AI & ChatGPT searches , social queries for SAAR PROTECTORATE
Search references for SAAR PROTECTORATE. Phrases containing SAAR PROTECTORATE
See searches and references containing SAAR PROTECTORATE!
Search references for SAAR PROTECTORATE. Phrases containing SAAR PROTECTORATE
See searches and references containing SAAR PROTECTORATE!SAAR PROTECTORATE
French protectorate (1947–1956)
The Saar Protectorate (German: Saarprotektorat [ˈzaːɐ̯pʁotɛktoˌʁaːt]; French: Protectorat de la Sarre), officially and commonly known as Saarland (French:
Saar_Protectorate
State in Germany
territory was occupied by France, then became the Saar Protectorate on 17 December 1947. After the 1955 Saar Statute referendum, it joined the Federal Republic
Saarland
First-level administrative subdivisions of Germany
Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate joined the Federal Republic as the state of Saarland. The next major
States_of_Germany
National association football team
Fußballnationalmannschaft) was the association football team representing the Saar Protectorate in international football from 1950 to 1956 during the French occupation
Saarland national football team
Saarland_national_football_team
Flag of the German state of Saarland
the conclusion of World War II, the French assumed control of the Saar as a protectorate. The flag used at this time was a design with a Scandinavian cross
Flag_of_Saarland
Federation's Kaliningrad Oblast. In the west, the Saar area (Saarland) formed one French-controlled protectorate with its own high autonomy. The western part
Territorial evolution of Germany
Territorial_evolution_of_Germany
League of Nations Mandate in Weimar Republic (1920–35)
The Territory of the Saar Basin (German: Saarbeckengebiet, Saarterritorium; French: Territoire du bassin de la Sarre) was a region occupied and governed
Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin
A referendum on the Saar statute was held in the Saar Protectorate on 23 October 1955. The statute would have made the territory an independent polity
1955_Saar_Statute_referendum
Currency of the Saar Protectorate from 1948 to 1956
from Germany, in 1920–1935 as the Territory of the Saar Basin, in 1947–1957 as the Saar Protectorate and 1957–1959 as the state of Saarland in West Germany
Saar_franc
Men's association football team
English between 1949 and 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East Germany team representing the German Democratic
Germany national football team
Germany_national_football_team
Administrative division of Nazi Germany
With the return of the Saar Basin to Germany on 1 March 1935, the two regions were merged and formed the new Gau Pfalz-Saar. This Gau was renamed Gau
Gau_Westmark
Topics referred to by the same term
Saar, SAAR, saar, sãar, såar, or saar' in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Saar or SAAR has several meanings: Saar Ganor, Israeli archaeologist Saar Klein
Saar
Federal Republic of Germany (1949–1990)
West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the Saar Protectorate from Allied-occupied Germany by France (the separation had not been
West_Germany
Allied-occupied area in Germany (1945–1949)
the Saar Protectorate, but this was separated on 16 February 1946. By 18 December that year, customs controls were established between the Saar area
French occupation zone in Germany
French_occupation_zone_in_Germany
Capital of Saarland, Germany
Territory of the Saar Basin, and from 1947 to 1956, as capital of the Saar Protectorate. In modern German, Saarbrücken literally translates to Saar bridges (Brücken
Saarbrücken
Former province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia
the crown of Prussia". Besides parts of the carboniferous measures of the Saar and the Ruhr, it also contains important deposits of coal near Aachen. Iron
Rhine_Province
1956 treaty between West Germany and France
agreement between West Germany and France concerning the return of the Saar Protectorate to West Germany. The treaty was signed in Luxembourg on 27 October
Saar_Treaty
French Resistance activist (1904–1981)
Grandval as Ambassador and Head of the French Diplomatic Mission to the Saar Protectorate. By this time, with Cold War tensions intensifying on the far side
Gilbert_Grandval
Bavarian administrative district (1816–1946)
the Second World War there were smaller losses of territory to the Saar Protectorate, especially in the area of Sankt Wendel. As part of the 1969 land
Circle_of_the_Rhine
State in Germany
of Germany in 1949 and shared the country's only border with the Saar Protectorate until the latter was returned to German control in 1957. Rhineland-Palatinate's
Rhineland-Palatinate
Town in Saarland, Germany
War II, Saarlouis was again included in the French-occupied Saar protectorate before the Saar Treaty of 1956 paved the way for its return to Germany in
Saarlouis
Sporting event delegation
Saar Protectorate, which existed from 1947 to 1956 (German state of Saarland since), a region of Western Germany that was occupied in 1945 by France.
Saar_at_the_Deaflympics
Currency of the Saar Protectorate in 1947
following the integration of the Saar into the French currency area. The Saar franc was the currency of the Saar Protectorate and, later, the state of Saarland
Saar_mark
1989–1991 unification process of Germany
Federal Republic; this was called "Little Reunification" although the Saar Protectorate itself was only one disputed territory, as its existence was opposed
German_reunification
in France. The French established the Saar Protectorate in December 1947. The first stamps valid only in the Saar Area were issued in 1947. A first set
Postage stamps and postal history of the Saar
Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Saar
Town in Saarland, Germany
1816–1871 German Empire 1871–1918 Territory of the Saar Basin 1920–1935 Nazi Germany 1935–1945 Saar Protectorate 1947–1956 West Germany 1957–1990 Germany 1990–present
Homburg,_Saarland
Post-World War II occupation of Germany
expropriated there, into the French zone, let alone into the separated Saar protectorate. However, the native population, returning after Nazi-imposed removals
Allied-occupied_Germany
Concept in international relations
1884 Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648) Rhenish Republic (1923–1924) Saar Protectorate (1946–1956), not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany
Protectorate
Democratic Socialism 1946–1956 Counterpart of the SPD Supranational European People's Party Saar Übernationale Europäische Volkspartei saar ÜEVPS 1955–?
List of political parties in Germany
List_of_political_parties_in_Germany
National anthem of the Saar Protectorate from 1947 to 1957
Saarlandlied ("The Saarland Tune") was the national anthem of the Saar Protectorate from 1947 to 1957 and the state anthem of Saarland after 1957. After
Saarlandlied
1954 territorial settlement between France and West Germany
incorporation of the Saarland was finalized on 1 January 1957. In 1947 the Saar protectorate was separated from the French occupied zone in Germany and entered
Saar_statute
West German federal election to take place in the Saarland, which–as Saar protectorate–had been a separate entity under French control between 1946 and 1956
1957 West German federal election
1957_West_German_federal_election
after the Second World War Oder–Neisse line Recovered Territories Saar Protectorate "Treaty Series - No. 7404 - NETHERLANDS and FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY"
Dutch annexation of German territory after the Second World War
Dutch_annexation_of_German_territory_after_the_Second_World_War
Artsakh Cup Amateurliga Saarland: The representing league of the Saar Protectorate 1947–1956, of Saarland, Germany First League of Serbia and Montenegro
List of association football competitions
List_of_association_football_competitions
German footballer (1925–1994)
Germany v Saar, 11 October 1953". 11v11. Retrieved 23 October 2024. "West Germany v Norway, 22 November 1953". 11v11. Retrieved 23 October 2024. "Saar v West
Max_Morlock
between 1946 and 1956 in the Saar Protectorate. It had a short-lived predecessor, the Social Democratic Regional Party of the Saar Territory (German: Sozialdemokratische
Social Democratic Party of Saarland
Social_Democratic_Party_of_Saarland
1945 WWII allied discussion of postwar reorganization
British zone French zone (two exclaves) and beginning in 1947, the Saar Protectorate American zone, including Bremen Soviet zone, later the GDR Polish
Yalta_Conference
Euroregion in Western Europe
fortifications of the Maginot Line and the Westwall. After World War II, the Saar Protectorate was established under French control until 1957, when it was reunited
Greater_Region_of_SaarLorLux
French-administered Saar Protectorate voted to join West Germany. Since its establishment as a separate French protectorate in 1947, the Saar had a white Nordic
Flag_of_Germany
Topics referred to by the same term
French protectorate of Tunisia The Annam (French protectorate) The Tonkin (French protectorate) The Malagasy Protectorate The Saar Protectorate This disambiguation
French_protectorate
Name of several currency units
abbreviation in all four languages. The Saar franc, linked at par to the French franc, was introduced in the Saar Protectorate in 1948. On 1 January 1957, the
Franc
Aftermath of WW2 until Reunification era
in 70 years, its claim to the Saar territory". The Saar came under French administration in 1946 as the Saar Protectorate, but returned to Germany in January
History of Germany (1945–1990)
History_of_Germany_(1945–1990)
German politician (1890–1967)
Volkspartei or CVP), Hoffman served as Minister-President of the French Saar Protectorate from 1947 to 1955. Hoffmann was born in 1890 in Landsweiler-Reden
Johannes Hoffmann (CVP politician)
Johannes_Hoffmann_(CVP_politician)
After World War II, the Saarland became a French protectorate. With the negative result of the 1955 Saar Statute referendum, the Saarland joined the Federal
List of minister-presidents of the Saarland
List_of_minister-presidents_of_the_Saarland
Regional football association in Saarland, Germany
what was then the Saar Protectorate, the Saarländischer Fußball Bund (SFB) became the organising body of football in the region, when Saar was split from
Saarland_Football_Association
Post-World War II demilitarization plan for Germany
to infringe on its sovereignty over the Ruhr is carried out." The Saar Protectorate, another important source of coal and industry for Germany, was likewise
Morgenthau_Plan
List of presidents of Germany Minister-Presidents of the French "Saar protectorate" "Neuland Grundgesetz | Abkehr von Weimarer Verfassung – Reaktion
List of chancellors of Germany
List_of_chancellors_of_Germany
Flag bearing the design of the Nordic or Scandinavian cross
Nazi Germany (1938–1945), now illegal in Germany Flag of the former Saar Protectorate, Germany Proposed National flag of Germany, circa 1919. Flag proposed
Nordic_cross_flag
Sporting event delegation
the Saar Protectorate, which existed from 1947 to 1956, a region of western Germany that was occupied in 1945 by France. As a separate team, Saar took
Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Saar_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics
World Cup final, held in Switzerland
emerging from the Second World War – West Germany, East Germany and the Saar protectorate – were not admitted to FIFA until late 1950. As a result, Germany
1954_FIFA_World_Cup_final
Saarland joined West Germany in 1957. It had been a separate entity, Saar protectorate, under French control since 1946. The CDU/CSU formed a center-right
1953 West German federal election
1953_West_German_federal_election
after 1935.[citation needed] Allied Control Council (1945–1949) and Saar Protectorate Note: Ottfried Neubecker's proposal of 1919 and those of Josef Wirmer
List_of_German_flags
Mid-19th century debate about the unification of Germany
zone borders in Germany, 1947. The territories east of the Oder–Neisse line under Polish and Soviet administration and Saar Protectorate shown as white.
German_question
International organisation
Germany and Saar Protectorate joined the Council of Europe as associate members in 1950. West Germany became a full member in 1951, and the Saar withdrew
Council_of_Europe
Overview of the plans by the Allies for Germany's industry after World War II
of the Morgenthau drama occurred on that date (May 5, 1955) or when the Saar was returned to Germany (January 1, 1957)." Vladimir Petrov concludes that
Allied plans for German industry after World War II
Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II
German footballer
"Die Spieler der saarländischen Fußball-Nationalmannschaft" (in German). Saar Nostalgie. Retrieved 7 May 2017. Waldemar Philippi at National-Football-Teams
Waldemar_Philippi
Codes used to identify where a vehicle is registered
Territory of the Saar Basin 1926–1935 D League of Nations mandate, returned to Germany in 1935 SA Saar Protectorate 1947–1956 D French Protectorate, now Saarland
International vehicle registration code
International_vehicle_registration_code
the region was administered by the French Fourth Republic as the Saar Protectorate. The Saarland national football team was soon formed, playing their
Internationaler_Saarlandpokal
Polish and Soviet administration/annexation), as well as the detached Saar Protectorate (under French protection), are shown in cream. Bremen was an American
List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany
List_of_administrators_of_Allied-occupied_Germany
German footballer
Retrieved 14 June 2014. Martin Neu. "Die Spieler der saarländischen Fußball-Nationalmannschaft" (in German). Saar Nostalgie. Retrieved 7 May 2017. v t e
Erich_Leibenguth
1938 cession of German-speaking Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany
Czechoslovakia by occupying the remainder of the country and creating the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The conquered nation's armaments industry and
Munich_Agreement
(West Germany) and the Saar Protectorate became associate members in 1950. The Federal Republic became a full member in 1951. The Saar acceded to the Federal
Member states of the Council of Europe
Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe
Sports ground in Saarbrücken, Germany
national football team, which existed 1950–1956, during the era of the Saar Protectorate. "Historie des Ludwigsparkstadions". Ludwigsparkstadion. Retrieved
Ludwigsparkstadion
Currency, coin, or unit of account
the Saar Protectorate introduced the Saar mark, which was at par with the Rentenmark and the Reichsmark. In November 1947, it was replaced by the Saar franc
Mark_(currency)
the Saar Basin (1920–1935) Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic (1918) Vichy France (1940–1944) Fourth French Republic (1946–1958) Saar Protectorate (1946–1956)
List of former sovereign states
List_of_former_sovereign_states
Football tournament
Saarbrücken took its berth, since that law did not apply to clubs from the Saar Protectorate due to political reasons). In 1952, Dinamo Zagreb (then Yugoslavia
Copa Rio (international tournament)
Copa_Rio_(international_tournament)
Players of Germany's national football team
final match in 1956, after which control of the Saar Protectorate was given to West Germany. Three of the Saar team's players later represented Germany: Karl
List of Germany international footballers
List_of_Germany_international_footballers
Former country in Europe between Italy and Yugoslavia
Serbs Slovenian Istria Istria County Trieste United States Troops Saar Protectorate Shanghai International Settlement Free City of Danzig "A/AC.25/Com
Free_Territory_of_Trieste
German sprinter
women's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics representing Saar. Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen;
Inge_Eckel
(Stadtverordnetenversammlung) are included below in parentheses. The French Saar Protectorate did not participate in this election. 41 of the members elected to
1949 West German federal election
1949_West_German_federal_election
Cyclo-cross championship
the Kieselhume Hill in the St. Johann district of Saarbrücken in the Protectorate of Saarland. A course of almost four kilometers had to be lapped six
1955 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships
1955_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships
German triple jumper
competed in the men's triple jump at the 1952 Summer Olympics, representing Saar. Burgard won the British AAA Championships title in the triple jump event
Willi_Burgard
Germany objected to the fifteen-star design, as one of the members was Saar Protectorate, and to have its own star would imply sovereignty for the region
Flag_of_Europe
Regierungsbezirk in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
French military government several times extended the Saar area before forming the Saar Protectorate, also including additional 109 municipalities belonging
Trier_(region)
1936 treaty violation by Nazi Germany
Potsdam Agreement (1945) Luxembourg's annexations (1946 and 1949) Saar Protectorate (1947) Paris Protocol (1949) Dutch annexation of Elten and Selfkant
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland
Germany and from the Democratic Republic of Germany, excluding the Saar Protectorate until 1956. The censuses were carried out in different years; that
Religion_in_Germany
Test signal in television broadcasting
French 819-line TV system. Also used in French Algeria, with modifications also used by TMC in Monaco, Telesaar in the Saar Protectorate, and TVN in Chile
Test_card
State of the Holy Roman Empire (1085–1803)
Hesse. The former Territory of the Saar Basin was reinstated and expanded to create the French Saar Protectorate, which returned to Germany in 1956 as
Electoral_Palatinate
Hoffmann, who thus drew the consequences of the rejection of the favoured him Saar Statute, he was, although he belonged to no party, on 29 October 1955 his
Heinrich_Welsch
Overview of the politics of the German state of Saarland
minister-president and confirms the cabinet members. The "Territory of the Saar Basin" was governed by the League of Nations under the Treaty of Versailles
Politics_of_Saarland
Football league season
first tier of the football league system in West Germany and the Saar Protectorate. The league operated in five regional divisions, Berlin, North, South
1951–52_Oberliga
German long jumper
competed in the men's long jump at the 1952 Summer Olympics, representing Saar. Breder finished third behind Sylvanus Williams in the long jump event at
Toni_Breder
prevailed against Norway and the "third German state", the Saarland. The Saar protectorate, otherwise known as Saarland, was split from Germany and put under
History of the Germany national football team
History_of_the_Germany_national_football_team
German politician (1892–1984)
the German Reich. In 1946 he founded the Christian People's Party of the Saar (CVP) together with Johannes Hoffmann and others. Unlike Hoffmann, Ney supported
Hubert_Ney
German politician
Peter Aloysius Müller (born 25 September 1955 in Illingen, Saar Protectorate) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served
Peter_Müller_(politician)
1945 historical document
into Poland and the Soviet Union and the short-lived creation of the Saar Protectorate in the West. The preamble also confirmed the four nominated representatives
Berlin_Declaration_(1945)
1948 conference on post-WWII Germany
Potsdam Agreement (1945) Luxembourg's annexations (1946 and 1949) Saar Protectorate (1947) Paris Protocol (1949) Dutch annexation of Elten and Selfkant
London_Six-Power_Conference
German footballer (1927–2009)
1 September 2009) was a German footballer who played for 1860 Munich, SV Saar 05 Saarbrücken, Rot-Weiss Essen, Sportclub Enschede, GVAV and the Saarland
Helmut_Fottner
Territory of Nazi Germany (1938–1945)
Josef Bürckel, previously Reichskommissar for the reunion of the Saar (protectorate), was appointed by Hitler to reorganize the Nazi Party in Austria
Austria_within_Nazi_Germany
German politician and writer (1890–1953)
wife and daughter, Marianne Lange-Weinert, went into exile in the Saar protectorate. From there, he went to Paris, France, and so he would be able to
Erich_Weinert
1852–1921 1921–1937 1937–1982 1982– 1920–1935 Territory of the Saar Basin 1947–1956 Saar Protectorate 2011– San Marino See also: List of Sammarinese flags The
Flags_of_Europe
Constitution of Germany
the transformation of their protectorate into an independent state within the emerging European Economic Community. The Saar Treaty then opened the way
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany
German footballer (1920–2002)
for Germany, and told them that Fritz was not German but from the Saar Protectorate. Walter would later call the match in question as the most important
Fritz_Walter
French military operation during World War II
The Saar Offensive was the French invasion of Saarland, Germany, in the first stages of World War II, from September 7 to October 16, 1939, in response
Saar_Offensive
German footballer (1923–2020)
Binkert scored six goals in twelve international matches for the Saarland. "Saar-Fußballer Herbert Binkert gestorben". 23 February 2021. Archived from the
Herbert_Binkert
Small sovereign states in Europe
number of territories gained temporary status as international zones, protectorates or occupied territories. A few of them are mentioned here: Several historical
European_microstates
1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany
annexing Austria in 1938, Nazi Germany had remilitarized the Rhineland, and the Saar region was returned to Germany after 15 years of occupation through a plebiscite
Anschluss
German sprinter
Olympics representing Saar. She was the first woman to represent Saar at the Olympics. Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics "Saar - Olympionikin Finger verstorben"
Ursel_Finger
German rower (1925–2019)
Olympics, representing Saar. He died in June 2019 at the age of 93, leaving just two living former competitors who had represented Saar at the Olympics. Evans
Klaus_Hahn
German rower
in the men's coxless four event at the 1952 Summer Olympics, representing Saar. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Hanns
Hanns_Peters
SAAR PROTECTORATE
SAAR PROTECTORATE
Girl/Female
British, English
Star
Girl/Female
Muslim
The morning star
Boy/Male
Muslim
Habit, Custom, Name of Lord Ayyappa
Male
French
French and Spanish form of Roman Latin Cæsar, CÉSAR means "severed."
Boy/Male
Anglo, Australian, British, English
Star
Female
Finnish
Pet form of Finnish Saara, SAARU means "noble lady, princess."
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Ãsgeirr, ÓSKAR means "god-spear."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
The Morning Star
Female
English
Anglicized form of Greek Sarra, SARA means "noble lady, princess."Â In the bible, this is the name that God gave to Sarai, wife of Abraham. This form of the name is in wide use throughout Europe: Dutch, German, Greek, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Scandinavian, and Slovene.
Girl/Female
Afghan, African, American, Arabic, Armenian, British, Christian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Irish, Italian, Jamaican, Japanese, Jewish, Kannada, Kurdish, Lebanese, Malayalam, Marathi,
Pure; Lady; Excellent; Form of Sarah; Queen; Abraham's Wife; Priceless; Inestimable; Solid; Precious; Best; Star; Happy; Beautiful; Princess
Female
Finnish
Finnish form of Hebrew Sarah, SAARA means "noble lady, princess."Â
Girl/Female
Sikh
Form of God, Effective
Girl/Female
Dutch, German, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Explanation
Girl/Female
British, English, Jamaican
Star
Boy/Male
Indian
Fourth prayer of the day, One who has wisdom
Girl/Female
English Latin
Star.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Greek, Jamaican, Latin
Star; Esther; Stella; Inspiring
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Old High German Ansgar, ÓSCAR means "god-spear."
Boy/Male
Australian, Dutch, Hebrew
Storm
Boy/Male
Bengali, Christian, Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Abbreviated from Aarav; Hero; Star
SAAR PROTECTORATE
SAAR PROTECTORATE
Girl/Female
Latin American
Ardent. Eager. Industrious.
Girl/Female
Norse
Mother of Hoskuld.
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Happy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Sweetness
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Peace
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Lucas, LUCA means "from Lucania." In use by the Romani.
Girl/Female
American, Australian
Brightly
Girl/Female
English Latin
The month April; symbolizes spring.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Fair and beautiful
Girl/Female
Hindu
SAAR PROTECTORATE
SAAR PROTECTORATE
SAAR PROTECTORATE
SAAR PROTECTORATE
SAAR PROTECTORATE
n.
The polestar; the north star.
v. t.
To mark with a scar or scars.
n.
The Dog Star. See Dog Star.
imp. & p. p.
of Scar
a.
Like a star; star-shaped; radiated.
a.
To burn (the surface of) to dryness and hardness; to cauterize; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes the color or the hardness and texture of the surface; to scorch; to make callous; as, to sear the skin or flesh. Also used figuratively.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Scar
n.
A variety of calcite, so called from its slaty structure; -- called also slate spar.
n.
The morning star; the star which ushers in the day.
n.
An old name for a nonmetallic mineral, usually cleavable and somewhat lustrous; as, calc spar, or calcite, fluor spar, etc. It was especially used in the case of the gangue minerals of a metalliferous vein.
n.
Doctrine or knowledge of the stars; star lore; astrology; astronomy.
v. i.
To be bright, or attract attention, as a star; to shine like a star; to be brilliant or prominent; to play a part as a theatrical star.
v. i.
To form a scar.
n.
That which resembles the figure of a star, as an ornament worn on the breast to indicate rank or honor.
a.
Hung with spar, as a cave.