the early rondalla were influenced by the Mozarab musical instruments of the time, including the guitars, flutes and vihuelas
Rondalla
contributions of clearly Visigothic style, solutions contributed by the Mozarabs, and memories of the Roman style: Visigothic contributions: the horseshoe
Santa_María_de_Melque
Visigothic noblewoman
Iberia (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 15–16. Richard Hitchcock, Mozarabs in Medieval and Early Modern Spain: Identities and Influences (Routledge
Egilona
MOZARABS
MOZARABS
MOZARABS
MOZARABS
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Gentle
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Muslim, Telugu
Eminent; Distinguished
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Eye of Sun
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Teutonic
From the Willow Valley
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Tamil
Thiru Murugan | திர௠மà¯à®°à¯à®•à®¨
Wise, Knowledgeable, Attained realization
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Spiritual
Male
German
Pet form of Frisian Freddercke, FEDDE means "peaceful ruler." Also used as a pet form of other Frisian names beginning with frid, meaning "peace."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First
Girl/Female
Tamil
MOZARABS
MOZARABS
MOZARABS
MOZARABS
MOZARABS