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1950s movement in Indian cinema
Parallel cinema, or New Indian Cinema, is a film movement in Indian cinema that originated in the state of West Bengal in the 1950s as an alternative to
Parallel_cinema
Underground film movement in the Soviet Union
Soviet parallel cinema is a genre of film and underground cinematic movement that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1970s onwards. The term parallel cinema
Soviet_parallel_cinema
commercial masala films, a distinctive genre of art films known as parallel cinema has also existed, presenting realistic content and avoidance of musical
Hindi_cinema
film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema. This period saw the emergence of the parallel cinema movement, which emphasised social realism. Mainly
Cinema_of_India
for his works in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty
Ram_Gopal_Varma_filmography
Indian actress (born 1954)
(1983). While mostly prolific in popular Hindi cinema, during this time she ventured into parallel cinema, a movement of neo-realist arthouse films. These
Rekha
1979 Indian film
screenplay, while Parallel Cinema veteran K.K. Mahajan provided the cinematography. Sony Music India would later release a Cinema Cinema soundtrack album
Cinema_Cinema
Film genre
and Maximalist cinema Mubi (streaming service) Music video New Hollywood No wave cinema Parallel Cinema Postmodernist film Slow cinema Souvenirs from
Art_film
Indian actor and politician (born 1948)
in theatre plays, parallel cinema and television shows. He was honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his contribution to cinema for the year 2024.
Anant_Nag
2026 French film by Asghar Farhadi
Neuhoff of Le Figaro declared Parallel Tales "boring and conventional", looking like a French film. "Registres du cinéma et de l'audiovisuel (RCA)". rca
Parallel_Tales
Indian film director, screenwriter and producer
for his work in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty
Ram_Gopal_Varma
1998 Indian film by Mani Ratnam
Preity Zinta makes her film debut in a supporting role. An example of parallel cinema, it is noted as the final installment in Ratnam's trilogy consisting
Dil_Se..
1984 Indian film
seminal work of India's Parallel Cinema movement. The movie stars several big actors who were prominent in the Indian art cinema scene of the early '80s
Tarang_(film)
Shruthi, Soundarya, Prema among others. Kannada cinema contributed majorly to the parallel cinema movement of India. Directors like Girish Kasaravalli
Kannada_cinema
(1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies
Smita_Patil_filmography
Indian actress (1955–1986)
(1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies
Smita_Patil
Indian actor (b. 1944)
the Delhi-based theatre group borkh in 1974. He worked in several parallel cinema films before working in the mainstream Hindi film industry. He appeared
Kulbhushan_Kharbanda
Indian actress (born 1950)
has spanned over 160 films, mostly within independent and neorealist parallel cinema, though her work extended to mainstream films as well as a number of
Shabana_Azmi
1974 film by Shyam Benegal
belongs to the genre of Indian art films, or more precisely, Indian parallel cinema. The plot is based on a true story that occurred in Hyderabad, apparently
Ankur_(film)
century. Over the years, Telugu filmmakers have also ventured into parallel and arthouse cinema. Films like Daasi (1988), Thilaadanam (2000), and Vanaja (2006)
Telugu_cinema
Branch of Indian cinema
Malayalam cinema, also referred to as Mollywood, is a segment of Indian cinema dedicated to producing films in the Malayalam language, primarily spoken
Malayalam_cinema
Indian actor (born 1976)
portrayal of complex characters on screen, and is vocal in his support for parallel cinema in India. Deol owns a production company, Forbidden Films, which he
Abhay_Deol
Punjabi cinema, also known as Pollywood or Punjwood, is cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Punjabi-language widely spoken in
Punjabi_cinema
arthouse films, a movement of neo-realist films known in India as parallel cinema, often to favourable reviews. These films included Kalyug (1981), Umrao
Rekha_filmography
Indian actor (born 1950)
Hindi films. One of the most prolific actors of Indian cinema, especially in the parallel cinema movement, he has also starred in various international
Naseeruddin_Shah
Russian art movement
1980s outside of the official Soviet Goskino State Cinema system became known as Parallel Cinema. Necrorealist works often explore the themes of death
Necrorealism
Genre of fiction, primarily American, in various media
pp. 652–653. ISBN 0-19-507678-8. Campbell, Neil (2013). Post-westerns : cinema, region, West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4619-3720-3
Contemporary_Western
Russian stage and film director (1957–2025)
1990s and was one of the founders of the Soviet Parallel Cinema movement, which provided an alternative cinema to that which was produced by the state. His
Boris_Yukhananov
Bangladeshi films
have made significant contributions to Bangladeshi mainstream cinema, parallel cinema, and art films. Some have also won global acclaim. On 28 December
Cinema_of_Bangladesh
next decade by venturing into neorealist art films, known in India as parallel cinema, including Drishti (1990), Lekin... (1990), and Rudaali (1993). All
Dimple_Kapadia_filmography
Indian cinematographer (1944–2007)
2007) was an Indian cinematographer who was known for his work in Parallel Cinema. In a career that spanned over four decades, he won four National Film
K._K._Mahajan
Indian actor (1948–2013)
death on 28 December 2013. His major contribution was in Parallel Cinema or the New Indian Cinema. He worked with directors like Satyajit Ray, Sai Paranjpye
Farooq_Sheikh
1973 Indian drama film
Shyam Benegal. Both are considered landmarks of Parallel Cinema in Hindi. Parallel cinema had already started flourishing in other parts of India, especially
Garm_Hava
Topics referred to by the same term
to: Neorealism (art) Italian neorealism (film) Indian neorealism or parallel cinema Nouveau réalisme [Lit: New Realism] (1960s France) Neorealism (international
Neorealism
2010 film directed by Kiran Rao
Festival and was released on 21 January 2011 in cinemas. The film being mainly tagged as an art and parallel cinema was critically well-received, although it
Dhobi_Ghat_(film)
Indian filmmaker, theatre personality
industry and a pioneer of parallel cinema. He is one of the few film directors to have straddled the mainstream and parallel cinema worlds. T S Nagabharana
T._S._Nagabharana
1986 Indian film
the film is part of India's neorealist art films, known in India as parallel cinema. The cast is as follows: Rekha as Saraswasti Pillai Naseeruddin Shah
Musafir_(1986_film)
1980s saw Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil emerge as leading figures of 'Parallel Cinema' for their strong and realistic portrayals, in contrast to contemporary
List_of_Hindi_film_actresses
Indian crime thriller franchise
his commercial as well as critical success, Company, an example of parallel cinema, was based on the real-life underworld organization, the D-Company
Gangster_(franchise)
1987 film directed by Gulzar
each other. The film belongs to the art-house genre in India known as Parallel Cinema, and won two National Film Awards in the music category. A book based
Ijaazat
1955 film by Satyajit Ray
described as a turning point in Indian cinema, as it was among the films that helped pioneer the parallel cinema movement, which espoused authenticity
Pather_Panchali
Indian actress (born 1957)
she took on more dramatic roles in both mainstream and neorealist parallel cinema. Appearing in films ranging from marital dramas to literary adaptations
Dimple_Kapadia
Indian film director (1923–2018)
Ritwik Ghatak, and Tapan Sinha, Sen played a major role in India's parallel cinema movement, which offered a realistic, socially aware counterpoint to
Mrinal_Sen
Indian film actor and politician (born 27 July 1967)
superstar of Indian arthouse cinema" while Maxim named him "the Sean Penn of Oriental cinema" for his work in parallel cinema films like English, August
Rahul_Bose
1986 Indian film
The film belongs to the art house cinematic genre, known in India as parallel cinema. Sharda (Sharmila Tagore) is in love with a young man named Satya Prakash
Swati_(1986_film)
1946 film by Chetan Anand
was a pioneering effort in social realism in Indian cinema and led to many such parallel cinema films by other directors, many of them also written by
Neecha_Nagar
Indian film director
2011) was an Indian director of Hindi films and a figure in Indian parallel cinema. He graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII)
Mani_Kaul
Indian actor, film director (Born February 1961)
Film and Television Institute of India (FTII). Kapoor started out in Parallel Cinema, making his debut in the 1989 Kumar Shahani film Khayal Gatha. When
Rajat_Kapoor
Italian film movement
films all over the world. It also influenced film directors of India's Parallel Cinema movement, including Satyajit Ray (who directed the award-winning Apu
Italian_neorealism
Institutions of filmmaking
movies, India also offers a different approach to cinema: the parallel cinema. The parallel cinema movement originated in West Bengal around the 1950s
Film_industry
1953 film directed by Bimal Roy
an important film in the early parallel cinema of India, and a trend setter. Inspired by Italian neo-realistic cinema, Bimal Roy made Do Bigha Zamin after
Do_Bigha_Zamin
1973 Indian film
Guerrilla Fighter) is a 1973 Bengali drama film directed by noted Parallel Cinema director Mrinal Sen, under the banner of Mrinal Sen Productions. This
Padatik_(1973_film)
1972 Indian film
directed by Kumar Shahani. It is a significant work of the Indian Parallel Cinema movement which started during the 1950s with filmmakers Satyajit Ray
Maya_Darpan
painter, born in Leningrad. He was a founding member of the Soviet parallel cinema movement. Yufit first became famous for his macabre short films, which
Yevgeny_Yufit
film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema. This period saw the emergence of the parallel cinema movement, which emphasised social realism. Mainly
History_of_cinema_of_India
Film director (born12 November 1962)
director, producer, actress, poet and social activist associated with parallel cinema. Satarupa Sanyal was born on 12 November 1962 to a middle-class family
Satarupa_Sanyal
1975 Indian film
with dialogues by Satyadev Dubey. The film features an ensemble of parallel cinema actors including Girish Karnad, Amrish Puri, Shabana Azmi, Mohan Agashe
Nishant_(film)
Indian actor (b. 1969)
Ganpatravanchi (1995). He continued working predominantly in Marathi parallel cinema, appearing in films such as Sarkarnama (1998), Kairee (2000) and Dhyaas
Upendra_Limaye
Indian film director
working more on realistic, low-budget films, which are known in India as parallel cinema. Her films were often woman-oriented. She had been for a long time
Kalpana_Lajmi
Indian Film Producer (1951–2008)
financier, producer and distributor, in mainstream Bollywood, as well parallel cinema.[citation needed] He is most known as producer of Academy Award-nominated
Jhamu_Sughand
Indian actor and producer (1938–2017)
Indian cinema. Apart from his work in mainstream Hindi films, he is known for acting and producing several acclaimed films of parallel cinema such as
Shashi_Kapoor
Indian director and screenwriter (1934–2024)
screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as a pioneer of parallel cinema, he is considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He
Shyam_Benegal
Indian film actor and producer (born 1962)
in the Special Mention category. In 2010, Prosenjit transitioned to parallel cinema through Srijit Mukherji's Autograph, for which he was nominated at
Prosenjit_Chatterjee
Indian film director and screenwriter (1940–2024)
2024) was an Indian film director and screenwriter, best known for his parallel cinema films Maya Darpan (1972), Tarang (1984), Khayal Gatha (1989) and Kasba
Kumar_Shahani
Indian cinema
film industry is known for producing many of Indian cinema's most critically acclaimed Parallel Cinema and art films, with several of its filmmakers gaining
Cinema_of_West_Bengal
Political film movement started in the 1960s
Hollywood model of cinema as mere entertainment to make money (First Cinema), as well as the individualistic, European film d'auteur (Second Cinema). The term
Third_Cinema
Indian actress (born 1969)
Joshi garnered recognition and acclaim when she ventured into the parallel cinema movement, with roles in critically acclaimed films like; Bhujangayyana
Pallavi_Joshi
2001 film by Shyam Benegal
of one of Benegal's best works blurring the lines of commercial and parallel cinema. Zubeidaa is the story of Riyaz's search to understand his mother,
Zubeidaa
2024 Indian documentary film
cultural figure Aparna Sen, known for her contributions to Indian parallel cinema through films like 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981) and Parama (1985). The
Parama: A Journey with Aparna Sen
Parama:_A_Journey_with_Aparna_Sen
1976 Indian film
Tendulkar himself wrote the screenplay. Coming at the height of the Parallel cinema movement in India, the film was an experiment in collective filmmaking
Ghashiram_Kotwal_(film)
1982 Indian film
Singh and Simple Kapadia. The movie bridges the mainstream genre with Parallel Cinema. Rekha received a nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award, the only
Jeevan_Dhaara
Mid-20th century French cinema movement
bāgu) New German Cinema (German New Wave) New Hollywood (American New Wave) Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel Cinema (Indian New Wave) Novo Cinema (Portuguese New
French_New_Wave
Indian film and television actor
Om-Dar-B-Dar (1988), which became a cult classic. He has acted in numerous parallel cinema projects with director Shyam Benegal, such as Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda
Lalit_Tiwari
Indian actress
a final year student there in 1976. The short film was noticed in parallel cinema circles earning work for many of the students involved in the film
Anjali_Paigankar
1970 Indian film
the film. It is considered a path-breaking film that pioneered the parallel cinema movement in Kannada. Samskara won the National Film Award for Best
Samskara_(film)
Malayalam film movement
traversed a new path between popular and parallel cinema. Rather unlike the earlier Parallel Cinema and Middle Cinema in Malayalam, where regionally rooted
New generation (Malayalam film movement)
New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)
1975 Indian film
Awards, upon release. An experimental film, it has influenced the parallel cinema movement in Kerala to a great extent. Ravi is an unemployed MA graduate
Uttarayanam
1992 Indian film by Aziz Mirza
Gaya Gentleman was released in Japan on 17 May 1997. While Indian parallel cinema, including Satyajit Ray's Bengali films such as The Apu Trilogy, was
Raju_Ban_Gaya_Gentleman
prominence during this time for her contributions to both mainstream and parallel cinema. Other notable actresses of the 1970s included Usha Naik, Kanan Kaushal
List of Marathi film actresses
List_of_Marathi_film_actresses
2013 film written and directed by Amit Kumar
the Official Midnight Screenings section. Belonging to the school of Parallel cinema, Monsoon Shootout was released worldwide four years later on 15 December
Monsoon_Shootout
1993 Indian Hindi-language film
labelled part of India's neo-realist parallel cinema, but it employed several of the common elements of mainstream Hindi cinema, including songs composed by Bhupen
Rudaali
Indian film director
screenwriter and producer, known for his works in Hindi cinema, particularly the movement of parallel cinema. He has been the recipient of six National Film Awards
Govind_Nihalani
Film and TV genre
narratives and styles such as buddy films, superhero films, and Hong Kong action cinema featuring various actors such as Jackie Chan. Action comedy has also been
Action_comedy
Indian actress (born 1959)
(1993), and Cotton Mary (1999). She also made an impression in Indian parallel cinema such as Mandi (1983), Rihaee (1988), Drishti (1990) and Suraj Ka Satvan
Neena_Gupta
Indian film actor, director and producer
for his works predominantly in Hindi cinema, and few Telugu films. He is known for his works in parallel cinema, such as Hyderabad Blues (1997), Rockford
Nagesh_Kukunoor
Italian Western subgenre
List of spaghetti Western filmmakers Cinema of Italy List of spaghetti Westerns Co-productions in Spanish cinema Ostern Revisionist Western ZWAM, a youth
Spaghetti_Western
Western subgenre
Objectivity New Queer No Wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Pan-Indian film Parallel cinema Persian Film Philippine New Wave Poetic realist Polish Film School
Acid_Western
1991 Indian film
playwright Anton Chekhov. The movie is an important work in the Indian Parallel Cinema movement which started in the early 1970s. It is one of the last films
Kasba_(film)
Indian actor (born 1954)
Thereafter he appeared in a string of art films that came under the parallel cinema category, with leading art films directors, starting with Shyam Benegal's
Pankaj_Kapur
Indian actor
Punjabi cinema, who was active from 1950 to his death in the late 1980s. He appeared in over 250 films. These films spanned the parallel cinema of Guru
Moolchand
Motion pictures without synchronized recorded sound
"Silent film" is typically used as a historical term to describe an era of cinema prior to the invention of synchronized sound, which was the 1890s to the
Silent_film
Indian filmmaker in Tollywood
Akkineni Kutumba Rao is an Indian filmmaker known for his work in Telugu parallel cinema, and documentary films. He won three International awards, two Nandi
Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao
1985 awards for Hindi cinema
most-awarded films at the ceremony. This year, the trend backed away from Parallel Cinema as more commercial films won awards.[citation needed] Shabana Azmi
32nd_Filmfare_Awards
Indian actress (born 1985)
audience. The critic's consensus was "A masterpiece that lovers of parallel cinema would thoroughly enjoy. This unconventional and heart-breaking folk
Rasika_Dugal
Index of lists with the same name
Vague, the inaugural New Wave cinema movement Australian New Wave Austrian New Wave Indian New Wave, or Parallel cinema Japanese New Wave, or Nuberu Bagu
List_of_New_Wave_movements
Indian-American actress (born 1952)
and writer, predominantly active in Hindi cinema. One of the leading actresses of parallel Indian cinema, Naval is known for her portrayals of emotionally
Deepti_Naval
Western film subgenre
Phillips, James (ed.). Cinematic Thinking: Philosophical Approaches to the New Cinema. Stanford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8047-5800-0. He called his
Revisionist_Western
1982 awards for Hindi cinema
The 29th Filmfare Awards were held in 1982. Films belonging to the Parallel Cinema and Indian New Wave won most of the awards at the ceremony, signaling
29th_Filmfare_Awards
Term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent
Retrieved 9 June 2022. "Sholay: Iconic Bollywood film releases in Pakistan cinemas – BBC News". Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 18
Dacoity
Indian cinematographer
cinematographer, and motorbike enthusiast. He was involved in India's parallel cinema movement and is best known for his work in Duvidha, Devi Ahilya Bai
Navroze_Contractor
travel, tourism, insurance
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