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1950s movement in Indian cinema
Parallel cinema, or New Indian Cinema, is a film movement in Indian cinema that originated in the state of West Bengal in the 1950s as an alternative to
Parallel_cinema
commercial masala films, a distinctive genre of art films known as parallel cinema has also existed, presenting realistic content and avoidance of musical
Hindi_cinema
Underground film movement in the Soviet Union
Soviet parallel cinema is a genre of film and underground cinematic movement that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1970s onwards. The term parallel cinema
Soviet_parallel_cinema
film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema. This period saw the emergence of the parallel cinema movement, which emphasised social realism. Mainly
Cinema_of_India
1979 Indian film
screenplay, while Parallel Cinema veteran K.K. Mahajan provided the cinematography. Sony Music India would later release a Cinema Cinema soundtrack album
Cinema_Cinema
for his works in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty
Ram_Gopal_Varma_filmography
Indian actress (born 1954)
(1983). While mostly prolific in popular Hindi cinema, during this time she ventured into parallel cinema, a movement of neo-realist arthouse films. These
Rekha
Indian actress (1955–1986)
(1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies
Smita_Patil
Film genre
and Maximalist cinema Mubi (streaming service) Music video New Hollywood No wave cinema Parallel Cinema Postmodernist film Slow cinema Souvenirs from
Art_film
Bangladeshi films
have made significant contributions to Bangladeshi mainstream cinema, parallel cinema, and art films. Some have also won global acclaim. On 28 December
Cinema_of_Bangladesh
arthouse films, a movement of neo-realist films known in India as parallel cinema, often to favourable reviews. These films included Kalyug (1981), Umrao
Rekha_filmography
Branch of Indian cinema
Malayalam cinema, also referred to as Mollywood, is a segment of Indian cinema dedicated to producing films in the Malayalam language, primarily spoken
Malayalam_cinema
Indian actor (born 1950)
primarily in Hindi films. One of the finest actors of Indian cinema especially in the parallel cinema, he has also starred in various international productions
Naseeruddin_Shah
century. Over the years, Telugu filmmakers have also ventured into parallel and arthouse cinema. Films like Daasi (1988), Thilaadanam (2000), and Vanaja (2006)
Telugu_cinema
Indian film director, screenwriter and producer
for his work in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty
Ram_Gopal_Varma
Indian actress (born 1950)
has spanned over 160 films, mostly within independent and neorealist parallel cinema, though her work extended to mainstream films as well as a number of
Shabana_Azmi
Indian actor (b. 1944)
the Delhi-based theatre group borkh in 1974. He worked in several parallel cinema films before working in the mainstream Hindi film industry. He appeared
Kulbhushan_Kharbanda
Political film movement started in the 1960s
Referring to it as “second cinema” or "author's cinema", the problem begins with the genre's attempt to exist parallel, be distributed by, and funded
Third_Cinema
Indian actor (born 1976)
portrayal of complex characters on screen, and is vocal in his support for parallel cinema in India. Deol owns a production company, Forbidden Films, which he
Abhay_Deol
1998 Indian film by Mani Ratnam
Preity Zinta makes her film debut in a supporting role. An example of parallel cinema, it is noted as the final installment in Ratnam's trilogy consisting
Dil_Se..
(1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies
Smita_Patil_filmography
Indian actor (1948–2013)
death on 28 December 2013. His major contribution was in Parallel Cinema or the New Indian Cinema. He worked with directors like Satyajit Ray, Sai Paranjpye
Farooq_Sheikh
Indian actor and politician (born 1948)
Malayalam and English languages. He has featured in theatre plays, parallel cinema and television shows. Nag made his feature film debut through Sankalpa
Anant_Nag
1974 film by Shyam Benegal
belongs to the genre of Indian art films, or more precisely, Indian parallel cinema. The plot is based on a true story that occurred in Hyderabad, apparently
Ankur_(film)
1955 film by Satyajit Ray
described as a turning point in Indian cinema, as it was among the films that helped pioneer the parallel cinema movement, which espoused authenticity
Pather_Panchali
1980s saw Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil emerge as leading figures of 'Parallel Cinema' for their strong and realistic portrayals, in contrast to contemporary
List_of_Hindi_film_actresses
Shruthi, Soundarya, Prema among others. Kannada cinema contributed majorly to the parallel cinema movement of India. Directors like Girish Kasaravalli
Kannada_cinema
Russian art movement
1980s outside of the official Soviet Goskino State Cinema system became known as Parallel Cinema. Necrorealist works often explore the themes of death
Necrorealism
next decade by venturing into neorealist art films, known in India as parallel cinema, including Drishti (1990), Lekin... (1990), and Rudaali (1993). All
Dimple_Kapadia_filmography
Indian cinema
film industry is known for producing many of Indian cinema's most critically acclaimed Parallel Cinema and art films, with several of its filmmakers gaining
Cinema_of_West_Bengal
Indian film director
screenwriter and producer, known for his works in Hindi cinema, particularly the movement of parallel cinema. He has been the recipient of six National Film Awards
Govind_Nihalani
Indian Film Producer (1951–2008)
financier, producer and distributor, in mainstream Bollywood, as well parallel cinema.[citation needed] He is most known as producer of Academy Award-nominated
Jhamu_Sughand
Punjabi cinema, also known as Pollywood or Punjwood, is cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Punjabi-language widely spoken in
Punjabi_cinema
1984 Indian film
seminal work of India's Parallel Cinema movement. The movie stars several big actors who were prominent in the Indian art cinema scene of the early '80s
Tarang_(film)
prominence during this time for her contributions to both mainstream and parallel cinema. Other notable actresses of the 1970s included Usha Naik, Anjali Paigankar
List of Marathi film actresses
List_of_Marathi_film_actresses
1986 Indian film
The film belongs to the art house cinematic genre, known in India as parallel cinema. Sharda (Sharmila Tagore) is in love with a young man named Satya Prakash
Swati_(1986_film)
1987 film directed by Gulzar
each other. The film belongs to the art-house genre in India known as Parallel Cinema, and won two National Film Awards in the music category. A book based
Ijaazat
Indian film actor and politician (born 27 July 1967)
superstar of Indian arthouse cinema" while Maxim named him "the Sean Penn of Oriental cinema" for his work in parallel cinema films like English, August
Rahul_Bose
Indian film actor and producer (born 1962)
in the Special Mention category. In 2010, Prosenjit transitioned to parallel cinema through Srijit Mukherji's Autograph, for which he was nominated at
Prosenjit_Chatterjee
Institutions of filmmaking
movies, India also offers a different approach to cinema: the parallel cinema. The parallel cinema movement originated in West Bengal around the 1950s
Film_industry
2010 film directed by Kiran Rao
Festival and was released on 21 January 2011 in cinemas. The film being mainly tagged as an art and parallel cinema was critically well-received, although it
Dhobi_Ghat_(film)
2001 film by Shyam Benegal
of one of Benegal's best works blurring the lines of commercial and parallel cinema. Zubeidaa is the story of Riyaz's search to understand his mother,
Zubeidaa
Indian crime thriller franchise
his commercial as well as critical success, Company, an example of parallel cinema, was based on the real-life underworld organization, the D-Company
Gangster_(franchise)
1986 Indian film
the film is part of India's neorealist art films, known in India as parallel cinema. The cast is as follows: Rekha as Saraswasti Pillai Naseeruddin Shah
Musafir_(1986_film)
Indian cinematographer (1944–2007)
2007) was an Indian cinematographer who was known for his work in Parallel Cinema. In a career that spanned over four decades, he won four National Film
K._K._Mahajan
film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema. This period saw the emergence of the parallel cinema movement, which emphasised social realism. Mainly
History_of_cinema_of_India
2026 French film by Asghar Farhadi
Neuhoff of Le Figaro declared Parallel Tales "boring and conventional", looking like a French film. "Registres du cinéma et de l'audiovisuel (RCA)". rca
Parallel_Tales
1984 Indian film
Saeed Akhtar Mirza, based on his own story, during the Parallel Cinema period of Indian cinema. The film is a comic satire on a judicial system, where
Mohan_Joshi_Hazir_Ho!
1973 Indian drama film
Shyam Benegal. Both are considered landmarks of Parallel Cinema in Hindi. Parallel cinema had already started flourishing in other parts of India, especially
Garm_Hava
Italian film movement
films all over the world. It also influenced film directors of India's Parallel Cinema movement, including Satyajit Ray (who directed the award-winning Apu
Italian_neorealism
Indian actor and producer (1938–2017)
Indian cinema. Apart from his work in mainstream Hindi films, he is known for acting and producing several acclaimed films of parallel cinema such as
Shashi_Kapoor
Indian film director
2011) was an Indian director of Hindi films and a figure in Indian parallel cinema. He graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII)
Mani_Kaul
Indian filmmaker, theatre personality
industry and a pioneer of parallel cinema. He is one of the few film directors to have straddled the mainstream and parallel cinema worlds. T S Nagabharana
T._S._Nagabharana
Mid-20th century French cinema movement
bāgu) New German Cinema (German New Wave) New Hollywood (American New Wave) Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel Cinema (Indian New Wave) Novo Cinema (Portuguese New
French_New_Wave
1953 film directed by Bimal Roy
an important film in the early parallel cinema of India, and a trend setter. Inspired by Italian neo-realistic cinema, Bimal Roy made Do Bigha Zamin after
Do_Bigha_Zamin
Indian director and screenwriter (1934–2024)
screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as a pioneer of parallel cinema, he is considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He
Shyam_Benegal
Indian film director (1923–2018)
Ritwik Ghatak, and Tapan Sinha, Sen played a major role in India's parallel cinema movement, which offered a realistic, socially aware counterpoint to
Mrinal_Sen
Indian film director and screenwriter (1940–2024)
2024) was an Indian film director and screenwriter, best known for his parallel cinema films Maya Darpan (1972), Tarang (1984), Khayal Gatha (1989) and Kasba
Kumar_Shahani
1975 Indian film
with dialogues by Satyadev Dubey. The film features an ensemble of parallel cinema actors including Girish Karnad, Amrish Puri, Shabana Azmi, Mohan Agashe
Nishant_(film)
Indian actress and model
Kolkata International Film Festival (KIFF). Following her breakout in parallel cinema, she continued a prolific streak across mainstream, independent, and
Helina_Daimary
Indian actress (born 1957)
she took on more dramatic roles in both mainstream and neorealist parallel cinema. Appearing in films ranging from marital dramas to literary adaptations
Dimple_Kapadia
Indian actress (born 1969)
Joshi garnered recognition and acclaim when she ventured into the parallel cinema movement, with roles in critically acclaimed films like; Bhujangayyana
Pallavi_Joshi
1993 Indian Hindi-language film
labelled part of India's neo-realist parallel cinema, but it employed several of the common elements of mainstream Hindi cinema, including songs composed by Bhupen
Rudaali
Film director (born12 November 1962)
director, producer, actress, poet and social activist associated with parallel cinema. She graduated from the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya on Veterinary
Satarupa_Sanyal
Indian film genre
socially conscious cinema in the early 21st century. His films blur the distinction between commercial masala films and realistic parallel cinema, combining the
Masala_film
Indian film director (1909–1966)
Indian cinema and world cinema. In Indian cinema, his influence extended to both mainstream commercial Hindi cinema and the emerging Parallel Cinema. His
Bimal_Roy
2013 Indian film by Ritesh Batra
Repertory Theatre, with an opening in May 2026. Bollywood films of 2013 Parallel Cinema The article in Tinpahar chose to print the name of the titular object
The_Lunchbox
1946 film by Chetan Anand
was a pioneering effort in social realism in Indian cinema and led to many such parallel cinema films by other directors, many of them also written by
Neecha_Nagar
Indian film director
working more on realistic, low-budget films, which are known in India as parallel cinema. Her films were often woman-oriented. She had been for a long time
Kalpana_Lajmi
Western film subgenre
Phillips, James (ed.). Cinematic Thinking: Philosophical Approaches to the New Cinema. Stanford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8047-5800-0. He called his
Revisionist_Western
1976 Indian film
Tendulkar himself wrote the screenplay. Coming at the height of the Parallel cinema movement in India, the film was an experiment in collective filmmaking
Ghashiram_Kotwal_(film)
1992 Indian film by Aziz Mirza
Gaya Gentleman was released in Japan on 17 May 1997. While Indian parallel cinema, including Satyajit Ray's Bengali films such as The Apu Trilogy, was
Raju_Ban_Gaya_Gentleman
Recognizable film technique used by a filmmaker
Cinema') Hong Kong — a movement led by director Tsui Hark Indian ('Parallel cinema') — began around the same time as the French New Wave Japanese (Nuberu
Film_styles
2024 Indian documentary film
cultural figure Aparna Sen, known for her contributions to Indian parallel cinema through films like 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981) and Parama (1985). The
Parama: A Journey with Aparna Sen
Parama:_A_Journey_with_Aparna_Sen
1973 Indian film
Guerrilla Fighter) is a 1973 Bengali drama film directed by noted Parallel Cinema director Mrinal Sen, under the banner of Mrinal Sen Productions. This
Padatik_(1973_film)
1982 Indian film
Singh and Simple Kapadia. The movie bridges the mainstream genre with Parallel Cinema. Rekha received a nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award, the only
Jeevan_Dhaara
Russian stage and film director (1957–2025)
1990s and was one of the founders of the Soviet Parallel Cinema movement, which provided an alternative cinema to that which was produced by the state. His
Boris_Yukhananov
Indian film actor, director and producer
for his works predominantly in Hindi cinema, and few Telugu films. He is known for his works in parallel cinema, such as Hyderabad Blues (1998), Rockford
Nagesh_Kukunoor
1925 film
Bute. The film has been cited as one of the "earliest examples" of parallel cinema in its depiction of real social issues. The story deals with a greedy
Savkari_Pash
Indian actor, film director (Born February 1961)
Film and Television Institute of India (FTII). Kapoor started out in Parallel Cinema, making his debut in the 1989 Kumar Shahani film Khayal Gatha. When
Rajat_Kapoor
Indian actor (born 1954)
Thereafter he appeared in a string of art films that came under the parallel cinema category, with leading art films directors, starting with Shyam Benegal's
Pankaj_Kapur
1991 Indian film
playwright Anton Chekhov. The movie is an important work in the Indian Parallel Cinema movement which started in the early 1970s. It is one of the last films
Kasba_(film)
Indian actress (born 1985)
audience. The critic's consensus was "A masterpiece that lovers of parallel cinema would thoroughly enjoy. This unconventional and heart-breaking folk
Rasika_Dugal
Indian actress
a final year student there in 1976. The short film was noticed in parallel cinema circles earning work for many of the students involved in the film
Anjali_Paigankar
Malayalam film movement
traversed a new path between popular and parallel cinema. Rather unlike the earlier Parallel Cinema and Middle Cinema in Malayalam, where regionally rooted
New generation (Malayalam film movement)
New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)
1972 Indian film
directed by Kumar Shahani. It is a significant work of the Indian Parallel Cinema movement which started during the 1950s with filmmakers Satyajit Ray
Maya_Darpan
Central agency devoted to Indian cinema
wide range of services essential to the growth of Indian cinema especially Indian parallel cinema in the 1970s and 1980s. The NFDC (and its predecessor the
National Film Development Corporation of India
National_Film_Development_Corporation_of_India
Italian western subgenre
List of spaghetti Western filmmakers Cinema of Italy List of spaghetti Westerns Co-productions in Spanish cinema Ostern Revisionist Western ZWAM, a youth
Spaghetti_Western
painter, born in Leningrad. He was a founding member of the Soviet parallel cinema movement. Yufit first became famous for his macabre short films, which
Yevgeny_Yufit
Index of articles associated with the same name
Vague, the inaugural New Wave cinema movement Australian New Wave Austrian New Wave Indian New Wave, or Parallel cinema Japanese New Wave, or Nuberu Bagu
List_of_New_Wave_movements
Indian cinematographer
cinematographer, and motorbike enthusiast. He was involved in India's parallel cinema movement and is best known for his work in Duvidha, Devi Ahilya Bai
Navroze_Contractor
South Asian cinema is typified by the cinema of India, the cinema of Pakistan, the cinema of Bangladesh, and the cinema of Nepal. The cinema of Central
Cinema_of_Asia
Indian film director (born 1950)
1950) is an Indian film director, in the Kannada cinema, and one of the pioneers of the Parallel Cinema. Known internationally for his works, Kasaravalli
Girish_Kasaravalli
Indian filmmaker in Tollywood
Akkineni Kutumba Rao is an Indian filmmaker known for his work in Telugu parallel cinema, and documentary films. He won three International awards, two Nandi
Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao
1970 Indian film
the film. It is considered a path-breaking film that pioneered the parallel cinema movement in Kannada. Samskara won the National Film Award for Best
Samskara_(film)
Topics referred to by the same term
to: Neorealism (art) Italian neorealism (film) Indian neorealism or parallel cinema Nouveau réalisme [Lit: New Realism] (1960s France) Neorealism (international
Neorealism
Indian film and television actor
Om-Dar-B-Dar (1988), which became a cult classic. He has acted in numerous parallel cinema projects with director Shyam Benegal, such as Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda
Lalit_Tiwari
Indian filmmaker, theatre personality (1929–2002)
his works in the Kannada theatre, Kannada cinema, and Hindi cinema. One of the pioneers of the Parallel Cinema, Karanth was an alumnus of the National School
B._V._Karanth
2013 film written and directed by Amit Kumar
the Official Midnight Screenings section. Belonging to the school of Parallel cinema, Monsoon Shootout was released worldwide four years later on 15 December
Monsoon_Shootout
Western subgenre
Objectivity New Queer No Wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Pan-Indian film Parallel cinema Persian Film Philippine New Wave Poetic realist Polish Film School
Acid_Western
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
Biblical
parables; governing
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Allegory, Parable
Girl/Female
Biblical
A parable, governing.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Parables, governing.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Allegory; Parable
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name from Middle English combere, an agent derivative of Old English camb ‘comb’, referring perhaps to a maker or seller of combs, or to someone who used them to prepare wool or flax for spinning. This was an alternative process to carding, and caused the wool fibers to lie more or less parallel to one another, so that the cloth produced had a hard, smooth finish without a nap.English : variant of Coomber.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Kommer or Kammer.
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
All's Well That Ends Well.' A follower of Bertram, Count of Rousillon.
Biblical
a parable; governing
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
Female
Russian
Variant spelling of Russian Tamara, TAMARAH means "palm tree."
Boy/Male
Greek
Lordly.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Utpalakshi | உதà¯à®ªà®²à®¾à®•à¯à®·à¯€
Goddess Laxmi
Girl/Female
Arabic, Bengali, Indian, Muslim
Night; Happiness
Girl/Female
Latin
Young.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Hebrew
God Remembers; Variant of Zachariah and Zachary
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, Czech, Greek, Slavic
Strong; Courageous; A Man's Woman; Womanly; Warrior
Girl/Female
Indian
Mountain or celestial
Girl/Female
German, Swedish
People's Ruler; Ruler of the People
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Stony Roadway
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
v. t.
To represent by parable.
v. t.
Fig.: To make to conform to something else in character, motive, aim, or the like.
v. t.
To render parallel.
n.
A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another line; a parallel line, a parallel plane, etc.
imp. & p. p.
of Parallel
a.
Extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant; as, parallel lines; parallel planes.
a.
Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass.
adv.
In a parallel manner; with parallelism.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Parallel
n.
A character consisting of two parallel vertical lines (thus, ) used in the text to direct attention to a similarly marked note in the margin or at the foot of a page.
v. t.
To produce or adduce as a parallel.
v. t.
To equal; to match; to correspond to.
n.
A comparison; a similitude; specifically, a short fictitious narrative of something which might really occur in life or nature, by means of which a moral is drawn; as, the parables of Christ.
a.
Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; -- opposed to parallel.
v. i.
To be parallel; to correspond; to be like.
n.
One of a series of long trenches constructed before a besieged fortress, by the besieging force, as a cover for troops supporting the attacking batteries. They are roughly parallel to the line of outer defenses of the fortress.
a.
Continuing a resemblance through many particulars; applicable in all essential parts; like; similar; as, a parallel case; a parallel passage.
v. t.
To place or set so as to be parallel; to place so as to be parallel to, or to conform in direction with, something else.
n.
A comparison made; elaborate tracing of similarity; as, Johnson's parallel between Dryden and Pope.
n.
One of the imaginary circles on the surface of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude; also, the corresponding line on a globe or map.