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Isotope of plutonium
Plutonium-244 (244Pu) is an isotope of plutonium that has a half-life of 81.3 million years. This is longer than any other isotope of plutonium and longer
Plutonium-244
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
neutrons emitted by decay of other uranium-238 atoms. The heavy isotope plutonium-244 has a half-life long enough that extreme trace quantities should have
Plutonium
longer half-life than any of the lighter isotopes. Plutonium-244 is the most stable isotope of plutonium, with a half-life of about 80 million years. It
Isotopes_of_plutonium
1952 American nuclear bomb test
detonations. Samples from the explosion had traces of the isotopes plutonium-246, plutonium-244, and the predicted elements einsteinium and fermium. Beginning
Ivy_Mike
US Department of Energy reservation in South Carolina
the world's supply of unseparated plutonium-244 and other heavy actinides. In 2001, this unseparated plutonium-244 was recognized as a National Resource
Savannah_River_Site
Thought experiment to assess ability to detect evidence of a prior advanced civilization
artificial fertilizers or isotope ratios (There is no naturally occurring plutonium-244 outside a supernova, for example, so the presence of this isotope could
Silurian_hypothesis
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-240, a decay product of plutonium-244; uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission
Uranium
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
Lawrence, F. O.; Mewherter, J. L.; Rourke, F. M. (1971). "Detection of Plutonium-244 in Nature". Nature. 234 (5325): 132–134. Bibcode:1971Natur.234..132H
Primordial_nuclide
Plutonium present within the environment
mid-20th century, plutonium in the environment has been primarily produced by human activity. The first plants to produce plutonium for use in Cold War
Plutonium_in_the_environment
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
Lawrence, F. O.; Mewherter, J. L.; Rourke, F. M. (1971). "Detection of Plutonium-244 in Nature". Nature. 234 (5325): 132–134. Bibcode:1971Natur.234..132H
Periodic_table
Series of radioactive decays
terminates with lead-208, 6 alpha decays and 4 beta decays from thorium. Plutonium-244 (which appears several steps above thorium-232) was present in the early
Decay_chain
Impact of human life on Earth and environment
dependent upon the nuclear properties of a particular isotope. Radioactive Plutonium-244 has a half-life of 80.8 million years, which indicates the time duration
Human impact on the environment
Human_impact_on_the_environment
Smallest unit of a chemical element
decayed, with the exception of traces of plutonium-244 possibly deposited by cosmic dust. Natural deposits of plutonium and neptunium are produced by neutron
Atom
Series of 1950s US nuclear tests
Air Force pilots, scientists found traces of the isotopes plutonium-246 and plutonium-244, and confirmed the existence of the predicted but undiscovered
Operation_Ivy
Radionuclide formed by nucleosynthesis before formation of the Solar System
on Earth, but for which decay products are, or should be, present: Plutonium-244 and samarium-146 have half-lives long enough for traces of their primordial
Extinct_radionuclide
Milky Way superbubble
Antarctic snow, and lunar soil. Other isotopes are manganese-53 and plutonium-244 from deep-sea materials. Supernova-originated aluminium-26, which was
Local_Bubble
U.S. Department of Energy reservation in South Carolina
materials used in the fabrication of nuclear weapons, primarily tritium and plutonium-239, by irradiating target materials with neutrons in nuclear reactor
Savannah_River_Plant
Mass extinction at the end of the Devonian
supernova can be supported or refuted by testing for trace amounts of Plutonium-244 in fossils, but these tests have not yet been undertaken. Ozone depletion
Hangenberg_event
1 29 einsteinium-250 8.6 31 plutonium-234 8.8 32 lead-201 9.33 33.6 americium-244 10.1 36 erbium-165 10.36 37.3 plutonium-245 10.5 38 lead-212 10.64 38
List of radioactive nuclides by half-life
List_of_radioactive_nuclides_by_half-life
Chemical element with atomic number 116 (Lv)
reactions between calcium-48 projectiles and targets of americium-243 and plutonium-244. The targets included lead and bismuth impurities and hence some isotopes
Livermorium
Isotope of uranium
actinides or fission products produced in the nuclear fuel cycle. (Plutonium-244, which has a half-life of 81.3 million years, is not produced in significant
Uranium-236
Periodic table group
researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research bombarded plutonium-244 atoms with calcium-48, but were again unsuccessful. This nuclear reaction
Carbon_group
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
naturally on Earth (up to plutonium inclusive), though some are detected only in very tiny amounts, such as plutonium-244. Scientists estimate that the
Isotope
Minimum energy required to separate particles within a nucleus
isotopes beyond uranium (atomic number 92) with the longest half-lives are plutonium-244 (80 million years) and curium-247 (16 million years). The nuclear fusion
Nuclear_binding_energy
Chemical element with atomic number 114 (Fl)
scientist Yuri Oganessian, who bombarded a target of plutonium-244 with accelerated nuclei of calcium-48: 244 94Pu + 48 20Ca → 292 114Fl* → 290 114Fl + 2 1 0n
Flerovium
Nuclide that does not undergo radioactive decay
radionuclide Uranium-238 (α, 2B, SF) – long-lived primordial radionuclide Plutonium-244 (α, SF) – probable long-lived primordial radionuclide (2B also predicted
Stable_nuclide
Group of chemical elements
team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna bombarded plutonium-244 with iron-58 ions; however, no atoms were produced, leading to a limit
Alkaline_earth_metal
Nuclear material pure enough to be used for nuclear weapons
properties that make it particularly suitable for nuclear weapons use. Plutonium and uranium in grades normally used in nuclear weapons are the most common
Weapons-grade nuclear material
Weapons-grade_nuclear_material
World War II Allied nuclear weapons program
enriched uranium and plutonium as fuel for nuclear weapons. Enriched uranium was produced at the Clinton Engineer Works in Tennessee. Plutonium was produced in
Manhattan_Project
Radionuclide Stable nuclide Table of nuclides Two further nuclides, plutonium-244 and samarium-146, have half-lives just long enough (8.13×107 and 9.20×107
List_of_nuclides
Chemical element with atomic number 113 (Nh)
their attempt on element 114, bombarding a target of plutonium-244 with ions of calcium-48: 244 94Pu + 48 20Ca → 292114* → 290114 + 2 n + e− → 290113
Nihonium
U.S. atomic bomb type used at Nagasaki, 1945
round shape. Fat Man was an implosion-type nuclear weapon with a solid plutonium core, and later with improved cores. The first Fat Man to be detonated
Fat_Man
British physicist
Several experiments have subsequently detected the isotopes iron-60 and plutonium-244, indicating that one or more astrophysical explosions occurred within
John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)
John_Ellis_(physicist,_born_1946)
Isotope of plutonium
Plutonium-240 (240 Pu or Pu-240) is an isotope of plutonium formed when plutonium-239 captures a neutron without undergoing fission. The detection of
Plutonium-240
Science book by Walter Alvarez (published 1997)
Asaro and Helen Michel to determine if the clay layer also contained plutonium-244, a distinctive isotope that a supernova would also have deposited if
T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom
Radioactive isotope of Americium
241Am in plutonium is determined by the original concentration of plutonium-241 (which decays to it) and its age. Older samples of plutonium containing
Americium-241
protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium exist as a result of radioactive decay and, in the case of neptunium and plutonium, neutron capture of uranium.
Actinides_in_the_environment
Devices generating electricity from radioisotope decay
nickel-63, promethium-147, and technetium-99 have been tested. Plutonium-238, curium-242, curium-244, and strontium-90 have been used. Besides the nuclear properties
Atomic_battery
Electrical generator that uses heat from radioactive decay
fewer than thirty nuclides within the entire table of nuclides. Plutonium-238, curium-244, strontium-90, and most recently americium-241 are the most often
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator
F-block chemical elements
synthetically produced plutonium are the most abundant actinides on Earth. These have been used in nuclear reactors, and uranium and plutonium are critical elements
Actinide
Smallest amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear reaction
precise estimates of critical masses of plutonium isotopes than the approximate values given above, because plutonium metal has a large number of different
Critical_mass
Secret laboratory established by the Manhattan Project
weapon using plutonium called Thin Man. In April 1944, the Los Alamos Laboratory determined that the rate of spontaneous fission in plutonium bred in a nuclear
Project_Y
the isotope 262Rf was observed in LBNL from the fusion of plutonium-244 with neon-22: 244 94Pu + 22 10Ne → 266−x 104Rf + 4 or 5 n. The team determined
Isotopes_of_rutherfordium
Nuclear weapon (development abandoned)
"Thin Man" was the code name for a proposed plutonium-fueled gun-type nuclear bomb that the United States partially developed during the Manhattan Project
Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)
the team at Dubna detected a single atom of 273Ds by bombarding a plutonium-244 target with accelerated sulfur-34 ions. Experiments were done in 2004
Isotopes_of_darmstadtium
1946 nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll
was assembled in Bikini Lagoon and hit with two detonations of Fat Man plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapons of the kind dropped on Nagasaki in 1945
Operation_Crossroads
Substance that can be converted into material for use in nuclear fission
instead of decaying. plutonium-242 to americium-243 to curium-244 to curium-245 uranium-236 to neptunium-237 to plutonium-238 to plutonium-239 americium-241
Fertile_material
Decommissioned nuclear reactor in Tennessee, US
enough plutonium for atomic bombs required reactors a thousand times as powerful, along with facilities to chemically separate the plutonium bred in
X-10_Graphite_Reactor
German-born British physicist and atomic spy (1911–1988)
expertise was the problem of implosion, necessary for the development of the plutonium bomb. After the war, he returned to the UK and worked at the Atomic Energy
Klaus_Fuchs
Nuclear reactor generating more fissile material than it consumes
20% plutonium dioxide (PuO2) and at least 80% uranium dioxide (UO2). Another fuel option is metal alloys, typically a blend of uranium, plutonium, and
Breeder_reactor
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
products. Neutron absorption which does not lead to fission produces plutonium (from 238 U) and minor actinides (from both 235 U and 238 U) whose radiotoxicity
Nuclear_fission
Method of geochemical research
Fissiogenic Xe isotopes were generated mainly from the extinct nuclide, plutonium-244 or 244Pu (half-life of 80 Myr), and also the extant nuclide, uranium-238
Xenon_isotope_geochemistry
Material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction
enriched uranium Plutonium-239, bred from uranium-238 by neutron capture with intermediate decays steps omitted. Plutonium-241, bred from plutonium-240 directly
Fissile_material
Chemical element with atomic number 98 (Cf)
curium, and plutonium with neutrons produces milligram amounts of 252Cf and microgram amounts of 249Cf. As of 2006, curium isotopes 244 to 248 are irradiated
Californium
American nuclear scientist and naval flag officer
impact of highly toxic isotopes of uranium-232, uranium-238, plutonium-238, and plutonium-244 in the aquatic environment in support of advanced nuclear reactor
John_E._Till
Chemical element with atomic number 96 (Cm)
the cyclotron at Berkeley. They bombarded the newly discovered element plutonium (the isotope 239Pu) with alpha particles. This was then sent to the Metallurgical
Curium
Chemical element with atomic number 99 (Es)
debris from the explosion had shown the production of a new isotope of plutonium, 244Pu, which could only have formed by the absorption of six neutrons
Einsteinium
Chemical element with atomic number 97 (Bk)
and 244 in the initial report, but was later established as 243. Berkelium is produced by bombarding lighter actinides uranium (238U) or plutonium (239Pu)
Berkelium
Chemical element with atomic number 95 (Am)
public only in November 1945. Most americium is produced by uranium or plutonium being bombarded with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent
Americium
American physicist (1892–1962)
producing nuclear reactors to convert uranium into plutonium, finding ways to separate the plutonium from the uranium and to design an atomic bomb. Compton
Arthur_Compton
Chemical compound
reactions of plutonium with silicides and estimation of the enthalpy of formation of Pu5Si3". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 171 (2–3): 237–244. Bibcode:1990JNuM
Plutonium_silicide
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
that would require heavy shielding. Radioisotopes such as plutonium-238, curium-242, curium-244 and strontium-90 have been used. Tritium, nickel-63, promethium-147
Nuclear_fuel
Process of manufacturing and using nuclear fuel
protons) As an alternative, the curium-244, with a half-life of 18 years, could be left to decay into plutonium-240 before being used in fuel in a fast
Nuclear_fuel_cycle
International agreement on the nuclear program of Iran
activities that could lead to the production of weapons-grade uranium or plutonium. The JCPOA restricted the number and type of centrifuges in operation
Iran_nuclear_deal
uranium and protactinium, and the primary products after are isotopes of plutonium. Neptunium is the heaviest element for which the location of the proton
Isotopes_of_neptunium
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
a plutonium gun-type fission weapon called "Thin Man". Initial research on the properties of plutonium was done using cyclotron-generated plutonium-239
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
reactors. This effectively consumes the 237 Np, reactor-grade plutonium, 241 Am, and 244 Cm. Enormous amounts of energy are still present in the spent
Fast-neutron_reactor
United States Army general (1907–2000)
facility at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the plutonium production facility at Hanford Engineer Works in Washington state. Nichols
Kenneth_Nichols
Italian-American nuclear physicist and radiochemist (1905–1989)
1944 that Thin Man, the proposed plutonium gun-type nuclear weapon, would not work due to the presence of plutonium-240 impurities. In 1944, he became
Emilio_Segrè
American physicist (1901–1958)
neptunium-238, which decayed by beta emission to form plutonium-238. One of its isotopes, plutonium-239, could undergo nuclear fission, which provided another
Ernest_Lawrence
plutonium containing plutonium-241 build up 241Am, and chemical separation of americium from such plutonium (e.g. during reworking of plutonium pits) may be required
Isotopes_of_americium
1945 U.S. disinformation operation
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a large amount of its plutonium. There was enough plutonium to build one more atomic bomb in August of 1945. They were
Plan_Totality
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
energetic neutrons from a fusion reactor could be used to breed weapons-grade plutonium or uranium for an atomic bomb (for example, by transmutation of 238 U
Fusion_power
Category of elements in spent nuclear fuel
A minor actinide is an actinide, other than uranium or plutonium, found in spent nuclear fuel. The minor actinides include neptunium (element 93), americium
Minor_actinide
WWII Soviet nuclear-research spies in the West
existence of America's plutonium bomb plans including its plutonium production plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Fuchs revealed that a plutonium bomb needed an implosion
Atomic_spies
Chemical element with atomic number 101 (Md)
This discovery was part of a program, begun in 1952, that irradiated plutonium with neutrons to transmute it into heavier actinides. This method was
Mendelevium
Geological boundary between time periods
layer sediments failed to find 244 Pu, a supernova byproduct[clarification needed] which is the longest-lived plutonium isotope, with a half-life of 81
Cretaceous–Paleogene_boundary
Italian-American physicist (1901–1954)
alternative was plutonium, which could be mass-produced in nuclear reactors by the end of 1944. He decided to concentrate the plutonium work at the University
Enrico_Fermi
20.45 917 4273 – 1.36 ≤ 3×10−12 from decay solid 94 Pu Plutonium f-block groups 7 f-block [244] 19.85 912.5 3501 – 1.28 ≤ 3×10−11 from decay solid 95
List_of_chemical_elements
Code reference for the US Army Air Forces' role in the Manhattan Project
Site production reactors came on-line in early 1944, the mix of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240 obtained was found to have a high rate of spontaneous fission
Silverplate
1919–2001 American manufacturing conglomerate
Rockwell also produced key components of the bombs they carried, including plutonium triggers at the Rocky Flats Plant on a rural site northwest of Denver
Rockwell_International
Fifth-longest river in the world
caused by radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk. On 8
Yenisei
Chemical element with atomic number 100 (Fm)
debris from the explosion had shown the production of a new isotope of plutonium, 244Pu: this could only have formed by the absorption of six neutrons
Fermium
2023 film by Christopher Nolan
working on the proposed fission bombs. After the War, Soviets test a plutonium bomb, similar to one developed at Los Alamos. In a meeting of top advisors
Oppenheimer_(film)
Chemical element with atomic number 36 (Kr)
half-life of 10.76 years. It is produced by the fission of uranium and plutonium, such as in nuclear bomb testing and nuclear reactors. 85Kr is released
Krypton
1943 US–UK nuclear weapons agreement
Feather's group at Cambridge investigated whether another element, now called plutonium, could be used as a fissile material. Because of the presence of a team
Quebec_Agreement
element is transient – it occurs only through decay (and in the case of plutonium, also in traces deposited from supernovae onto Earth). or earlier The
Prices_of_chemical_elements
British physicist (1924–2004)
further. Several times a year, he would travel to Harwell and inhale plutonium-239 and -244 straight into his lungs. This was to provide information on absorption
Eric_Voice
Crystallographic system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 26 (2): 244–248. Bibcode:1969JPSJ...26..244K. doi:10.1143/jpsj.26.244. Buschow, K. H. J. (1974). "Magnetic properties
Cubic_crystal_system
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and plutonium, number 94. These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large
Chemical_element
product is a nucleus with approximately half the mass of a uranium or plutonium nucleus which is left over after such a nucleus has been "split" in a
Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes
Commonly_used_gamma-emitting_isotopes
Residual radioactive material following a nuclear blast
thermonuclear weapons use a large mass of fissionable fuel (such as uranium or plutonium), so their fallout is primarily fission products, and some unfissioned
Nuclear_fallout
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von
John_von_Neumann
Chemical element with atomic number 46 (Pd)
Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium
Palladium
affairs 60 minutes November 19, 1996 (1996-11-19) 1504 How weapons-grade plutonium and uranium in the former Soviet Union has become vulnerable to theft
List of Frontline (American TV program) episodes
List_of_Frontline_(American_TV_program)_episodes
Settlement with restricted access
sites. Examples are the modern towns of Ozyorsk (Chelyabinsk-65) with a plutonium production plant, and Sillamäe, the site of a uranium enrichment facility
Closed_city
Chemical element with atomic number 35 (Br)
drug 4-chloromethcathinone (clephedrone)". Forensic Science International. 244: e56–e59. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.09.007. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 25280452
Bromine
Georgia, bomb is still missing. The Pentagon disputes reports that the plutonium trigger WAS on the weapon. The B-47 was subsequently scrapped. Sabre pilot
List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1955–1959)
List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_military_aircraft_(1955–1959)
the first electronic digital computer 1940: Pu-239 isotope (isotope of plutonium) a form of matter existing with the capacity for use as a destructive
Timeline of historic inventions
Timeline_of_historic_inventions
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Brit (September 2013). "Long-range tropospheric transport of uranium and plutonium weapons fallout from Semipalatinsk nuclear test site to Norway". Environment
Soviet_Union
PLUTONIUM 244
PLUTONIUM 244
PLUTONIUM 244
PLUTONIUM 244
Boy/Male
Tamil
Himalaya
Boy/Male
Tamil
Fragrance
Boy/Male
German American Spanish Portuguese Italian
Powerful ruler.
Surname or Lastname
Italian and French
Italian and French : nickname for a man with a large paunch, from Italian, Old French ventre ‘belly’ (Latin venter).Italian : probably from a short form of the personal names Bonventre or Brazzaventre.English : nickname for a bold or daring person, from Middle English aventure ‘chance’, ‘hazard’. Compare Venters.
Girl/Female
Indian
Night
Boy/Male
Hindu
Loving, God gifted
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Enclosed Pasture Meadow
Boy/Male
British, English
Old Leader; Old Ruler; Long Term Ruler
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Infatuated with Radha
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Antecedent; Preceding; Another Name for God; Primary; First; Former
PLUTONIUM 244
PLUTONIUM 244
PLUTONIUM 244
PLUTONIUM 244
PLUTONIUM 244
n.
The theory, early advanced in geology, that the successive rocks of the earth's crust were formed by igneous fusion; -- opposed to the Neptunian theory.
n.
The doctrines or philosophy by Plato or of his followers.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or designating, the system of the Plutonists; igneous; as, the Plutonic theory.
a.
Of or pertaining to Pluto; Plutonian; hence, pertaining to the interior of the earth; subterranean.
n.
A Plutonist.
n.
An elevated rational and ethical conception of the laws and forces of the universe; sometimes, imaginative or fantastic philosophical notions.
a.
Relating to what is now called the Plutonic theory of the earth, first advanced by Dr. James Hutton.
a.
Plutonic.
n.
The science which treats of phenomena due to plutonic action, as in volcanoes, hot springs, etc.
n.
One who adopts the geological theory of igneous fusion; a Plutonian. See Plutonism.