Search references for ROOT CAUSE. Phrases containing ROOT CAUSE
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Film claiming root canals cause disease
Root Cause is a documentary film produced by Frazer Bailey. The film makes claims regarding symptoms and illness that purportedly can originate from root
Root_Cause_(film)
Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems
and reliability engineering, root-cause analysis (RCA) is a method of problem solving used for identifying the root causes of faults or problems. It is
Root-cause_analysis
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up root cause in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Root cause may refer to: Root Cause (film), a 2019 documentary "Root Cause" (Cold Squad), a 2000
Root_cause
Causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa
with the causes extending to the left as fishbones; the ribs branch off the backbone for major causes, with sub-branches for root-causes, to as many
Ishikawa_diagram
Season of television series
when Burgess and Ruzek are forced to investigate their neighbors. 247 4 "Root Cause" Victor Macias Gavin Harris October 22, 2025 (2025-10-22) 1302 4.42 Officer
Chicago_P.D._season_13
Root Causes Strategy (RCS) or U.S. Strategy to Address the Root Causes of Migration in Central America is a federal government/private sector approach
Root_Causes_Strategy
Measures to remedy sudden disruptions and prevent future reoccurrences
operational technology, safety, and cross-sector coordination. During the root cause analysis, human factors should be assessed. James Reason conducted a study
Incident_management
Risk management strategy using a systems-based approach
in these interfaces. Root cause analysis is a problem-solving method that can help identify the causes of accidents. Root cause techniques have been successfully
System_safety
Iterative interrogative technique
explore the cause-and-effect relationships underlying a particular problem. The primary goal of the technique is to determine the root cause of a defect
Five_whys
Real-time observability platform
returns a ranked list ordered by anomaly severity, which is used for root cause analysis. Since version 2.6.0, Netdata agents and parents implement the
Netdata
Improvements in an organization to eliminate non-conformities or undesirable situations
Non-conformance is identified after systematic evaluation and analysis of the root cause of the non-conformance. Non-conformance may be a market complaint or customer
Corrective and preventive action
Corrective_and_preventive_action
Basal organ of a vascular plant
vigorous root systems are essential for crop stability and prevention of lodging. Absorption of water and mineral nutrients. Root epidermal cells and root hairs
Root
Computer hacking technique
which exits the data context and entered a command context. Although the root cause of all SQL injections is the same, there are different techniques to exploit
SQL_injection
Concrete-related building safety issue discovered in 2011
cause problems in cold winters as the process of freezing and thawing damages the blocks. During 2023, additional scientific evidence as to the root cause
Irish_defective_block_crisis
Analysis of potential system failures
of EVERY root cause as opposed to the time between a failure due to a single root cause. Additionally, with software failures, the root causes will either
Failure mode and effects analysis
Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis
Software bug with identified root cause but no fix
error is a software bug that has not been fixed, but has an identified root cause and either has low disruptive impact on end users or a known workaround
Known_error
French phrase
problem, a woman is often the root cause. Thus, it has come to refer to explanations that automatically find the same root cause, no matter the specifics of
Cherchez_la_femme
Eight disciplines of team-oriented problem solving method
from any customer. D4: Determine and Verify Root Causes and Escape Points: Identify all applicable causes that could explain why the problem has occurred
Eight disciplines problem solving
Eight_disciplines_problem_solving
American technology company
Dynatrace Intelligence: Causal AI, predictive analytics, generative AI for root-cause analysis and AI observability predictive analytics, and generative AI
Dynatrace
Set of managerial and production principles
to engage in a step-by-step approach to challenges, to search for the root causes of problems, and to engage in ongoing innovation. The standards pertain
The_Toyota_Way
Eritrean-American journalist (born 1995)
From sea to shining sea, Americans voted for it." Demsas believes the root cause of homelessness in the United States is the scarcity of affordable housing
Jerusalem_Demsas
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
The fallacy of the single cause, also known as complex cause, causal oversimplification, causal reductionism, root cause fallacy, and reduction fallacy
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Hypothesis explaining cancer
cells ferment. The Warburg hypothesis is that the Warburg effect is the root cause of cancer. The hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich
Warburg_hypothesis
Japanese production continuous improvement process
technique used in conjunction with PDCA is the five whys, which is a form of root cause analysis in which the user asks a series of five "why" questions about
Kaizen
Line of Intel microprocessors released in 2022
increased due to silicon degradation. By April 18, 2024, Intel had a root-cause investigation underway. By April 2024 it was believed by some hardware
Raptor_Lake
Disease with unknown pathogenesis or apparently spontaneous origin
condition is said to be idiopathic. With some other medical conditions, the root cause for a large percentage of all cases has not been established—for example
Idiopathic_disease
mechanism that has caused a metal component to fail. It can identify the cause of failure, providing insight into the root cause and potential solutions
Metallurgical failure analysis
Metallurgical_failure_analysis
Hearing loss caused by an inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve defect
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing loss in which the root cause lies in the inner ear, sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures)
Sensorineural_hearing_loss
Topics referred to by the same term
Ripple-carry adder, a digital circuit Rolling circle amplification of DNA Root cause analysis, a problem solving method RCA0, a weak axiom system in reverse
RCA
American healthcare
under The Joint Commission (TJC) accreditation policies to help aid in root cause analysis and to assist in development of preventive measures. The Joint
Sentinel_event
Data-driven improvement cycle used for improving and optimizing business processes
select a root cause for elimination. A large number of potential root causes (process inputs, X) of the project problem are identified via root cause analysis
DMAIC
Software fault analysis
development processes. One of the popular applications of ODC is software root cause analysis. ODC is claimed to reduce the time taken to perform defect analysis
Orthogonal defect classification
Orthogonal_defect_classification
Charitable 501(c)3 organization to fight antisemitism (founded 2019)
fact-based, non-confrontational, and actionable approach that addresses the root cause of Jewish hate and all hate at scale". Blue Square Alliance Against Hate
Blue Square Alliance Against Hate
Blue_Square_Alliance_Against_Hate
Feeding or eating disorder
such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, body image disturbance is not a root cause of ARFID. Individuals with ARFID may have trouble eating due to the sensory
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder
Descriptor of disease
disease, if it has several etiologies (root causes); as opposed to homogeneous conditions, which have the same root cause for all patients in a given group
Heterogeneous_condition
diagnosis) is a method of problem diagnosis designed to determine the root cause of IT problems. The method was originally developed by Advance7 in 1990
Rapid problem resolution diagnosis
Rapid_problem_resolution_diagnosis
a specific failure in the underlying IT infrastructure, or where the root cause of a potential security attack can be identified. Most event correlators
Event_correlation
Group of genetic connective tissues disorders
whole. Some studies suggest that structural abnormalities are not the root cause of the vast majority of cardiac symptoms, but rather, dysautonomia is
Ehlers–Danlos_syndrome
Book by Gordon G. Chang
that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was the root cause of many of China's problems and would cause the country's collapse by 2011. When 2011 was almost
The_Coming_Collapse_of_China
Pramada (negligence, carelessness) is the root cause of all pains and problems afflicting all human-beings. Adhyatma Upanishad. 14, terms Pramada as death
Pramada_(Indian_philosophy)
Type of muscular dystrophy
weakness of breathing muscles. Several drugs designed to address the root cause are currently available including gene therapy (Elevidys), and antisense
Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy
Fixing defects in an engineered system
In engineering, debugging is the process of finding the root cause, workarounds, and possible fixes for bugs. For software, debugging tactics can involve
Debugging
Scientific field of study
physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, further work in the 19th century
Physics
Form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes
modification." 5 Whys Bathtub curve Cause and effect Debugging Forensic engineering No Trouble Found Problem solving Root cause analysis RPR Problem Diagnosis
Troubleshooting
Root Cause Analysis Solver Engine (informally RCASE) is a proprietary algorithm developed from research originally at the Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG)
Root Cause Analysis Solver Engine
Root_Cause_Analysis_Solver_Engine
Character of a work actively opposing the protagonist
wave that destroys a city; a storm that causes havoc; or even a certain area's conditions that are the root cause of a problem. An antagonist may or may
Antagonist
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
for designing such systems include problem determination, heuristics, root cause analysis, de-duplication, analysis, diagnosis, and repair. Analytic techniques
Problem_solving
Identification, evaluation and control of risks
accidents, natural causes and disasters, deliberate attack from an adversary, or events of uncertain or unpredictable root-cause. Retail traders also
Risk_management
analyze many systems or organizational problems at once. By identifying root causes common to most or all of the problems, a CRT can greatly aid focused
Current reality tree (theory of constraints)
Current_reality_tree_(theory_of_constraints)
according to the WHO (2012) and the IEA (2016). The IEA notes that many of root causes and cures can be found in the energy industry and suggests solutions
List of causes of death by rate
List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate
Software bug in which features stop working
sometimes used to aid in this decision. Since debugging and localizing the root cause of a software regression can be expensive, there also exist some methods
Software_regression
Topics referred to by the same term
Francis Roots Root of all evil (disambiguation) Root cause (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Root Rooter (disambiguation) Rootes (disambiguation)
Root_(disambiguation)
Artificial intelligence in IT operations
the following processes and techniques: Anomaly Detection Log Analysis Root Cause Analysis Cohort Analysis Event Correlation Predictive Analytics Hardware
AIOps
Loss of function in the spine's intervertebral discs
without symptoms, but is typically identified once symptoms arise. The root cause is thought to be loss of soluble proteins within the fluid contained in
Degenerative_disc_disease
Legal issues regarding the collection and dissemination of data
or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Informed consent mechanisms including privacy policies
Information_privacy
Procedure to disinfect and fortify the interior of a tooth
Root canal treatment (also known as endodontic therapy, endodontic treatment, or root canal therapy) is a treatment sequence for the infected pulp of
Root_canal_treatment
Sexual identity-neutral term
approached from a view that sought to find an inherent psychopathology as the root cause. Much literature on mental health and lesbians centered on their depression
Women_who_have_sex_with_women
Creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas
and is often used in conjunction with other root cause analysis tools, such as fishbone diagrams and cause-and-effect tables. Although it may seem simplistic
Ideation_(creative_process)
Business process improvement technique
verify cause and effect. Determine what the relationships are, and attempt to ensure that all factors have been considered. Seek out the root cause of the
Six_Sigma
Failure analysis system
Failure Report). Analysis (A). Perform analysis in order to identify the root cause of failure. Corrective Actions (CA). Identify, implement and verify corrective
Failure reporting, analysis, and corrective action system
Failure_reporting,_analysis,_and_corrective_action_system
Ignorance or misconceptions about the nature of metaphysical reality
reality - the impermanence and anatta doctrines in particular. It is the root cause of dukkha ("suffering, unsatisfactoriness"), and asserted as the first
Avidyā_(Buddhism)
Process by which components of a system are exercised before being placed in service
expense (tradeoff) of a reduced yield caused by the burn-in process. When possible, it is better to eliminate the root cause of early failures than doing a burn-in
Burn-in
Obviously, the intentional TLMs listed under 'Root cause' above result into wanted effects. In many cases TLMs may cause unacceptable annoying effects such as
Temporal_light_effects
American medical student and science communicator
Already About That Life". The Root. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-06. "Prioritizing Equity video series: The Root Cause & Considerations for Health Care
LaShyra_Nolen
Diseases in which skeletal and visceral muscles break down over time
from the muscular dystrophy group. Several drugs designed to address the root cause are currently available including gene therapy (Elevidys), and antisense
Muscular_dystrophy
Condition negatively affecting an organism
which is referred to as the primary disease or simply the underlying cause (root cause). For example, a bacterial infection can be primary, wherein a healthy
Disease
to them”. There are many different root causes and drivers for petro-piracy. First, corruption is a major root cause and driver of petro-piracy, as well
Petro-piracy in the Gulf of Guinea
Petro-piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
viewed as the root cause of an individual's current health problem, a secondary infection is a sequela or complication of that root cause. For example
Infection
Independent U.S. federal agency
president and confirmed by the United States Senate. The CSB conducts root cause investigations of chemical accidents at fixed industrial facilities. The
U.S._Chemical_Safety_Board
Cycle of repeated birth, mundane existence and dying again
show a shift in the explanation of the root cause of samsara. Originally craving was considered to be the root cause of samsara, which could be stilled by
Saṃsāra_(Buddhism)
Medical emergency due to low blood volume
vital sign. When resulting from blood loss, trauma is the most common root cause, but severe blood loss can also happen in various body systems without
Hypovolemic_shock
Massive natural gas leak in southern California
had completed their root cause analysis of the gas leak that occurred on October 23, 2015. The principal findings from the root cause analysis include:
Aliso_Canyon_gas_leak
Extension of rule over foreign nations
expansion and many forms of government. Kenneth Waltz suggests that the root cause of imperialism is great power. He explains that "[w]here one finds empires
Imperialism
Indian writer
1952. He often stated that unequal distribution of river water was the root cause of the separate Telangana movement. He was the former Vice-Chancellor
Kothapalli_Jayashankar
How one process influences another
subject (i.e., a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (i.e., an effect) where the cause is at least partly
Causality
Graphical breakdown for problem solving
the right. Issue trees are useful in problem solving to identify the root causes of a problem as well as to identify its potential solutions. They also
Issue_tree
Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability
reliability requirements for suppliers. Collect field data and find root causes of failures. In the 1960s, more emphasis was given to reliability testing
Reliability_engineering
Model used in risk analysis
Mitigation Proximate and ultimate causation Proximate cause Redundancy (engineering) Root cause analysis System accident Systems engineering Systems modelling
Swiss_cheese_model
Berber Andalusian physician, surgeon and chemist (936–1013)
that in those days was a fatal affliction, and was first to discover the root cause of paralysis. He also developed surgical devices for Caesarean sections
Al-Zahrawi
Insular information management system
since it has been shown that established data-modeling methods are the root cause of the data-integration problem, [better source needed] most data systems
Information_silo
Disease in plants
Root rot is a condition in which anoxic conditions in the soil or potting media around the roots of a plant cause them to rot. This occurs due to excessive
Root_rot
Vice President of the United States from 2021 to 2025
migration to the Mexico–United States border and address the root causes of migration. The Root Causes Strategy (RCS) was the product of this effort. Multiple
Kamala_Harris
Most common genetic condition leading to color blindness
Congenital red–green color blindness is an inherited condition that is the root cause of the majority of cases of color blindness. It has no significant symptoms
Congenital red–green color blindness
Congenital_red–green_color_blindness
Increase in lymphocytes within cerebrospinal fluid
neurovascular inflammation. Many cases point to a viral infection as the root cause of pleocytosis, in which the immune system produces antibodies against
Lymphocytic_pleocytosis
Burning sensation felt behind the breastbone
effectiveness over time. However, they do not work immediately and do not fix the root cause of acid reflux; they simply make the refluxed contents less acidic.
Heartburn
Identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon
Fault tree analysis Grey problem RPR problem diagnosis Remote diagnostics Root cause analysis Troubleshooting Unified Diagnostic Services Bayesian probability
Diagnosis
1897–1958 French colony off the coast of southeast Africa
"Madagascar: Colonialism as the historical root cause of deforestation". Madagascar: Colonialism as the historical root cause of deforestation. World Rainforest
French_Madagascar
Statistical principle about ratio of effects to causes
the root causes of the problems. While it is common to refer to Pareto as "80:20" rule, under the assumption that, in all situations, 20% of causes determine
Pareto_principle
Idea of connecting all of physics into one set of equations
physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, work in the 19th century revealed
Unification of theories in physics
Unification_of_theories_in_physics
Human emotion
engender within us. Lust is thus the ultimate cause of general imperfection and the most immediate root cause of a certain suffering. The passionate desire
Lust
Fluctuations in the luminance of a light
presence of mains-supply voltage fluctuations (power-line flicker) are root causes of flicker. Flicker can also be perceived from naturally modulated light
Flicker_(light)
Perspective within feminism
offered for this socially essential work. Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to legal
Radical_feminism
Ancient forest mentioned in Mahabharata
it afire. The inhabitants of this forest were displaced. This was the root cause of the enmity of the Nāga Takshaka towards the Kuru kings who ruled from
Khandava_Forest
understand their root causes, or isolate their failure site than it is for permanent failures. Intermittent failures can be a cause of no-fault-found
Intermittent_fault
Underground wildfire, dangerous because it can propagate unseen and then reignite
A root fire (also known as a ground fire) is a wildfire caused by the burning of tree roots. It is a wildfire caused through underground burns generally
Root_fire
American oil company
refinery in the town and a gasoline station just outside the refinery, the root cause of which remains undetermined. The United Refining Company was founded
United_Refining_Company
Theory of industrial accident prevention
pyramid allows individuals to narrow down the root cause and eliminate or control the hazard or cause. The triangle was widely used in industrial health
Accident_triangle
2003 TV series or program
subconscious influences. The film describes death anxiety as a possible root cause of many human behaviors on a psychological, spiritual, and cultural level
Flight_from_Death
Medical condition
pinpoint spots under the skin, caused by bleeding, may be observed. If the root cause relates to specific taken medication, symptoms specific to the drug in
Macrocytic_anemia
Observance from outside the self
neurological research, autoscopic experiences are hallucinations. Their root cause is unclear. Autoscopic experiences can include non-mirroring real-time
Autoscopy
ROOT CAUSE
ROOT CAUSE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Rolfe.German : from Ruffo, a short form of a personal name formed with hrÅd ‘renown’, ‘victory’.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Ruf and Ruff.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of boots, from Middle English, Old French bote (of unknown origin).Dutch and North German : metonymic occupational name for a boatman, from Dutch boot ‘boat’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Spirit, Soul, Good behaviour, Purity
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a cheerful person, from Middle English rote ‘glad’ (Old English rÅt).English : metonymic occupational name for a player on the rote, an early medieval stringed instrument (Middle English, Old French rote, of uncertain origin but apparently ultimately akin to Welsh crwth).Dutch : topographic name for someone who lived by a retting place (Dutch root, a derivative of ro(o)ten ‘to ret’, akin to modern English rot), a place where flax is soaked in tubs of water until the stems rot to release the linen fibers.
Boy/Male
Dutch
Large.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Raven
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Root 1.
Male
Chinese
a root.
Surname or Lastname
Dutch (also de Roos) and Swiss German
Dutch (also de Roos) and Swiss German : habitational name for someone living at a house distinguished by the sign of a rose.Dutch (also de Roos) : metonymic occupational name for someone who grew roses, from roos ‘rose’.Dutch : from the female personal name Rosa (Latin rosa ‘rose’).Dutch : nickname from roos ‘erysipelas’, an infection which causes reddening of the skin and scalp, applied presumably to someone with a ruddy complexion.Swiss German : from a personal name formed with hrÅd ‘renown’.Swedish and Danish (of German origin) : as 1.Swedish : variant of Ros.English and Scottish : variant of Ross 2.
Boy/Male
Egyptian
Root.
Surname or Lastname
English (now chiefly East Anglia)
English (now chiefly East Anglia) : probably a topographic name for someone who lived by a patch of rough ground, from a hypothetical Old English word rÅ«(we)t or rÅ«het, derivatives of rÅ«h ‘rough’, ‘overgrown’. Compare Rauch. There are places called Ruffet(t) in Surrey and Sussex which are thought to have this origin.German : Swabian variant of Roth 1.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Rauth.Indian (northern states) : Hindu (Rajput, Jat, Maratha) and Sikh name meaning ‘prince’, from Sanskrit rÄjaputra (from rÄja ‘king’ + putra ‘son’). In India this is a variant of a name more commonly spelled Ravat or Raut. The Jats have a clan called Ravat.
Girl/Female
Indian
Soul
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from the bird (Old English hrÅc), most likely given to a person with very dark hair or a dark complexion or to someone with a raucous voice.English : some early examples, such as Robert of ye Rook (London 1318) and Henry del Rook (Staffordshire 1332), point clearly to a local name of some kind. The first of these could be from a house sign, the second may be a variant of Rock 1.German : from a short form of a Germanic personal name formed with hrok, of uncertain origin; perhaps a cognate of 1 or from Middle High German rÅhen ‘to cry or yell (in battle)’ or Old High German ruoh ‘intent’.Perhaps an altered spelling of German Ruck.
Surname or Lastname
Dutch
Dutch : from a short form of the Germanic personal name Robrecht.Altered spelling of German Rupp.English : variant spelling of Roope.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Look, Blessed with beauty, Shape, Beauty
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Beginning; Root
Boy/Male
Indian
Spirit, Soul, Good behaviour, Purity
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Foote.
Girl/Female
British, Dutch, English, French, German, Netherlands
Rose
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Indonesian, Kenyan
Root
ROOT CAUSE
ROOT CAUSE
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Tamil
Venu Gopal | வேநà¯à®‚ கோபாலÂ
Flute
Girl/Female
Irish
From the name of an Irish river, Clodagh is used occasionally as a first name in Ireland.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Honorable.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Heart, Idea
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Certain or for Sure
Girl/Female
Celtic
Mythical sister of Ove.
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumberland)
English (Northumberland) : patronymic from a medieval personal name, Pack (see Pack).
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Auspicious
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname denoting someone with very white hair or an exceptionally pale complexion, from Old English snÄw ‘snow’.Americanized and shortened form of any of the Jewish ornamental names composed with German Schnee, Schnei, Schneu ‘snow’ as the first element.
ROOT CAUSE
ROOT CAUSE
ROOT CAUSE
ROOT CAUSE
ROOT CAUSE
v. t.
To kick with the foot; to spurn.
v. t.
To spend or pass in riot.
v. t.
To tear up by the root; to eradicate; to extirpate; -- with up, out, or away.
v. i.
To occupy a room or rooms; to lodge; as, they arranged to room together.
n.
That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as, the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like.
a.
Full of roots; as, rooty ground.
v. t.
To tread; as, to foot the green.
v. i.
To search or root in the ground, as a swine.
a.
Having roots, or possessing a well-developed root.
v. t.
To turn up or to dig out with the snout; as, the swine roots the earth.
n.
That which corresponds to the foot of a man or animal; as, the foot of a table; the foot of a stocking.
v. t.
To cover or dress with soot; to smut with, or as with, soot; as, to soot land.
a.
Feeding on roots; root-eating.
v. t.
To cover with a roof.
n.
A room for retirement from another room, as from a dining room; a drawing-room.
n.
That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27.
n.
An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as, the root crop.
v. i.
To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow.
n.
The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag.