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Electrical potential difference in the heart
cells of the heart (e.g., the sinoatrial node), the pacemaker potential (also called the pacemaker current) is the slow, positive increase in voltage across
Pacemaker_potential
Biological process in the heart
known as pacemaker cells, that have automatic action potential generation capability. In healthy hearts, these cells form the cardiac pacemaker and are
Cardiac_action_potential
Network of cells that facilitate rhythmic heart contraction
natural pacemaker is the heart's natural rhythm generator. It employs pacemaker cells that produce electrical impulses, known as cardiac action potentials, which
Natural_pacemaker
Medical device for artificially stimulating heart contractions
A pacemaker, also known as an artificial cardiac pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to
Pacemaker
A pacemaker action potential is the kind of action potential that provides a reference rhythm for the network. The pacemaker potential is the slow depolarization
Pacemaker_action_potential
Group of cells in the wall of the heart
action potentials, setting the rhythm of the heart (sinus rhythm), and so is known as the heart's natural pacemaker. The rate of action potentials produced
Sinoatrial_node
Neuron communication by electric impulses
action potentials at a regular rate, like an internal clock. The voltage traces of such cells are known as pacemaker potentials. The cardiac pacemaker cells
Action_potential
Autoregulation of arteries and arterioles
rhythm. Cardiac pacemaker cells, a type of cardiac myocyte in the SA node of heart, are an example of cells with a pacemaker potential.[citation needed]
Myogenic_mechanism
British physiologist (1924–2020)
first recordings using microelectrodes of the pacemaker potential in heart muscle to study the cardiac pacemaker. They researched the actions of acetylcholine
Otto_Hutter
Changes in membrane potential varying in size
diverse potentials such as receptor potentials, electrotonic potentials, subthreshold membrane potential oscillations, slow-wave potential, pacemaker potentials
Graded_potential
Electric current in the heart
The pacemaker current (If, or IKf, also called funny current) is an electric current in the heart that flows through the HCN channel or pacemaker channel
Pacemaker_current
Topics referred to by the same term
airline designator IF) If current, a component current in the cardiac pacemaker potential Immunofluorescence, a form of labeling substances with fluorescent
If
British biologist (born 1936)
D; Tsien, R. W. (1968). "Adrenaline: Mechanism of action on the pacemaker potential in cardiac Purkinje fibers". Science. 162 (3856): 916–7. Bibcode:1968Sci
Denis_Noble
Critical potential value
in the threshold potential are hence implicated. Since the 1940s, the concept of diastolic depolarization, or "pacemaker potential", has become established;
Threshold_potential
Science of elucidating, diagnosing, and treating the electrical activities of the heart
in this field include antiarrhythmic drug therapy and implantation of pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation
Cardiac_electrophysiology
Anticholinergic medication used as antidote for nerve agent poisoning
decrease the firing rate of the pacemaker cells by decreasing the slope of the pacemaker potential (phase 4 of the action potential); this decreases heart rate
Atropine
Activation of tension-generating sites in muscle
own action potentials spontaneously, which usually occur following a pacemaker potential or a slow wave potential. These action potentials are generated
Muscle_contraction
Medical condition
recorded as they leave the p-cells in the centre of the node [ see pacemaker potential ], followed by observing a delay in the onset of the p wave on the
Sinoatrial_block
Medication
and increased effective refractory periods, thus shown to suppress pacemaker potential of the SA node and return patients to a normal heart rhythm. In a
Dronedarone
Specialized cells used to improve heart regulation
A biological pacemaker is one or more types of cellular components that, when "implanted or injected into certain regions of the heart," produce specific
Biological_pacemaker
Aspect of heart function
transmits the signals generated by the sinoatrial node – the heart's pacemaker, to cause the heart muscle to contract, and pump blood through the body's
Cardiac_conduction_system
Static membrane potential in biology
always changing (such as cardiac pacemaker cells). For such cells there is never any "rest" and the "resting potential" is a theoretical concept. Other
Resting_potential
Heart rate below the normal range
definitive treatment with an implanted pacemaker. In atrioventricular causes of bradycardia, permanent pacemaker implantation is often required when no
Bradycardia
Rhythmic electrophysiological event in the gastrointestinal tract
gastrointestinal motility. Slow waves are generated and propagated by a class of pacemaker cells called the interstitial cells of Cajal, which also act as intermediates
Slow-wave_potential
Group of medical conditions characterized by irregular heartbeat
Treatments may include medications, medical procedures such as inserting a pacemaker, and surgery. Medications for a fast heart rate may include beta blockers
Arrhythmia
Isotope of plutonium
pacemaker. Another nuclear powered pacemaker was the Medtronics “Laurens-Alcatel Model 9000”. Approximately 1600 nuclear-powered cardiac pacemakers and/or
Plutonium-238
Heart rate exceeding normal resting rate
Junctional tachycardia Metabolic myopathy Multifocal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker mediated Pain Panic attack Pheochromocytoma Sinus tachycardia Sleep deprivation
Tachycardia
Devices generating electricity from radioisotope decay
equipment that must operate unattended for long periods, such as spacecraft, pacemakers, medical devices, underwater systems, and automated scientific stations
Atomic_battery
Medical condition
block. Since pacemaker correction of the third-degree block requires full-time pacing of the ventricles, a potential side effect is pacemaker syndrome, and
Third-degree atrioventricular block
Third-degree_atrioventricular_block
Intermembrane proteins
membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups
HCN_channel
Disorder of heart rhythm
(HB) is a disorder in the heart's rhythm due to a fault in the natural pacemaker. This is caused by an obstruction – a block – in the electrical conduction
Heart_block
Irish tax-registered medical device company
systems. They also created miniaturized devices like the world's smallest pacemaker and spinal cord stimulator. Medtronic was founded in 1949 in Minneapolis
Medtronic
Organ found in humans and other animals
potential. The cardiac action potential is created by the movement of specific electrolytes into and out of the pacemaker cells. The action potential
Heart
Enlargement of the heart muscle
use of a pacemaker has been advocated in a subset of individuals, to cause asynchronous contraction of the left ventricle. Since the pacemaker activates
Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy
Random electric fluctuations in neurons
action potential to occur, but sometimes it can be present in the form of an action potential; for example, stochastic oscillations in pacemaker neurons
Neuronal_noise
Heart condition
congenital heart disease, hyperkalemia, emphysema, mechanical shift and pacemaker-generated paced rhythm. Normal variation causing LAD is an age-related
Left_axis_deviation
Sudden or unexpected loss of heartbeat
Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices): developed in collaboration with the American
Cardiac_arrest
Device to be used for medical purposes
could shut down a combination heart defibrillator and pacemaker and reprogram it to deliver potentially lethal shocks or run out its battery. Jay Radcliff
Medical_device
2026 missing person case in Arizona, US
siblings released a video that appeared to address a person or group potentially connected to their mother's disappearance. In the message, Savannah said
Disappearance of Nancy Guthrie
Disappearance_of_Nancy_Guthrie
Abnormal heart rhythm due to faulty electrical connections in the heart
Electrical activity in the normal human heart begins when a cardiac action potential arises in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is located in the right atrium
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
Wolff–Parkinson–White_syndrome
1963 single by Gerry and the Pacemakers
written by Mitch Murray. It was recorded by Liverpudlian band Gerry and the Pacemakers, and became their debut single. This reached number one in the UK Singles
How_Do_You_Do_It?
Examination of the heart's electrical activity
healthy heart has an orderly progression of depolarization that starts with pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, spreads throughout the atrium, and passes
Electrocardiography
New Zealand hacker, programmer and computer security professional
notable works were the exploitation of various medical devices, including pacemakers and insulin pumps. Jack was known among industry experts for his influence
Barnaby_Jack
Autoimmune disease resulting in uncontrollable jerking motions
Sydenham's chorea (although pregnancy and female hormone treatment are also potential causes). It is historically one of the conditions called St Vitus' dance
Sydenham's_chorea
2019 attempt to beat a 2-hour marathon
May 2019. 41 pacemakers, rotating in and out in groups of 7, assisted Kipchoge throughout the attempt. Due to the presence of the pacemakers, delivery of
Ineos_1:59_Challenge
Public university in Reno, Nevada, US
2025. "2007 Newspaper Pacemaker Winners". Associated Collegiate Press. Retrieved June 13, 2025. "ACP - 2008 Newspaper Pacemaker Winners". Associated Collegiate
University_of_Nevada,_Reno
Medical device
implantation of an ICD system is similar to implantation of an artificial pacemaker. The first component or generator contains a computer chip or circuitry
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator
Complications resulting from surgical incision of the pericardium
placement after a myocardial infarction or heart attack), or due to pacemaker or pacemaker wire placement. The typical signs of post-pericardiotomy syndrome
Postpericardiotomy_syndrome
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
rhythmically at preferred frequencies. Bursting neurons have the potential to serve as pacemakers for synchronous network oscillations, and bursts of spikes
Neural_oscillation
Medical condition
the rate by which the organ beats – in other words, it is the heart's "pacemaker". The electrical activity of sinus rhythm originates in the sinoatrial
Junctional_rhythm
Muscular tissue of heart in vertebrates
Specialised modified cardiomyocytes known as pacemaker cells, set the rhythm of the heart contractions. The pacemaker cells are only weakly contractile without
Cardiac_muscle
amount of net inward current required to move the cell membrane potential during the pacemaker phase is extremely small, in the order of few pAs, but this
Diastolic_depolarization
Dutch neuroscientist (born 1963)
P.; Schaap, J.; Geurtsen, A. M. (2002). "Diurnal modulation of pacemaker potentials and calcium current in the mammalian circadian clock". Nature. 416
Cyriel_Pennartz
Failure of the heart to provide sufficient blood flow
shortness of breath. Depending on the case, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator may sometimes be recommended. In
Heart_failure
Fibers in the wall of the heart
setting heart rate unless the SA node is compromised (when they can act as pacemaker cells). They are influenced by electrical discharge from the sinoatrial
Purkinje_fibers
Energy collected from renewable resources
microelectromechanical systems (piezoMEMS), such as actuators for artificial organs and pacemakers or micropumps for drug delivery and reagent transfers, are vital for medical
Renewable_energy
Interstitial cells found in the gastrointestinal tract
Stretching GI muscles can affect the resting potentials of ICC and affect the frequency of pacemaker activity. Carbachol increases ICC activity through
Interstitial_cell_of_Cajal
Treatment for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias
heart muscle, ending the arrhythmia. Subsequently, the body's natural pacemaker in the sinoatrial node of the heart is able to re-establish normal sinus
Defibrillation
Irregular beating of the atria of the heart
of the heart allows electrical impulses generated by the heart's own pacemaker (the sinoatrial node) to spread to and stimulate the muscular layer of
Atrial_fibrillation
Interpretation of sensory information
interval timing, leading to the hypothesis that dopamine influences internal pacemaker, or "clock", activity. For instance, amphetamine, which increases concentrations
Perception
activity (ECA) is the spontaneous depolarization and repolarization of pacemaker cells known as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the smooth muscle
Basal_electrical_rhythm
Abnormally fast heart rhythm
small (1%) incidence of injuring the AV node, then requiring a permanent pacemaker. Cryoablation uses a catheter supercooled by nitrous oxide gas freezing
Supraventricular_tachycardia
Enlargement of the heart
Anti-arrhythmics: to maintain normal heart rhythm.[citation needed] Pacemaker: Coordinates contractions between ventricles. In people at risk of arrhythmias
Cardiomegaly
Change in a cell membrane potential causing it to become more negative
channels that mediate hyperpolarization. They were initially discovered in pacemaker cells of the heart. These channels are controlled by cAMP, and activated
Hyperpolarization_(biology)
Sudden temporary weakening of the heart muscle
including pheochromocytoma and thyrotoxicosis have been identified as potential risk factors for TTS. The relationship between thyroid function and stress
Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy
Local anesthetic
include: Heart block, second or third degree (without pacemaker) Severe sinoatrial block (without pacemaker) Serious adverse drug reaction to lidocaine or amide
Lidocaine
Recording of electrical signals of body organs
recordings made from within the heart such as with an artificial cardiac pacemaker or during an electrophysiology study, the signals recorded are considered
Electrogram
Fictional character on the American television/drama thriller Homeland
goes to Walden's office and texts Nazir the serial number of Walden's pacemaker so Nazir can remotely tamper with it. Brody then demands that Nazir let
Nicholas_Brody
Purposeful modulation of nervous system activity
"Implantable pacemaker for the heart". In Smyth CN (ed.). Medical electronics. Paris: Iliffe & Sons. Warren J, Nelson J (2000). "Pacemakers and ICD pulse
Neurostimulation
Therapeutic technique
with TENS devices, but notes that the reports on pacemakers are mixed: some non-programmable pacemakers were inhibited by TENS, but others were unaffected
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Transcutaneous_electrical_nerve_stimulation
Cuban-American cardiologist
to medicine also include the creation of the first de novo biological pacemaker and development of the cell therapy Deramiocel for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Eduardo_Marbán
Norwegian footballer and manager (born 1968)
revived nearly seven minutes later. He survived the episode and now has a pacemaker fitted. The heart attack was the result of a previously undetected heart
Ståle_Solbakken
English musician (born 1986)
the likely lad?". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2022. "Jamie T – Pacemaker". The Skinny. "This week's releases 15 January 2007". NME. Archived from
Jamie_T
Human disease (cancer)
neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs arise in the smooth muscle pacemaker interstitial cell of Cajal, or similar cells. They are defined as tumors
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor
Rapid quivering of the ventricles of the heart
myocardial cells. These may then act as pacemakers. The ventricles are then being stimulated by more than one pacemaker. Scar and dying tissue is inexcitable
Ventricular_fibrillation
British TV series (2019–present)
transference. Pierson undergoes rigorous physical screening, revealing he has a pacemaker, and SO15 is unable to access his phone. Pierson maintains his innocence
The_Capture_(TV_series)
Interruption of cardiac blood supply
shows any benefit to overall outcomes, and there is some evidence of potential harm. Aspirin, an antiplatelet drug, is given as a loading dose to reduce
Myocardial_infarction
Hematoma usually associated with traumatic brain injury
R (June 2014). "Acute subdural hematoma from bridging vein rupture: a potential mechanism for growth". Journal of Neurosurgery. 120 (6): 1378–1384. doi:10
Subdural_hematoma
Medical condition
evaluation, and those with LBBB and syncope or near-syncope may require a pacemaker. Some patients with LBBB, a markedly prolonged QRS (usually > 150 ms)
Left_bundle_branch_block
identities (or 'legends') for years, these agents' missions are identifying potential sources. The series focuses on French intelligence officer Guillaume "Malotru"
List_of_The_Bureau_episodes
Disease involving heart or blood vessels
a person could have surgery to replace the valve. For arrhythmias, a pacemaker can be put in place to help reduce abnormal heart rhythms and for a heart
Cardiovascular_disease
Elevation of the ST segment on an electrocardiogram
Any distortion in the shape, duration, or height of the cardiac action potential can distort the ST segment. An ST elevation is considered significant
ST_elevation
Stampede during protest in Belgrade, Serbia
Samardžić had suffered seven heart attacks due to the weapon's effect on his pacemaker, but later revised his statement, saying Samardžić had simply fallen ill
2025_Belgrade_stampede
Class of animals
muscles. The main structures of the heart are the sinus venosus, the pacemaker, the left atrium, the right atrium, the atrioventricular valve, the cavum
Reptile
Medical condition
after a heart attack, and reduce the risk of death in some patients. A pacemaker is a small device that's placed in the chest or abdomen to help control
Acute decompensated heart failure
Acute_decompensated_heart_failure
Muscular contraction-related structure in tissue
tissue is able to contract and release. This is due to the presence of “pacemaker cells,” which originate from the sinoatrial node. This structure allows
Diad
Skipped human heartbeat with ventricular origin
automaticity suggests foci of sub-pulmonic valvular pacemaker cells that have a subthreshold potential for firing. The basic rhythm of the heart raises these
Premature ventricular contraction
Premature_ventricular_contraction
Medical condition
of TTR amyloidosis. Ten to 20% of those with ATTR amyloidosis required pacemakers, usually due to high degree atrioventricular blocks. Observational cohort
Cardiac_amyloidosis
Reduction of blood flow to the heart
chance over five years, but others with lower risk may still find the potential benefits worth the associated risks. Clopidogrel plus aspirin (dual antiplatelet
Coronary_artery_disease
Narrowing of the exit of the heart's left ventricle
a suitable alternative. Conduction abnormalities requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation remain a common finding after TAVI due to the proximity
Aortic_stenosis
Medical intervention
popular as other means of pacing (like transcutaneous pacing, implanted pacemaker, epicardial pacing) because it is a temporary solution to pace the heart
Transvenous_pacing
Skipped beat with atrial origin
beats, in which the normal sinoatrial node fails, leaving a non-nodal pacemaker to initiate a late beat. The exact cause of PACs is unclear; while several
Premature_atrial_contraction
Blood clot within the heart's blood vessels
decrease coronary inflammation and subsequent thrombosis. Another realm of potential treatments in early stages of adoption is in therapeutic use of contrast
Coronary_thrombosis
English singer-songwriter (born 1988)
written when she was 16, was released in October 2007 on Jamie T's label Pacemaker Recordings. Only five hundred records were pressed. Following its showcase
Adele
Prime Minister of Israel (1996–1999; 2009–2021; 2022–present)
removed a small colon polyp that proved to be benign. On 22 July 2023, a pacemaker was implanted in his body. A hernia was discovered on him in March 2024
Benjamin_Netanyahu
Country in North America
major Canadian scientific contributions include the artificial cardiac pacemaker, mapping the visual cortex, the development of the electron microscope
Canada
Branch of medicine dealing with the heart
The action potentials generated in the pacemaker propagate throughout the heart in a specific pattern. The system that carries this potential is called
Cardiology
South Korean actress (born 1982)
Notes Ref. 2009 Secret Young-sook 2010 The Yellow Sea Joo-young 2012 Pacemaker Choi Min-kyung Masquerade Ahn Gae-shi 2014 One Thing She Doesn't Have
Lee_El
Medical imaging procedure
of a body. CT scans can be used in patients with metallic implants or pacemakers, for whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is contraindicated. Since its
CT_scan
Indian-American chronobiologist
expression of other components of the TTFL ectopically—or outside of pacemaker cells—and subsequently modify daily organismal behavior. Clk and other
Ravi_Allada
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
Boy/Male
Muslim
Peacemaker
Girl/Female
Tamil
Peacemaker, Who is calm and disciplined
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Peacemaker
Surname or Lastname
English (Norfolk)
English (Norfolk) : diminutive of Platt 1.English (Norfolk) : metonymic occupational name for a platemaker, from Old French platon ‘metal plate’.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Peacemaker
Boy/Male
Hindu
Peacemaker
Girl/Female
Hindu
Peacemaker, Who is calm and disciplined
Boy/Male
Arabic
Peacemaker; Mediator
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Peacemaker
Girl/Female
Muslim
Peacemaker
Girl/Female
Tamil
Peacemaker, Who is calm and disciplined
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Peacemaker
Girl/Female
Hindu
Peacemaker
Boy/Male
Arabic
Peacemaker; Mediator
Boy/Male
Tamil
Peacemaker
Girl/Female
Tamil
Peacemaker, Who is calm and disciplined
Girl/Female
Hindu
Peacemaker, Who is calm and disciplined
Girl/Female
Indian, Swedish
Quiet; Peacemaker
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German, Polish, Slavic
Peacemaker; From a Polish Word; Proclamation of Peace; Someone who Destroys Opponent's Prestige; Glory During Battle
Girl/Female
Hindu
Peacemaker, Who is calm and disciplined
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
Female
English
The origin of the American southern "Dixie" is uncertain; however, Louisiana dollars had the French word dix printed on them, DIXIE means "tenth," and this may have been what inspired the song about "the land of dixies," and later the name itself.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Pakistani
Beautiful Like Moon.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Unscathed; Perfect
Girl/Female
Irish
The name comes from fionn + ghuala “fair shouldered.†The chieftan King Lir and his wife Aobh had a daughter Fionnoula and three sons Aedh, Conn and Fiachra. When Aodh died Lir’s new wife Aoife was so jealous of her husband’s love for his children that she cast a spell on them and turned them into swans and condemned them to spend 300 years on Lake Daravarragh, 300 years on the Sea of Moyle and 300 years on Innis Glora. However, if they heard a Christian bell in Ireland they would become people again. One morning they were awakened by the sound of a Mass bell. St. Patrick had arrived. The children were brought to him and he baptised them and they have lived on in Irish mythology as the “Children of Lir†(read the legend).
Female
Russian
(Любa) Variant spelling of Russian Lyuba, LIOUBA means "love."
Boy/Male
Biblical
Dyer's vat.
Girl/Female
Indian
Princess
Girl/Female
Hindu
Amrit or nectar or pure water, Part of God
Girl/Female
Hindu
Indian king
Girl/Female
Australian, British, Christian, English
A Colour Name; A Lavender Flower
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
PACEMAKER POTENTIAL
n.
In the theory of gravitation, or of other forces acting in space, a function of the rectangular coordinates which determine the position of a point, such that its differential coefficients with respect to the coordinates are equal to the components of the force at the point considered; -- also called potential function, or force function. It is called also Newtonian potential when the force is directed to a fixed center and is inversely as the square of the distance from the center.
a.
Having the power of acting or of invisible efficacy without the agency of the material or sensible part; potential; energizing.
n.
One who, or that which, makes a way or path.
n.
The energy of an electrical charge measured by its power to do work; hence, the degree of electrification as referred to some standard, as that of the earth; electro-motive force.
n.
Anything that may be possible; a possibility; potentially.
n.
Figuratively: The potential or animating principle, also, the period of duration, of anything that is conceived of as resembling a natural organism in structure or functions; as, the life of a state, a machine, or a book; authority is the life of government.
n.
An instrument for measuring in volts the differences of potential between different points of an electrical circuit.
a.
Existing in possibility, not in actuality.
n.
The quality or state of being potential; possibility, not actuality; inherent capability or disposition, not actually exhibited.
n.
A peacemaker.
adv.
With power; potently.
adv.
In a potential manner; possibly, not positively.
a.
The quality in consequence of which an electric charge tends to discharge itself, as into the air by a spark, or to pass from a body of greater to one of less electrical potential. It varies as the quantity of electricity upon a given area.
n.
An instrument for measuring or comparing electrial potentials or electro-motive forces.
n.
One who makes peace by reconciling parties that are at variance.
n.
The standard unit in the measure of electrical resistance, being the resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere. As defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893, and by United States Statute, it is a resistance substantially equal to 109 units of resistance of the C.G.S. system of electro-magnetic units, and is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice 14.4521 grams in mass, of a constant cross-sectional area, and of the length of 106.3 centimeters. As thus defined it is called the international ohm.
n.
One who, or that which, pacifies; a peacemaker.
n.
The potential principle, or force, by which the organs of animals and plants are started and continued in the performance of their several and cooperative functions; the vital force, whether regarded as physical or spiritual.
n.
Electric potential or potential difference, expressed in volts.
n.
Potentiality; efficacy; potential existence.