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Disgust response that guides human behavior
Pathogen avoidance (also parasite avoidance or pathogen disgust) refers to the theory that the disgust response, in humans, is an adaptive system that
Pathogen_avoidance
Fear or uneasiness of objects with small, irregular shaped holes
(July 19, 2018). "Ectoparasite defence in humans: relationships to pathogen avoidance and clinical implications". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Trypophobia
Psychological mechanisms against disease
cues for pathogen threat are often ambiguous and overgeneralized, a better ability to detect smells would lead to better pathogen avoidance. Recent work
Behavioral_immune_system
Branch of medicine studying the immune system
research has focused on host pathogen defences traditionally considered "non-immunological", such as pathogen avoidance, self-medication, symbiont-mediated
Immunology
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion
those traits. Pathogen avoidance: Uncanny stimuli may activate a cognitive mechanism that originally evolved to motivate the avoidance of potential sources
Uncanny_valley
Subconscious imitative behaviour
Kupfer, Tom R. (October 2018). "Why are injuries disgusting? Comparing pathogen avoidance and empathy accounts". Emotion. 18 (7): 959–970. doi:10.1037/emo0000395
Mirroring
Theory of human evolution
Parasite-stress theory, or pathogen-stress theory, is a theory of human evolution proposing that parasites and diseases encountered by a species shape
Parasite-stress_theory
pathways, which activate physiological immune responses. Finally, pathogen avoidance behavior represents another line of C. elegans immune defense. All
Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans
Host_microbe_interactions_in_Caenorhabditis_elegans
View that prejudice has a functional utility in evolutionary processes
lack of discrimination in other areas of human activity, such as pathogen avoidance and intergroup conflict, is similarly detrimental from an evolutionary
Prejudice from an evolutionary perspective
Prejudice_from_an_evolutionary_perspective
Species of nematode known to infect plants of the onion family
Jaeger, Bastian (2021-03-31). "Pathogen disgust sensitivity: Individual differences in pathogen perception or pathogen avoidance?". doi:10.31234/osf.io/k26hg
Ditylenchus_dipsaci
Converting wastewater into water that can be reused for other purposes
psychological factors are closely associated with disgust, specifically pathogen avoidance. Reclaimed water is considered safe when appropriately used. Reclaimed
Reclaimed_water
Risk caused by disseminating information
that can be used to harm others, such as the DNA sequence of a lethal pathogen. Idea hazards: General ideas that can harm others if fulfilled. One example
Information_hazard
Basic emotion
of disgust: pathogen disgust, which "motivates the avoidance of infectious microorganisms"; sexual disgust, "which motivates the avoidance of [dangerous]
Disgust
Infection that develops from a pre-existing condition
of infections are considered serious and can be caused by a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Under normal conditions
Opportunistic_infection
Species of plant
'Christmas' Phytophthora phaseoli is one example of a pathogen of the lima bean. It is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes downy mildew of lima bean during
Lima_bean
Species of fungus
Botrytis fabae is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes chocolate spot disease of broad or fava bean plants, Vicia faba. It was described scientifically
Botrytis_fabae
Psychologic study
groups displaying the same underlying psychological adaptation for pathogen avoidance? As well, the issue of behavioral variation and transmitted culture
Evolutionary psychology and culture
Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture
Anxiety disorder
threats in open or unfamiliar environments. From this viewpoint, fear and avoidance behaviors could have been selectively favored if they aided survival—for
Agoraphobia
Avoidance of a known toxic substance
to learn and transmit to their offspring avoidance after exposure to non-coding RNA of a bacterial pathogen. Conditioned taste aversion has been widely
Poison_shyness
Model plant species in the family Brassicaceae
(ETI), which is dependent upon the recognition of pathogen effectors, proteins secreted by the pathogen that alter functions in the host, by plant resistance
Arabidopsis_thaliana
Species of amphibian
help salamanders defend against fungal pathogens. For example, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungal pathogen that causes a disease called chytridiomycosis
Red-backed_salamander
Species of virus
cannot be treated. Only seeds that have been tested and treated for the pathogen should be planted. The origin of PMMoV has been linked to Tomato mosaic
Pepper_mild_mottle_virus
their own right, can illuminate parasite-avoidance strategies employed by hosts. Usually parasites (and pathogens) need to avoid killing their hosts, since
Fish_diseases_and_parasites
Damaged areas of leaves
To stop the spread of pathogens good sanitation is key as well as the avoidance of handling plants when wet, planting pathogen-free and resistant cultivars
Leaf_spot
Species of fungus
characterized by yellow spots that become black spots on the leaves. The pathogen is an ascomycete fungus native to North America. Stegophora ulmea is its
Stegophora_ulmea
Species of single-celled organism
Hyaloperonospora brassicae, in the family Peronosporaceae, is a plant pathogen. It causes downy mildew of species of Brassica, Raphanus, Sinapis and probably
Hyaloperonospora_brassicae
Species of grass
the pathogen to uninfected fields, weed control to reduce infections by weed hosts, and avoiding of high plant densities to impede the pathogen dispersal
Finger_millet
Species of flowering plant
further research is required. Silene latifolia is afflicted by the fungal pathogen Microbotryum violaceum, which acts as a sterilizing sexually transmitted
Silene_latifolia
Species of virus
crop rotation have also been found to be fairly effective methods of avoidance. Many crop viruses cause similar visual symptoms. Therefore, there is
Watermelon_mosaic_virus
Infection caused by the chikungunya virus
infection. The best means of prevention are overall mosquito control and the avoidance of bites in areas where the disease is common. This may be partly achieved
Chikungunya
Activities and actions required to manage waste from its source to its final disposal
Water removal is the primary means of weight and volume reduction, while pathogen destruction is frequently accomplished through heating during thermophilic
Waste_management
Fungal disease affecting boxwoods
be the same. The current accepted nomenclature for the boxwood blight pathogen (G1 genotype) is Calonectria pseudonaviculata. Boxwood blight is found
Boxwood_blight
Disease of some Rosaceae trees (especially apples and pears) caused by Erwinia amylovora
it can destroy an entire orchard in a single growing season. The causal pathogen is Erwinia amylovora, a Gram-negative bacterium in the genus Erwinia, order
Fire_blight
Species of bear
population is generally low. This is mainly attributed to the panda's avoidance of interspecific competition. The species has been located at elevations
Giant_panda
Species of bacterium
such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for example, which is an opportunistic pathogen. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. putida was taxonomically confirmed to be
Pseudomonas_putida
Permanent damage to the cell wall of a plant
a natural setting include intense drought, freezing temperatures, and pathogens such as the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea). Desiccation tolerance
Cytorrhysis
Inability to digest lactose
There are four general principles in dealing with lactose intolerance: avoidance of dietary lactose, substitution to maintain nutrient intake, regulation
Lactose_intolerance
Order of fungi
Rusts are fungal plant pathogens of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales) causing plant fungal diseases. An estimated 168 rust genera
Rust_(fungus)
Type of allergic reaction
hypersensitivity can usually be resolved with topical corticosteroids and trigger avoidance. An example of a tuberculosis (TB) infection that comes under control:
Type_IV_hypersensitivity
Basic emotion induced by a perceived threat
rats showed signs of avoidance learning, not fear, but simply avoiding the area that brought pain to the test rats. The avoidance learning of rats is seen
Fear
Medical condition
of long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist, whilst type 2 needs allergen avoidance and self-management approaches. Since catastrophic attacks are unpredictable
Brittle_asthma
Range of light at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum
expression (i.e. shade avoidance through cellular elongation). FR irradiation can lead to compromised plant immunity and increased pathogen susceptibility. FR
Far-red_light
Sonia; Pickering, Amy J.; Brown, Joe (2020). "Associations between enteric pathogen carriage and height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height in children
Malnutrition_in_South_Africa
Genus of mammals
ecosystem in Kenya, inbreeding is avoided by mate choice. Inbreeding avoidance through mate choice is thought to only evolve when related possible sexual
Baboon
Species of whale
distances of up to 80 km to avoid them. The presence of shipping produces avoidance behaviour, causing deeper dives for feeding, the break-up of groups, and
Beluga_whale
Cells that ingest harmful matter within the body
an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other
Phagocyte
Protozoan parasitic disease
demonstrated T. gondii as a pathogen transmissible between animals.[citation needed] T. gondii was first described as a human pathogen in 1939 at Babies Hospital
Toxoplasmosis
Species of single-celled organism
mildew is a moderately important disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). The pathogen persists as oospores in the soil, or on beet seed crops, or on overwintered
Peronospora_farinosa
Infection spread in hospitals or health care facilities
health care system in Maryland, with the largest savings coming from avoidance of urinary tract infections, sepsis and other severe infections, and pneumonia
Hospital-acquired_infection
Dry toilet with separate collection of feces and urine without any flush water
without any flush water has many advantages, such as odor-free operation and pathogen reduction by drying. While dried feces and urine harvested from UDDTs can
Urine-diverting_dry_toilet
Lung inflammation due to repeated inhalation of antigens
an exposure assessment. Home cleaning is one method of antigen avoidance. If avoidance is not possible, such as in the case of some workplace exposures
Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis
Stomach and intestinal infection
to a new location as a result of lack of immunity to local food-borne pathogens. TD is defined as the passage of unformed stool (one or more by some definitions
Travelers'_diarrhea
Conceptual framework describing predator-stress
similar processes occur in host-parasite and host-pathogen interactions. Related work on parasite avoidance has also been described as the "ecology of disgust"
Ecology_of_fear
Domestic pigeons living outside human care
pathogenic organisms. Five pathogens were viruses, nine were bacteria, 45 were fungi, and one was a protozoan. However, only five pathogens were routinely transmitted
Feral_pigeon
Manner in which humans engage sexually
trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens. 2014 183167. doi:10.1155/2014/183167
Human_sexual_activity
Factor affecting the spread of infectious diseases
results regarding pathogen risk and prevalence in animal communities. One of the earliest measurements of a correlation between pathogen prevalence and animal
Sociality and disease transmission
Sociality_and_disease_transmission
Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins
shown to learn and inherit pathogenic avoidance after exposure to a single non-coding RNA of a bacterial pathogen. As with proteins, mutations or imbalances
Non-coding_RNA
Group of insects in the order Lepidoptera
inbreeding resulting in relaxation of selection for active inbreeding avoidance behaviors. Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers. Some also
Butterfly
Fear of vomiting
This includes: "obsessional thinking, hyper-awareness and reactivity, avoidance, compulsive rituals, and safety behaviors". Emetophobia is often misdiagnosed
Emetophobia
Liquid by-product of animal metabolism
39 strains from 33 cow urine samples, a considerable amount being pathogens. Pathogens identified and their percentages were: The study also states: Multiple
Urine
Class of animals
vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals. Thus, avoidance is the most common form of defense in reptiles. At the first sign of danger
Reptile
Property of being from the same kinship as another person
many infectious pathogens such as tuberculosis and hepatitis, but may decrease its susceptibility to malaria and some other pathogens. Affinity (Catholic
Consanguinity
Study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them
amoebiasis, protozoal infections of the intestines and the liver, though the pathogen, Entamoeba histolytica, was not discovered until 1873 by Friedrich Lösch
Parasitology
Monosaccharide sugar
flavor avoidance in adult female rats within a laboratory setting when combined with intragastric injections. The reason for this flavor avoidance is still
Galactose
Alarm substance in ostariophysan fish
schreckstoff evolved as a defense against environmental stressors such as pathogens, parasites, and UVB radiation and that it was later co-opted by predators
Schreckstoff
Species of darkling beetle, larval form
in each instar period, though variation may be due to malnutrition or pathogens. Before emergence, most larvae typically go through 15 to 17 instars,
Mealworm
Sexual coercion among non-human animals
where there are not too many males. Other species that practice mate avoidance are Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis, a species of damselfly, who often try
Sexual_coercion_among_animals
Milkweed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
Anurag Agruwal; Evan Preisser (2013). "Chinese mantids gut caterpillars: avoidance of prey defense?". Ecological Entomology. 38 (1): 78–82. doi:10.1111/j
Monarch_butterfly
Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification
+ssRNA viruses belong to Group IV. Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogens such as the Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the
Positive-strand_RNA_virus
Mechanism for evolution
reproductive success. Other factors that can influence mate choice include pathogen stress and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Charles Darwin first
Mate_choice
Species of fungus
girdling occurring within a branch or along the mainstem caused by this pathogen. These brown needles will remain attached during the growing season and
Leucostoma_kunzei
Chronic autoimmune disorder leading to blistering skin
peptide and if their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are stimulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular pattern
Dermatitis_herpetiformis
Dedicated site where wild animals urinate and defecate
stallions, and deer bucks, which are thought to serve for confrontation avoidance. In contrast, female and young animals exhibit no such behavior. Dedicated
Animal_latrine
Species of fungus
height for fungal spore growth and dispersion. To survive, the fungal pathogen must attach securely to the arthropod exoskeleton and penetrate it—avoiding
Ophiocordyceps_unilateralis
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
system cells as well as a reduced oxidative burst. Haemophilus somnus, a pathogen of cattle, has also been shown to display LOS phase variation, a characteristic
Lipopolysaccharide
Chemical compound
administration demonstrate that it has a very small effect on alcohol self-avoidance when the drug is taken voluntarily. On the contrary, when a supervisor
Disulfiram
Genus of North American cicadas
hypothesized that the prime-number development times (13 and 17 years) improve avoidance of predators with shorter reproductive cycles and for this reason have
Periodical_cicadas
Species of fungus
Ascochyta sorghi is a fungal plant pathogen. It causes Ascochyta leaf spot (also known as rough leaf spot) on barley that can also be caused by the related
Ascochyta_sorghi
Condition negatively affecting an organism
signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the
Disease
Most common species of mice
(June 2006). "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an emerging obstetric pathogen?". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 194 (6): 1532–6. doi:10
House_mouse
Type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
not in type 2 pneumocytes. The only recommended long-term treatment is avoidance of the avian proteins that trigger BFL. This can stop the underlying inflammatory
Bird_fancier's_lung
Species of bacterium
rare and typically manifest as general stunting of the plant shoots. This pathogen has the potential to severely affect grape crops; the highest valued fruit
Xylophilus_ampelinus
Anti-government conspiracy movement
Center, retrieved January 6, 2022 Netolitzky, Donald (May 3, 2018). A Pathogen Astride the Minds of Men: The Epidemiological History of Pseudolaw (Report)
Sovereign_citizen_movement
Medical condition
transmission, and contaminated water and food. The major factor governing pathogen content of surface water is human and animal activity in the watershed
Wilderness-acquired_diarrhea
Species of bacterium
to chlorine derivatives that are commonly used to control water borne pathogens. This resistance allows infiltration and persistence in water systems
Legionella_pneumophila
General dislike of humanity
mentioned, they resign themselves to quiet acceptance and small-scale avoidance. A further approach is focused on humor based on mockery and ridicule
Misanthropy
Inflammation of the stomach lining
disease. Treatment depends on the cause of gastritis. Prevention involves avoidance of things which irritate the gut and which trigger symptoms, including
Gastritis
Loose or liquid bowel movements
and of contamination of stored water with diarrheal pathogens. Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention
Diarrhea
Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis
damaging substances is discouraged. There is no evidence that supports the avoidance or dose reduction of paracetamol in people with compensated cirrhosis;
Cirrhosis
Antiparasite defence mounted for the benefit of individuals other than the actor
absence of a pathogen, it is an adaptive response, with both the frequency and duration of grooming (self and allo) increasing when pathogen exposure occurs
Social_immunity
Cancer of the colon or rectum
providing mechanistic insights into how this pathogen may contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis. Other pathogens have also been linked to colorectal carcinogenesis
Colorectal_cancer
Identifying genomic pathogen signatures of novel pathogens or identifying pathogens via physics-based fingerprints (including pandemic pathogens) Helping link
Applications of artificial intelligence
Applications_of_artificial_intelligence
Basal organ of a vascular plant
of the gas ethylene. In order to avoid shade, plants utilize a shade avoidance response. When a plant is under dense vegetation, the presence of other
Root
Branch of scientific study
that may arise in the future, may result in a hyperactive cognitive harm avoidance system, in which a person becomes consciously and unreasonably fearful
Animal_psychopathology
Cheating, adultery, or having an affair
higher pathogen stress are more likely to have polygynous marriage systems; whereas monogamous mating systems usually have relatively lower high-pathogen environments
Infidelity
Insect repellent
and Prevention (CDC) recommends 30–50% DEET to prevent the spread of pathogens carried by insects. A 2008 study found that higher concentrations of DEET
DEET
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
proteins on its cell surface. Dscam interaction stimulates neuronal self-avoidance mechanisms that are essential for normal neural circuit development. The
DSCAM
Small insects of the family Gryllidae
alleles. Crickets have many natural enemies and are subject to various pathogens and parasites. They are eaten by large numbers of vertebrate and invertebrate
Cricket_(insect)
Mosquito-borne disease
original on 6 February 2026. Retrieved 1 February 2026. "Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 January
Malaria
Mental disorder
as washing, checking, counting, reassurance seeking, and situational avoidance. Compulsions occur often and typically take up at least one hour per day
Obsessive–compulsive_disorder
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