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Property of a group not united by common ancestry
valid genus while acknowledging its polyphyly. In recent research, the concepts of monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly have been used in deducing key genes
Polyphyly
Taxonomic concept
ancestor, without exception Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic grouping meets 1. but not
Monophyly
Type of taxonomic group
the descendants of a unique common ancestor. By comparison, the term polyphyly, or polyphyletic, uses the Ancient Greek prefix πολύς (polús), meaning
Paraphyly
Proposed eukaryotic kingdom
were implanted separately into each much more recently. This probable polyphyly of the chromophyte algae, if confirmed, would make it desirable to treat
Chromista
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
evolutionary relationships of this class were unclear. Proponents of polyphyly argued the following: that the similarities between these groups are the
Arthropod
Clade of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants
A tetrapod (/ˈtɛtrəˌpɒd/; from Ancient Greek τετρα (tetra) 'four' and πούς (poús) 'foot') is any vertebrate animal of the clade Tetrapoda (/tɛˈtræpədə/)
Tetrapod
Feature inherited from common ancestor
Derived Apomorphy Synapomorphy Autapomorphy Group types Monophyly Paraphyly Polyphyly Nomenclature Phylogenetic nomenclature Crown group Sister group Basal
Primitive_(phylogenetics)
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
four major clades with suggestive evidence for paraphyly or possibly polyphyly. The Blastocladiomycota were previously considered a taxonomic clade within
Fungus
Species of bacterium
Alkalihalobacillus in 2020 after a phylogenomic study to resolve the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus. A draft genome of A. alcalophilus strain AV1934
Alkalihalobacillus alcalophilus
Alkalihalobacillus_alcalophilus
Genus of fishes
a century, it was revived as a distinct genus in 2025 to resolve the polyphyly of the former genus. Most species in this genus were previously placed
Sinosturio
Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
having any formal information content – they are merely parts of clades. Polyphyly A polyphyletic assemblage is one which is neither monophyletic nor paraphyletic
Cladistics
Family of centipedes
and molecular data found this family to be polyphyletic. To avoid this polyphyly, authorities dismissed the families Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae,
Geophilidae
Species of mammal
2022-02-13. Ropiquet, A. & Hassanin, A. 2005. "Molecular Evidence for the Polyphyly of the Genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Tahr
Genus of plants
Frodin & Jun Wen (2005). "Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Schefflera
Subspecies of rainbow trout
outgroup to root phylogenetic trees for Onchorhynchus. The potential polyphyly of O. m. stonei was recognized by Behnke (1979, pg. 134) from anatomical
McCloud_River_redband_trout
Genus of bacteria
long been recognized by the scientific community as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria previously used
Niallia
Subphylum of chordates
ISBN 978-0-8053-1940-8. Farris, James S. (1974). "Formal definitions of paraphyly and polyphyly". Systematic Zoology. 23 (4): 548–554. Bibcode:1974SysZ...23..548F. doi:10
Vertebrate
British evolutionary biologist (1942–2021)
chlorophyll a/c plastids stramenopiles, cryptomonads and haptophytes. The polyphyly of the chromists has been re-asserted in subsequent studies. Cavalier-Smith's
Thomas_Cavalier-Smith
Family of sea snails
has been no serious generic revision of the genera worldwide, generic polyphyly can be expected to be rampant throughout the family. However, the family
Pyramidellidae
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly within its members due to the vague criteria used to assign species to
Priestia
Genus of amphibians
peninsular Thailand), Borneo, and Sumatra. It was erected in 2016 resolve the polyphyly of Pedostibes. The generic epithet honors the legendary Iban warrior Libau
Rentapia
Genus of gastropods
for many Indo-Pacific species. A profound study is still lacking and polyphyly probably occurs, as shown by the radulae of the few species examined.
Eucithara
Subfamily of birds
G.; Spellman, G.M. (2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Chat_(bird)
Phylum of marine, flatworm-like animals
organisms not closely related to platyhelminthes, therefore involving the polyphyly of flatworms. Acoelomorpha appeared to constitute a separate, deep-branching
Acoelomorpha
Family of birds
Spellman, G.M. (February 2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Thrush_(bird)
Genus of birds
Cercomela (Muscicapidae) and its relation to Oenanthe reveals extensive polyphyly among chats distributed in Africa, India and the Palearctic". Molecular
Wheatear
Group of a common ancestor and all of their descendants
Paraphyly Phylogenetic network Phylogenetic nomenclature Phylogenetics Polyphyly A semantic case has been made in 2008 that the name should be "holophyletic"
Clade
Species of gastropod
Neiber, M.T.; Hausdorf, B. (2015). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of the snail genus Cepaea (Gastropoda: Helicidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Caucasotachea_vindobonensis
Genus of mammals
Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2005). "Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of the genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Hemitragus
Tribe of flowering plants
Relationships Within Tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) Reveal Complex Patterns of Polyphyly in Hibiscus and Pavonia," Systematic Botany 49(1), 77-116, (6 May 2024)
Hibisceae
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity within its members. Multiple studies have
Robertmurraya
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Sutcliffiella
Genus of bacteria
criteria used to assign novel bacteria into the genus. The extensive polyphyly of the genus has been recognized as an issue by the scientific community
Gottfriedia
Overview of and topical guide to zoology
Natural selection Breed Cross breed Pure breed Hybrid clade monophyly polyphyly speciation isolating mechanisms species phenetic species biological species
Outline_of_zoology
Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae
Schwarzbach AE, Jork KB (1997). "The phylogeny of Papaver s.l. (Papaveraceae): polyphyly or monophyly?" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 204 (1–2): 75–98
Papaver
Genus of birds
relationships for aberrant genera of Australo-Papuan core Corvoidea and polyphyly of the Pachycephalidae and Psophodidae (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular
Shrikethrush
Species of mammal
(2011). "Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveals polyphyly in the goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) although gene introgression
Goitered_gazelle
Genus of gram-positive or gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria
genus Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Alkalihalobacillus
Class of crustaceans
12160. Wakayama, N. (December 2007). "Embryonic development clarifies polyphyly in ostracod crustaceans". Journal of Zoology. 273 (4): 406–413. Bibcode:2007JZoo
Ostracod
Genus of birds
Cercomela (Muscicapidae) and its relation to Oenanthe reveals extensive polyphyly among chats distributed in Africa, India and the Palearctic". Molecular
Emarginata
Species of flowering plant
monophyletic. The paraphyly of the genus Dracophyllum, as well as the polyphyly of the closely related genus Richea, they argued, suggested that a major
Dracophyllum_longifolium
Subphylum of arthropods
subclasses to classes. Since then phylogenetic studies have confirmed the polyphyly of Maxillopoda and the paraphyletic nature of Crustacea with respect to
Crustacean
Genus of flowering plants
Relationships Within Tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) Reveal Complex Patterns of Polyphyly in Hibiscus and Pavonia," Systematic Botany 49(1), 77-116, (6 May 2024)
Astrohibiscus
Genus of bacteria
"A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species
Peribacillus
Genus of flowering plants
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids? Systematic Botany, Volume 39, Number 1, March 2014, pp
Haworthia
Suborder of rodents
research, however, confirms the monophyly of rodents. Support for rodent polyphyly appears to be a product of long branch attraction. Hystricomorph rodents
Hystricomorpha
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Weizmannia
Family of amphibians
Zachariah, Anil; Brown, Rafe M.; Abraham, Robin Kurian (2016-01-20). "Polyphyly of Asian Tree Toads, Genus Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae)
True_toad
Genus of cacti
Susanne S. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Echinopsis (Cactaceae): Polyphyly at all levels and convergent evolution of pollination modes and growth
Echinopsis
Family of beetles
(2021-11-17). "Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly". ZooKeys (1071): 83–107. Bibcode:2021ZooK.1071...83C. doi:10.3897/zookeys
Rove_beetle
Species with co-existing daughter species
7751/telopea19963037. Funk, D. J.; Omland, K. E. (2003). "Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial
Paraspecies
Genus of land snails
were within the genus Candidula until a molecular phylogeny revealed the polyphyly of Candidula and, the genus Xerogyra Monterosato, 1892 was recovered.
Xerogyra
Species of even-toed ungulate
184–191. Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2005). "Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of the genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Himalayan_tahr
Order of fishes
sister lineage to gobioidei (Teleostei: Gobiiformes) and confirms the polyphyly of Trachinoidei.". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 172–179
Gobioidei
Genus of mammals
species' habitat in wet rainforests. Bärmann, Eva V. & Schikora Tim. The polyphyly of Neotragus – Results from genetic and morphometric analyses. MammalianBiology
Nesotragus
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Caldibacillus
Genus of corals
Scleractinia incertae sedis based on phylogenetic results demonstrating the polyphyly of Faviidae. Assigned to family Leptastreidae by Rowlett (2020). The World
Leptastrea
Species of succulent
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids? Systematic Botany, Volume 39, Number 1, March 2014, pp
Haworthiopsis_glauca
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Coryphella_monicae
Species of tick
phylogenetic structure within the genus Haemaphysalis and further elucidates the polyphyly of the genus Amblyomma with respect to Amblyomma sphenodonti and Amblyomma
Archaeocroton
Genus of Gram-positive bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Schinkia
Genus of succulent flowering plants
Asphodelaceae Subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids?". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 55–74. Bibcode:2014SysBo
Aloe
Genus of flowering plants
"Molecular phylogeny of Philippine Amorphophallus (Araceae): evidence of polyphyly and multiple colonization events". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 159 (2):
Amorphophallus
Family of plants commonly known as the Mahogany family
Hauenschild, F., Mabberley, D.J. and Muellner-Riehl, A.N. (2021), Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae),
Meliaceae
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Coryphella_sanamyanae
Species of plant
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids?". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1600/036364414X678044
Dracaena_aethiopica
Subclass of protists
Cavalier-Smith has proposed a significant revision of this taxon assuming the polyphyly of eugregarines. He has separated gregarines into three classes. The first
Gregarinasina
Species of gastropod
land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10
Xeroplexa_scabiosula
Species of bird
Nguembock, B.; Fjeldså, J.; Couloux, A.; Cruaud, C.; Pasquet, E. (2008). "Polyphyly of the genus Apalis and a new generic name for the species pulchra and
Black-collared_apalis
Species of gastropod
land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. Bibcode:2018MolPE
Xeroplexa_setubalensis
Genus of flowering plants
ISBN 978-0-522-84582-2. Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in Polyscias sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing
Arthrophyllum
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and has been restricted by recent phylogenetic studies to only include
Caldalkalibacillus
Superfamily of insects
αϕ 'aph'). Żyła, Dagmara; Homan, Agnieszka; Wegierek, Piotr (2017). "Polyphyly of the extinct family Oviparosiphidae and its implications for inferring
Aphid
Extinct genus of endemic Palaeogene European artiodactyls
proposed by Alan W. Gentry and Hooker in 1988, is invalid due to the polyphyly of the lineages in the phylogenetic analysis. However, the Xiphodontidae
Ephelcomenus
Order of fungi
Baral, Hans-Otto; Tamm, Heidi; Poldmaa, Kadri (2016). "Evidence for the polyphyly of Encoelia and Encoelioideae with reconsideration of respective families
Helotiales
Order of fungi
taxonomy of Hypocenomyce sensu lato (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes): Extreme polyphyly and morphological/ecological convergence". Taxon. 62 (5): 940–956. doi:10
Umbilicariales
Group of flowering plants
tsinchengshanensis were used as the outgroup. Some species were represented by multiple populations; * indicates a species that appears twice, suggesting polyphyly.
Smilax_sect._Nemexia
Species of mammal
based on cytochrome b sequences and linear skull measurements showed polyphyly in Neotragus. The royal antelope is likely to have had an ancestor in
Royal_antelope
Genus of rod-shaped bacteria
"A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species
Ferdinandcohnia
Species of flowering plant in the heath family
monophyletic. The paraphyly of the genus Dracophyllum, as well as the polyphyly of the closely related genus Richea, they argued, suggested that a major
Dracophyllum_menziesii
Species of tree
Ze-Long; Johnson, Gabriel; Liang, Zong-Suo; Chang, Zhao-Yang (May 1, 2013). "Polyphyly of the Padus group of Prunus (Rosaceae) and the evolution of biogeographic
Prunus_serotina
Genus of trees and shrubs
Johnson, Gabriel; Liang, Zong-Suo; Chang, Zhao-Yang (14 December 2012). "Polyphyly of the Padus group of Prunus (Rosaceae) and the evolution of biogeographic
Prunus
Species of bird
148:128–184. Rheindt, F.E.; Cuervo, A.M.; Brumfield, R.T. (2013). "Rampant polyphyly indicates cryptic diversity in a clade of Neotropical flycatchers (Aves:
Mistletoe_tyrannulet
Extinct genus of fishes
members of it. It contains two to three species, although given the likely polyphyly of this genus, C. trabeculatus may be the only true member: †C. trabeculatus
Congorhynchus
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Siminovitchia
Group of islands in the Indian Ocean
hermaphroditic, whereas those of the Mascarenes are considered dioecious. The polyphyly of the Mascarene Dombeyoideae suggests that dioecy has been acquired several
Mascarene_Islands
Species of bacterium
"A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species
Alkalihalobacillus_clausii
Species of Phaeophyceae
Rousseau, F.; Thibaut, T. (2010). "DNA sequence data demonstrate the polyphyly of the genus Cystoseira and other Sargassaceae genera (Phaeophyceae)"
Stolonophora
Subfamily of flowering plants
E.; Jork, K.B. (1997). "The phylogeny of Papaver s.l. (Papaveraceae): polyphyly or monophyly?". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 204 (1–2): 75–98. Bibcode:1997PSyEv
Papaveroideae
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Edmundsella
Extinct genus of endemic Palaeogene European artiodactyls
proposed by Alan W. Gentry and Hooker in 1988, is invalid due to the polyphyly of the lineages in the phylogenetic analysis. However, the Xiphodontidae
Dacrytherium
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
Zoologie. 10 (in French). VII: 1–84. Gugger MF, Hoffmann L (March 2004). "Polyphyly of true branching cyanobacteria (Stigonematales)". International Journal
Cyanobacteria
Family of plants
was described by Urs Eggli and Reto Nyffeler in their analysis of the polyphyly in the suborder Portulacineae (order Caryophyllales). Genetic research
Anacampserotaceae
Genus of bacteria
belonging to the genus Bacillus, a large genus that displays extensive polyphyly among its members. The polyphyletic nature of this genus has long been
Alteribacter
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Coryphella_borealis
Family of rodents
polyphyly of the arboreal taxa, due to closer affinities of Callistomys with Myocastorini rather than with Echimyini. The red bar shows the polyphyly
Echimyidae
Genus of beetles
; Deloya, Cuauhtémoc (11 November 2022). "Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification
Ligyrus
Species of flowering plant
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A final resolution of the prickly issue of polyphyly in the Alooids?. Systematic Botany 39(1):55-74. "Haworthia Revisited -
Tulista_marginata
Genus of flowering plants
E.W.; Quinn, C.J.; Wagstaff, S.J. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of Olearia (Astereae: Asteraceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 235
Olearia
Genus of bacteria
"A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species
Bacillus
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
Boy/Male
Welsh
From Elian's home.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Success; Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
British, English
Old Leader
Girl/Female
Indian
Well-established, Well-found
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Brave; Lion; Terrible; Held in Awe; Another Name for God
Boy/Male
African
He fights for possession.
Girl/Female
French, German, Italian, Polish
Bitter Harvester
Male
Arthurian
, defender of man.
Girl/Female
Indian
Happy
Female
Scottish
Pet form of of Scottish Elspeth, ELSPIE means "God is my oath."
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY