Search references for PARTISAN SORTING. Phrases containing PARTISAN SORTING
See searches and references containing PARTISAN SORTING!PARTISAN SORTING
Political effect where voters sort themselves into parties that match their ideology
Partisan sorting is an effect in politics in which voters sort themselves into parties that match their ideology. Partisan sorting is distinct from political
Partisan_sorting
Divergence of political attitudes
even if those positions are not "extreme"). Partisan sorting refers to the extent to which the electorate "sorts" or identifies with a party based on their
Political_polarization
American political scientist
is an American political scientist, best known for his 2009 book The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Matthew_Levendusky
leanings (known as "partisan sorting") appears to be greater than ever before. A recent academic study indicates an earlier partisan split in one area:
Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices
Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices
00670.x. Bonikowski, Bart; Feinstein, Yuval; Bock, Sean (2021). "The Partisan Sorting of "America": How Nationalist Cleavages Shaped the 2016 U.S. Presidential
American_nationalism
WWII resistance movements
1941 to early 1942, the partisan units were not undertaking significant military operations, but limiting themselves to sorting out organizational problems
Soviet_partisans
1943 song by Anna Marly and Emmanuel d'Astier, popularised by Leonard Cohen in 1969
"The Partisan" is an anti-fascist anthem about the French Resistance in World War II. The song was composed in 1943 by Russian-born Anna Marly (1917–2006)
The_Partisan
Ideology promoting the nation-state
S2CID 57561272. Bonikowski, Bart; Feinstein, Yuval; Bock, Sean (2021). "The Partisan Sorting of "America": How Nationalist Cleavages Shaped the 2016 U.S. Presidential
Nationalism
States (1990s–present). Since the 1990s, the U.S. has experienced more "partisan sorting" (i.e. liberal Republicans and conservative Democrats began to disappear);
Politics_of_the_United_States
Emigration as an activist tactic
the political character of a sub-national state through a directed partisan sorting. Inner emigration Sharp, Gene (1973). The Politics of Nonviolent Action
Protest_emigration
North Carolina affiliate of the Republican Party
Presidential Election Voting History - 270toWin". 270toWin.com. "Hyper-Partisan Sorting in the American Electorate, 1976-2008 :". Retrieved December 1, 2025
North Carolina Republican Party
North_Carolina_Republican_Party
Highest court of jurisdiction in the U.S
PMC 10923515. PMID 38457495. Davis, Nicholas T.; Hitt, Matthew P. (2025). "Partisan sorting, fatalism, and Supreme Court legitimacy". American Journal of Political
Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
Type of democratic government
Non-partisan democracy (also no-party democracy) is a system of representative government or organization such that universal and periodic elections take
Non-partisan_democracy
Political science analytical tool
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Levendusky, Matthew (2009). The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
NOMINATE_(scaling_method)
Electoral Systems (Greenwood, 1981), pp. 205–06. Matthew Levendusky, The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Political parties in the United States
Political_parties_in_the_United_States
Soviet Union-Finland war (1941-1944)
The Soviet partisans in Finland were an irregular military force which attacked Finnish military and civilian targets during the Continuation War, a sub-theater
Soviet_partisans_in_Finland
Mexican-American vote in Texas, and the ideological and partisan sorting of people, inspired by Bill Bishop's The Big Sort", in Minnesota. "Hands That Picked Cotton:
Paul_Stekler
Voting patterns of certain US cultural or religious groups
dead link] Brown, Jacob R., and Ryan D. Enos. "The measurement of partisan sorting for 180 million voters." Nature Human Behaviour 5.8 (2021): 998-1008
History of ethnocultural politics in the United States
History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States
Dominant version of liberalism in the United States
conservatism: redrawing party lines (2009) p 142 Matthew Levendusky, The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Modern liberalism in the United States
Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States
Incident in Yugoslavia at the end of World War II
Partisans 6,700. Among nearly 30,000 Slovene civilians killed, Partisans were responsible for 4,233 civilian deaths, while the Slovene anti-Partisan,
Bleiburg_repatriations
Quarterly. 26 (1): 131–53. JSTOR 27551554. Matthew Levendusky, The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
History of the Republican Party (United States)
History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)
Belarusian combatant organisations opposed to Nazi Germany
republics occupied following Operation Barbarossa. The term Belarusian partisans may refer to Soviet-formed irregular military groups fighting Germany
Belarusian resistance during World War II
Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II
French rebel groups that fought Nazi Germany in World War II
Anna Marly's 1943 song "La Complainte du partisan", which later gained worldwide popularity as "The Partisan" with English lyrics adapted by Hy Zaret
French_Resistance
WWII Soviet military control organ
The Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (Russian: Центральный штаб партизанского движения (ЦШПД), romanized: Tsentral'nyj shtab partizanskovo
Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement
Central_Headquarters_of_the_Partisan_Movement
Libertarian Party (United States), sorted by office. The list currently consists of candidates who ran for partisan office. Other 2012 Chairman candidates
Electoral history of the Libertarian Party (United States)
Electoral_history_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)
2003 political book by Tucker Carlson
Politicians, Partisans, and Parasites: My Adventures in Cable News is a nonfiction book by journalist and political commentator Tucker Carlson, first
Politicians, Partisans, and Parasites
Politicians,_Partisans,_and_Parasites
March 1943 ceasefire and prisoner exchange talks
The German–Yugoslav Partisan negotiations (Serbo-Croatian: Martovski pregovori, lit. 'March negotiations') were held between German commanders in the Independent
German–Yugoslav Partisan negotiations
German–Yugoslav_Partisan_negotiations
2013 American film
poor living in Denmark. Although not holding liable the problem on one partisan label (Republican or Democrat), Reich's stance is left-leaning where the
Inequality_for_All
Political party in Canada
The Alberta Non-Partisan League was a minor provincial political party in Alberta, Canada. It elected two MLAs in 1917 and helped lead the United Farmers
Alberta_Non-Partisan_League
Businessman and public official (born 1971)
controversies. Musk is an outlier among business leaders who typically avoid partisan political advocacy. Musk was a registered independent voter when he lived
Elon_Musk
computer science student claiming that Wikipedia has a "complete lack of any sort of attempt at neutrality regarding Gamergate", Wales allegedly wrote, "It
Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia
Soviet Lithuanian partisan (1923–1943)
July 1943) was a Soviet partisan and the only Lithuanian woman awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. While her partisan career lasted less than
Marytė_Melnikaitė
the President of the United States, although they may participate in the partisan nominating primaries and caucuses. * — non-voting member of the House of
List of U.S. states and territories by population
List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population
1980s Yugoslav music movement
New Partisans was a short-lived mid-1980s movement on the Yugoslav rock scene. The term was used to denote albums by Sarajevo-based bands Bijelo Dugme
New_Partisans
Ukrainian nationalist partisan organisation active during and after World War II
romanized: Ukrainska Povstanska Armiia, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist partisan formation founded by the Banderite faction of the Organisation of Ukrainian
Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army
American television personality
things Oscar does. His tasks include finding and counting stinky cheese, sorting trash, and giving his pet pig, Spot, a mud bath. To Oscar's chagrin, Rowe
Mike_Rowe
Social networking service owned by Meta Platforms
so that one user can participate in the activity of another user. The sorting and display of stories in a user's News Feed is governed by the EdgeRank
Rejection of radical or extreme political views
popular distinction between radical and moderate movements reflects this sort of categorization. Fowler, Anthony; Hill, Seth J.; Lewis, Jeffrey B.; Tausanovitch
Political_moderate
Country in Southern and Western Europe
2024. Borrella-Mas, Miguel Ángel; Rode, Martin (2021). "Love is blind: partisan alignment and political corruption in Spain". SERIEs. 12 (3): 423–451.
Spain
2024, to elect members of the Wyoming Legislature for its 68th session. Partisan primaries were held on August 20. Part of the 2024 United States elections
2024 Wyoming House of Representatives election
2024_Wyoming_House_of_Representatives_election
be for less than five years. To ensure that the commission remains non-partisan, no more than three commissioners may belong to the same political party
List of members of the Securities and Exchange Commission
List_of_members_of_the_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission
Battles of Spadshchansky: Soviet partisans vs. German occupiers, October–November 1941
partisan holdout, on 19 October – November 1941. In September, Sidor Kovpak and Semyon Rudnev fled to the forest, where they organised their partisan
Battles of Spadshchansky forest
Battles_of_Spadshchansky_forest
Overview of United States foreign policy from 1993 to 2001
legislative stalemate that resulted from clashing institutional interests, partisan struggle, intraparty factionalism, and personal vindictiveness. Certainly
Foreign policy of the Clinton administration
Foreign_policy_of_the_Clinton_administration
Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC
combat in a strategic withdrawal to the Peloponnese. Burstein writes that partisan Roman writers would later accuse Cleopatra of cowardly deserting Antony
Cleopatra
April 1945, Mussolini was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans. On 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin
History_of_fascism
campaign targeting the American voting system", by restricting voting for partisan advantage ahead of Election Day and preparing to mount "legally dubious"
2024 United States presidential election
2024_United_States_presidential_election
History of Istanbul under Ottoman rule
authorities and their military tribunal suspected of connections with partisans. Machine guns were installed on many minarets, becoming a symbol of the
Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire
Istanbul_during_the_Ottoman_Empire
Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany
executed. About a million civilians were killed by the Nazis during anti-partisan warfare, including more than 300,000 in Belarus. From 1942 onwards, the
The_Holocaust
asterisk (*) denotes an early election for an unexpired term. To ease sorting, races won by a Republican candidate have a positive margin, while races
1994_Wyoming_Senate_election
American entrepreneur and venture capitalist (born 1967)
fascist, half communist gerontocracy" with "a socialism of a nationalistic sort, and [...] extremely racist.") as the paramount threat. Lukin noted that
Peter_Thiel
Plurality voting system
majority of US states for most elections. However, the combination of partisan primaries and a two-party system in these jurisdictions means that most
First-past-the-post_voting
American generation born from 1997 to 2012
the CIA, and the Federal Reserve (both 65%). There was very little to no partisan divide on the Postal Service, the National Park Service, NASA, the CIA
Generation Z in the United States
Generation_Z_in_the_United_States
2022 offensive in the Russo-Ukrainian war
or 15 percent of the region's territory. There were numerous reports of partisan warfare within the occupied territories. In the city of Melitopol, Ukrainian
2022_Kherson_counteroffensive
Italian soldiers fighting with them in the USSR and later by Italian partisans. Hermans, Herms Based on the common German name Hermann, pronounced to
List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity
List_of_ethnic_slurs_and_epithets_by_ethnicity
Communist party in the United States
which Central Committee member Eugene Puryear stated: "[T]here was some sort of rave or desert party where they were having a great time, until the resistance
Party for Socialism and Liberation
Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation
American musician, songwriter and actor (1958–2016)
eyes closed and a third eye on his forehead open. Prince rarely expressed partisan political beliefs directly for the majority of his career. However, he
Prince_(musician)
Form of political manipulation
who, as governor of Massachusetts in 1812, signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a mythological
Gerrymandering
Shooting in Washington, D.C.
deepened by the loss of trust in institutions and supercharged by starkly partisan politics." White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt called the conspiracy
2026 White House Correspondents' Dinner shooting
2026_White_House_Correspondents'_Dinner_shooting
"Likely" rating while "Likely" ratings are formatted as a "Lean" rating. Partisan clients Poll sponsored by the Democratic Lieutenant Governors Association
2026 United States Senate election in Minnesota
2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota
Political movement in the UK
political and social life, prevents religious extremism and helps to minimise partisan conflict and secular violence." Giles Coren, a British writer, supports
Antidisestablishmentarianism
Island country in Southeast Asia
in Malaya and Singapore, the island became a global centre for rubber sorting and export. Singapore was not greatly affected by the First World War (1914–1918)
Singapore
Stock short title used for US legislation
by a 52–38 vote. The vote on the amendment did not split purely along partisan or ideological lines; it was opposed by conservative William Knowland (R-CA)
Civil_Rights_Act
1820 United States federal legislation
decline on the "Virginia Dynasty". They expressed their dissatisfaction in partisan terms, rather than in moral condemnation of slavery, and the pro-De Witt
Missouri_Compromise
Responses to US state criminal case
that if he is found guilty, it will be because the jury and the judge are partisan and corrupt". Stephanie Grisham, Trump's former White House press secretary
Reactions to the prosecution of Donald Trump in New York
Reactions_to_the_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York
Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979
1953, Mosaddegh defended the government against this new attack. Tudeh partisans were clubbed and dispersed. The Tudeh party had no choice but to accept
Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi
Jewish diaspora of Africa and Asia
Retrieved 26 September 2019. Anat Leibler, "Disciplining Ethnicity: Social Sorting Intersects with Political Demography in Israel's Pre-State Period," Social
Mizrahi_Jews
elections is exceptionally rare. Mathur-Ashton, Aneeta (May 24, 2024). "Sorting the Fiction From the Facts About Noncitizen Voting". US News & World Report
Electoral fraud in the United States
Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States
Smith, Allan (June 4, 2021). "Not just Arizona: Republicans push more partisan election inquiries". NBC News. Retrieved November 21, 2021. Robinson, Samuel
Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election
English musician (born 1969)
album I Inside the Old Year Dying would be released on 7 July 2023 on Partisan Records. It also marked the first time (since the release of Dry on Too
PJ_Harvey
Position within some political parties
a notebook documenting MPs' indiscretions, and that they help MPs in any sort of trouble ("it might be debt, it might be ... a scandal involving small
Whip_(politics)
Political symbol
life, in thoughts, in personal life, and in history, that it has become a sort of 'sacred figure'." The aesthetic of the campaign and the Three Arrows symbol
Three_Arrows
Fundamentalist movement within Sunni Islam
primarily an exonym and was not used by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab or by his partisans, who called themselves Muwahhidun ("the Monotheists") derived from Tawhid
Wahhabism
Italian-Moldovan author (born 1980)
Colletti, Lilin's aim in writing the sequel was to give a realistic, non-partisan depiction of living through a war. The novel was widely reported as autobiographical
Nicolai_Lilin
the Chersonese, was restored to his post at the Stoudios Monastery. A partisan of Ignatios of Constantinople and a refugee from the Muslim conquest of
Persecution_of_Christians
American conservative online encyclopedia
article, which encourages readers to contact Jimmy Wales and tell him to "sort it out." Conservapedia's use of Wikipedia's format to create a conservative
Conservapedia
Jewish partisan
American memoirist, Yiddish language activist, and a commander of a Jewish partisan unit in Poland during World War II. Eta was born on December 28, 1916,
Eta_Wrobel
priest Hyrcanus II, Phasael and Herod I, the son of Hyrcanus' leading partisan Antipater. They managed to conquer Syria and Palestine. Antigonus was made
History_of_Palestine
2014 Sacred Warpath Released: 28 November 2014 Label: Steamhammer 2018 Partisan Released: 23 November 2018 Label: Napalm Records 2019 Chosen by the Grace
Sodom_discography
2009 film by Quentin Tarantino
Also referred to as "The Avengers" or the "Jewish Avengers," a Jewish partisan militia which targeted Nazis Quentin Tarantino filmography Special Interrogation
Inglourious_Basterds
1950s – 1970s fashion movement
women as they seem to be, the "peacock revolution"-illustrated here by partisans wearing their own versions of the fashion-will continue to spread its
Peacock_revolution
United States voting pattern
plurality or majority support for either party, was reinforced by a degree of partisan stability from election to election—from the 2016 presidential election
Red_states_and_blue_states
Mithun Banerjee with 1% $1,000 of this total was self-funded by Wells Partisan clients Poll sponsored by Patoka's campaign Poll sponsored by Walsh's campaign
2026 Maryland county executive elections
2026_Maryland_county_executive_elections
German Field Marshal
Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are Reichsfreifrau and Reichsfreiin. Titles using the
Maximilian_von_Weichs
Political faction in Ukraine from 1940
Melnykites set up partisan units that competed for influence with Banderite, Polish, and Soviet partisan groups, while some OUN(m) partisans independently
Melnykites
Political opposition research report regarding the 2016 US election
Russians. Steele felt what he had unearthed had significance that transcended partisan politics. Howard Blum described Steele's rationale for becoming a whistleblower
Steele_dossier
higher-income owners) is rising. According to a June 2017 report from the non-partisan Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), productivity rose in tandem with employee
Causes of income inequality in the United States
Causes_of_income_inequality_in_the_United_States
2020 studio album by Fontaines D.C.
post-punk band Fontaines D.C. The album was released on 31 July 2020 through Partisan Records, less than 18 months after the release of their debut album Dogrel
A_Hero's_Death
Ukraine and was frequently used to describe the OUN-B activists, UPA partisans, and apparently, other Ukrainian perpetrators (page 248)...The term "Banderites"
List_of_ethnic_slurs
1995 genocidal killing of Bosniak Muslim men
analysis was by the Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo, a non-partisan institution, whose data have been evaluated by international experts. Its
Srebrenica_massacre
American politician (born 1973)
drawn districts in a map that had been thrown out as an unconstitutional partisan Republican gerrymander. The new 1st was slightly more Democratic than its
Brian Fitzpatrick (American politician)
Brian_Fitzpatrick_(American_politician)
Congolese politician and independence leader (1925–1961)
years thereafter, some biographies of him were published. Most were highly partisan. Several early works on the Congo Crisis also discussed Lumumba at length
Patrice_Lumumba
Johnston, (eds.) The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (2009) excerpt and text search Sydnor, Charles
History of the Southern United States
History_of_the_Southern_United_States
British journalist
was a breach of impartiality, saying the shows "are widely regarded as partisan and regularly express strong opinions in favour of the Democratic Party"
Katty_Kay
Russian general and warlord (1886–1921)
In June 1921, he travelled to eastern Siberia to support anti-Bolshevik partisan forces and to head off a joint Red Army-Mongolian rebel invasion. That
Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg
Army Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ukrainian People's Militsiya United Nations Partisan Infantry Korea Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation Vullnetari World
Anti–North_Korean_sentiment
American conservative political commentator (born 1969)
Russian invasion of Ukraine. He has written three books: Politicians, Partisans, and Parasites (2003), Ship of Fools (2018), and The Long Slide (2021)
Tucker_Carlson
Country in Southeast Europe
forced expulsion of thousands. The tide shifted in 1944 when Albanian partisan forces, under the leadership of Enver Hoxha and other communist leaders
Albania
Italian writer, filmmaker, poet, and intellectual (1922–1975)
bombardments and forced enlistments by the Italian Social Republic, as well as partisan activity. Pasolini tried to distance himself from these events. Starting
Pier_Paolo_Pasolini
American politician and naval officer (1932–2021)
Freedom. Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, later paid him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him "a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled
Donald_Rumsfeld
4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan (1928–1979)
Yet when General Azam Khan, a former governor of the east wing and now a partisan of Miss Jinnah, returned to Dacca this week, he was received in triumph
Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto
PARTISAN SORTING
PARTISAN SORTING
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Known; Understood
Boy/Male
Hindu
Another name of king arjunan
Boy/Male
Muslim
Extremely beautiful
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Intelligent; A Future Legend
Boy/Male
Hindu
Courageous, Charioteer of Krishna (Arjun)
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Courageous; Charioteer of Krishna; Arjuna
Boy/Male
Indian
Extremely beautiful
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Arjun
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord of parti one of the name of Shri Satya Sai baba
Boy/Male
Hindu
Quality
Surname or Lastname
English (northeastern) and Scottish
English (northeastern) and Scottish : patronymic from a pet form of the personal name Pat(t) (see Pate 1).
Girl/Female
Indian
Another Name of Krishna
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Image
Boy/Male
Indian
Canvas
Girl/Female
Arabic
A Fairy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Llighting to the World
Boy/Male
Muslim
Canvas
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Artisan; White Shells
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord of Parti; One of the Name of Shri Satya Saibaba
Female
Persian/Iranian
(پریسا) Persian name PARISA means either "angelic" or "like a fairy."
PARTISAN SORTING
PARTISAN SORTING
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name NOUSHA means "pleasant, sweet."
Boy/Male
Indian
Dearly loved
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servant of peace.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Australian, Latin
A Hero who Saved Rome; Timekeeper
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Scholar
Boy/Male
English American French
Mountain. Abbreviation of Montague and Montgomery.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Of Infinite Age; Divine; A God
Girl/Female
Muslim
Shining
PARTISAN SORTING
PARTISAN SORTING
PARTISAN SORTING
PARTISAN SORTING
PARTISAN SORTING
n.
One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic.
n.
Pertaining to a subordinate portion; as, a compound umbel is made up of a several partial umbels; a leaflet is often supported by a partial petiole.
a.
Belonging to a faction; being a partisan; taking sides.
a.
Serving as a partisan in a detached command; as, a partisan officer or corps.
n.
The state of being a partisan, or adherent to a party; feelings or conduct appropriate to a partisan.
n.
One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist.
n.
An irregular or partisan soldier; a bandit.
n.
A supporter or partisan of chartism.
n.
One who uses abusive slang; a ranting partisan.
n.
A party man; a partisan.
n.
The commander of a body of detached light troops engaged in making forays and harassing an enemy.
n.
Any member of such a corps.
n.
A champion; a partisan; a lover.
n.
An adherent to a party or faction; esp., one who is strongly and passionately devoted to a party or an interest.
n.
Of, pertaining to, or affecting, a part only; not general or universal; not total or entire; as, a partial eclipse of the moon.
a.
Of or pertaining to Paros, an island in the Aegean Sea noted for its excellent statuary marble; as, Parian marble.
n.
A native Parthia.
n.
A kind of halberd or pike; also, a truncheon; a staff.
a.
Adherent to a party or faction; especially, having the character of blind, passionate, or unreasonable adherence to a party; as, blinded by partisan zeal.
n.
Inclined to favor one party in a cause, or one side of a question, more then the other; baised; not indifferent; as, a judge should not be partial.