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Assistive technology that converts text or images to speech or Braille
A screen reader is a form of assistive technology (AT) that renders text and image content as speech or braille output. Screen readers are essential to
Screen_reader
Computer screen reader software
(JAWS) is a computer screen reader program for Microsoft Windows that allows blind and visually impaired users to read the screen either with a text-to-speech
JAWS_(screen_reader)
This is a comparison of some screen reader programs. Automatik Text Reader from Davide Baldini (Firefox extension) Balabolka from Ilya Morozov BrowseAloud
List_of_screen_readers
IBM web browser designed for the blind
readers attempted to work at the time was by directly "reading the screen." The screen reader met World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) HTML 4.01 specifications,
IBM_Home_Page_Reader
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Reader, Readers, reader, or readers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A reader is a person who reads. It may also refer to: Adobe Reader (now Adobe
Reader
Discontinued assistive reading software
Free and open-source software portal The Linux Screen Reader (LSR) is a discontinued free and open source effort to develop an extensible assistive technology
Linux_Screen_Reader
Software that enlarges image on part of a computer screen
functional vision usually use a screen reader. The simplest form of magnification presents an enlarged portion of the original screen content, the 'focus', so
Screen_magnifier
Comparison of devices for reading e-books
e-books and periodicals. E-readers have a similar form factor to a tablet; usually use electronic paper resulting in better screen readability, especially
Comparison_of_e-readers
Device for reading e-books
periodicals. Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability
E-reader
2009 mobile operating system
applications in the App Store as well. Apple also added the accessibility screen reader option VoiceOver to iOS devices with this release. iPhone OS 3 is the
IPhone_OS_3
Accessibility of World Wide Web
technologies such as the following to enable and assist web browsing: Screen reader software, which can read out, using synthesized speech, either selected
Web_accessibility
Open source screen reader for Windows
NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA) is a free and open-source, portable screen reader for Microsoft Windows. The project was started by Michael Curran in
NonVisual_Desktop_Access
File format used to present documents
January 12, 2023. "Accessing PDF documents with assistive technology: A screen reader user's guide" (PDF). Adobe Systems Inc. Archived from the original (PDF)
E-reader devices
The first Amazon Kindle e-reader device was introduced in November 2007. As of 2025, twelve generations of Kindle devices have been released, with the
Amazon_Kindle_devices
Tactile writing system
among the blind. Despite the evolution of new technologies, including screen reader software that reads information aloud, braille provides blind people
Braille
App designed for the blind and visually-impaired
Window-Eyes is screen reader software for the Microsoft Windows operating system, developed by GW Micro. The first version was released in 1995. Window-Eyes
Window-Eyes
Accessibility software
Orca is a free and open-source, flexible, extensible screen reader from the GNOME project for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Using various
Orca_(assistive_technology)
Desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like systems
the desktop. Several assistive technology providers, including Orca screen reader and Dasher input method, were developed specifically for use with GNOME
GNOME
Modes of usability for people with disabilities
compatibility with a person's assistive technology (for example, computer screen readers). Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and benefit
Accessibility
Style sheet language
different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices.
CSS
Medium consisting of pages of text or images
software allows a reader to increase the size of most texts. Screen readers can dynamically read aloud any text on a computer screen without a recording
Book
CAPTCHA implementation owned by Google
organization WebAIM reported in May 2012, "Over 90% of respondents [screen reader users] find CAPTCHA to be very or somewhat difficult". The original
ReCAPTCHA
Line of e-book readers manufactured by Sony
Edition. On August 25, 2009, Sony announced the Reader PRS-900 "Daily Edition." This features a 7" diagonal screen to compete with the Amazon Kindle DX. It was
Sony_Reader
Screen reader for Microsoft Windows
Narrator is a screen reader in Microsoft Windows. Developed by Professor Paul Blenkhorn in 2000, the utility made the Windows operating system more accessible
Narrator_(Windows)
Standard for accessible PDF technology
for people with disabilities who use assistive technology such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, joysticks and other technologies to navigate and read
PDF/UA
Method of extracting data from websites
telephone numbers or email addresses, at the cost of accessibility to screen reader users. Because bots rely on consistency in the front-end code of a target
Web_scraping
WebAnywhere is a free web-based open source screen reader, created at the University of Washington. Since WebAnywhere is web-based, it is available on
WebAnywhere
Ability of a computer system to be used by all people
auditory feedback and screen magnifying software are very useful. In the case of severe vision impairment such as blindness, screen reader software that provides
Computer_accessibility
Brief sound used to convey information
same purpose. Assistive technologies for computing devices—such as screen readers including ChromeOS's ChromeVox, Android's TalkBack and Apple's VoiceOver—use
Earcon
HTML used to reinforce meaning of documents or webpages
Content Accessibility Guidelines).[citation needed] For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document
Semantic_HTML
E-book format
were included as bitmap or SVG images, precluding proper handling by screen readers and interaction with computer algebra systems. Support for MathML is
EPUB
Decreased ability to see
Magnifier for those with partial vision, and Microsoft Narrator, a simple screen reader. Linux distributions (as live CDs) for the blind include Vinux and Adriane
Visual_impairment
Family of e-book readers
e-book readers available at the time. Like most e-readers, the Kobo uses an electronic ink screen. "Kobo" is an anagram of "book". In November 2011,
Kobo_eReader
Screen reader developed by Apple
VoiceOver is a screen reader built into Apple Inc.'s macOS, iOS, tvOS, watchOS, and iPod operating systems. By using VoiceOver, the user can access their
VoiceOver
Screen reader application by Google
screen reader application developed by Google for its Android operating system. It powers applications to read aloud (speak) the text on the screen,
Speech Recognition & Synthesis
Speech_Recognition_&_Synthesis
or PCTA) is a method used to gather data in usability testing with screen reader users. It is a particular kind of think aloud protocol (or TAP) created
Partial concurrent thinking aloud
Partial_concurrent_thinking_aloud
2025 film by Kim Byung-woo
Omniscient Reader: The Prophecy (Korean: 전지적 독자 시점) is a 2025 South Korean action fantasy film directed by Kim Byung-woo, starring Lee Min-ho, Ahn Hyo-seop
Omniscient Reader: The Prophecy
Omniscient_Reader:_The_Prophecy
Alternative text that appears when a HTML element cannot be rendered
HTML is part of W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Screen readers and text-based web browsers read the alt attribute in place of the image
Alt_attribute
Computer accessibility framework
client-server architecture. In that way, Assistive Technologies (ATs), such as screen readers, would be the clients of that framework, and computer applications would
Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface
Assistive_Technology_Service_Provider_Interface
Topics referred to by the same term
English darts player Darrell Waltrip, American race car driver JAWS (screen reader), for blind and vision-impaired computer users JAWS Scripting Language
Jaws
Defunct RSS/Atom feed aggregator formerly operated by Google
Google Reader was an RSS/Atom feed aggregator service operated by Google. It was created in early 2005 by Google engineer Chris Wetherell and launched
Google_Reader
Home video game console by Sony
which adds several improvements for accessibility such as an improved screen reader with support for features like mono audio, reading notifications aloud
PlayStation_5
Linux distribution
version of the Ubuntu distribution and provided users with two screen readers, two full-screen magnifiers, global font-size and colour changing facilities
Vinux
Vector graphics editor from Adobe Inc
images. Over the years the rendition of this image on Illustrator's splash screen and packaging became more stylized to reflect features added in each version
Adobe_Illustrator
Assistive devices for people with disabilities
impairment include screen readers, screen magnifiers, Braille embossers, desktop video magnifiers, and voice recorders. Screen readers are used to help
Assistive_technology
Application programming interface for Microsoft Windows
of sources Window-Eyes screen reader JAWS screen reader NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA), a free and open source screen reader Comparison of speech synthesizers
Microsoft_Speech_API
Assistive technology
been replaced by Orca in GNOME. Gnopernicus is a "one-size-fits-all" screen reader that provided speech, Braille, and magnification for users with a range
Gnopernicus
E-book reader company
with a color E Ink Kaleido 3 screen". pocketbook.ch. "PocketBook Verse Pro Color: super-compact e-reader with color screen E Ink Kaleido™ 3". pocketbook
PocketBook_International
One of the first commercially available screen readers for a graphical user interface
commercially available screen readers for a graphical user interface (GUI). Its notable innovations were the use of an off-screen model and the mouse pointer
OutSpoken
Reading a text on a computer or smart device screen
Screen reading is the act of reading a text on a computer screen, smartphone, e-book reader, etc. In a 1997 study conducted by Jakob Nielsen, a web usability
Screen_reading
Screen magnifier for Windows
editions: ZoomText Magnifier and ZoomText Magnifier/Reader, which includes a built-in screen reader. The latest version of ZoomText is ZoomText 2026.2605
ZoomText
Internet conferencing software product
codec. The majority of TeamTalk users are visually impaired who use a screen reader for navigating in the user interface. To be as accessible as possible
TeamTalk
Accessibility service for visually impaired Android users
2021-10-20. "LICENSE". Github. Retrieved 2021-10-20. "Our all-new TalkBack screen reader". Google. 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2021-10-27. "What's new with TalkBack
TalkBack
2021 American-Canadian film
Sergeant Brandt Zehra Fazal as News Reporter Alex Paxton-Beesley as Off-Screen Reader On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 28% of 78 critics'
The_Desperate_Hour
Iranian classified advertising platform
and they must pay for posting more than 3 ads. Night Mode Supports screen reader Accessibility One Dutch company has invested $47 million in the company
Divar_(website)
Compact, open-source, software speech synthesizer
small size and many languages, eSpeakNG is included in NVDA open source screen reader for Windows, as well as Android, Ubuntu and other Linux distributions
ESpeak
2008 film by Stephen Daldry
The Reader is a 2008 romantic drama film directed by Stephen Daldry, scripted by David Hare, adapting the 1995 German novel Der Vorleser by Bernhard Schlink
The_Reader_(2008_film)
Speech synthesizers for Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. It is used by Narrator, the screen reader program built into the operating system. Microsoft Mike and Microsoft
Microsoft text-to-speech voices
Microsoft_text-to-speech_voices
Artificial production of human speech
used by the visually impaired to quickly navigate computers using a screen reader. Formant synthesizers are usually smaller programs than concatenative
Speech_synthesis
2021 mobile operating system
August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021. "How to use VoiceOver, the screen reader in iOS 15 on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch | My Computer My Way"
IOS_15
Device for displaying braille characters
the content of the screen from the operating system, converts it into braille characters and sends it to the display. Screen readers for graphical operating
Refreshable_braille_display
Brand of electronic paper
"E Ink Releasing New "Print-Color" Screens for eReaders and Notebooks | The eBook Reader Blog". Blog.the-ebook-reader.com. 18 December 2019. Archived from
E_Ink
Function where an application provides an in-built aural interface
application that provides an aural interface without requiring a separate screen reader. Self-voicing applications can be an important form of assistive technology
Self-voicing
Software library
client-server architecture. In that way, assistive technologies (ATs) such as screen readers, would be the clients of that framework, and computer applications would
Accessibility_Toolkit
Canadian actress
praise from Theatre Critic Karen Fricker. Paxton-Beesley first appeared on screen in 2004 in The Good Shepherd (also known as The Confessor (film)), alongside
Alex_Paxton-Beesley
1998 United States copyright law
technological protection measures prevented the use of read-aloud software or screen readers. This exemption was renewed in 2006, 2010, 2012, and 2015. A new exemption
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
Text-to-speech software
use, making BrowseAloud inaccessible to groups that could use other screen readers, such as JAWS. Commentators have noted that BrowseAloud is not a substitute
BrowseAloud
Braille embossing typewriter
the computer. Visually impaired users can read the computer screen by using screen reader computer software and/or braille displays. Users of such a system
Perkins_Brailler
Topics referred to by the same term
Coupé, an 8-bit British home computer Microsoft Sam, a voice for the screen reader in Windows 2000 and XP SAM, a New Zealand chatbot that discuss politics
Sam
Line of smartphones by Apple
camera. Low-vision users can enable VoiceOver, a screen reader that describes what is on the screen, while Siri allows for hands-free interaction. The
IPhone
create a text-only version of the object for screen readers and hide any motion from the screen reader. Since Flash content was usually placed on a single
Comparison_of_HTML5_and_Flash
Technical specification for web accessibility
updates are often not accessible to users with disabilities, especially screen reader users and users who cannot use a mouse or other pointing device. WAI-ARIA
WAI-ARIA
Government agency under Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry
guidelines and requested accommodations such as OCR-readable documents and screen-reader compatibility. In response to the petition, the O/o CGPDTM issued the
Indian_Patent_Office
Audio computer desktop and speech interface
application, a speech interface, and an audio desktop (as opposed to a screen reader). It employs Emacs (which is written in C), Emacs Lisp, and Tcl. Developed
Emacspeak
Key on many computer keyboards
[citation needed] Screen readers use the insert key for hotkeys for reading text, speaking formatting information, or opening the screen reader's configuration
Insert_key
American computer scientist
end-user elicitation methods for input design, the Slide Rule touch-based screen reader for blind users, and the Aligned Rank Transform tool for nonparametric
Jacob_O._Wobbrock
Topics referred to by the same term
"Narrator" (song), a song by British band, Squid Narrator (Windows), a screen reader in Microsoft Windows This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Narrator_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
lightning. Thunder may also refer to: Thunder (assistive technology), a screen reader Thunder Networking Technologies, a Chinese multimedia and Internet company
Thunder_(disambiguation)
Piece of computer hardware
ordinarily used by visually-impaired individuals as an alternative to a screen reader. Haptic technology involves the use of vibration and other motion to
Output_device
American computer programmer and businessman
computer programmer and businessperson known for having invented the JAWS screen reader for the blind. He studied engineering, but learned computer programming
Ted_Henter
Spanish software consulting company
GNOME Web (formerly known as Epiphany), the GNOME web browser Orca, a screen reader that provides access to the graphical Linux desktop via user-customizable
Igalia
Document viewing application
30, 2019). "GoodReader 5 brings split-screen documents to iPad". Retrieved October 30, 2025. Merron, Jeff (August 3, 2014). "GoodReader 4 review: An excellent
GoodReader
American accessibility software company
Clearwater, Florida. Former motorcycle racer Ted Henter developed the JAWS screen reader after he became blind as a result of a car accident. Henter and Bill
Freedom_Scientific
impaired into consideration. Symbian screen reader software offers more than just the reading of the application's screens, but also supports braille devices
GPS_for_the_visually_impaired
Application programming interface
disabilities. Some examples of AT products are screen readers for users with limited sight, on screen keyboards for users with limited physical access
Microsoft Active Accessibility
Microsoft_Active_Accessibility
ASCII character set representing all possible dot combinations in six-dot Braille
imperfectly back-translated into standard text which can then be read by a screen reader or other similar program. Many find BRF files to be a more convenient
Braille_ASCII
Symbol combining both + and - signs
meaning. It also makes the meaning less accessible to blind users with screen readers. Look up 土, 士, or 干 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The plus–minus
Plus–minus_sign
Method of adding links to parts of an image
requirement – to provide an alt attribute describing the link that screen reader software can read to, for example, blind users. The <area> elements
Image_map
Video game series
Reader Rabbit is an educational video game franchise created in 1984 by The Learning Company. The series is aimed at children from infancy to the age of
Reader_Rabbit
American computer scientist (1936–2019)
2019) was an American computer scientist, and the inventor of the first screen reader, a type of assistive technology that enables the use of a computer by
James_W._Thatcher
Concept in software development
difficulties for blind and visually impaired users who make use of screen reader software that reviews a list of available links on a page. Pages would
Mystery_meat_navigation
Android-based tablet and e-reader
B&N announced the GlowLight Plus e-reader. The device is the largest Nook e-reader to date with a 7.8-inch E Ink screen. The Glowlight Plus is waterproof
Barnes_&_Noble_Nook
The Alex eReader is a discontinued e-book reader created by Spring Design. As with the Barnes & Noble Nook, the Alex features two screens. The upper is
Alex_eReader
Digital image output of computer display
A screenshot (also known as screen capture or screen grab) is an analog or digital image that shows the contents of a computer display. A screenshot is
Screenshot
Online digital book library
to ensure that all productions will work with modern tools such as screen readers.[citation needed] With the goal of making public domain works more accessible
Standard_Ebooks
Field of design focusing on the creation of user-centered products and websites
are also tasked with ensuring accessibility—considering issues like screen reader compatibility or providing non-text elements, such as icons. UX writers
User_experience_design
E-book reader
E-Book-Reader with 9.7" E-Ink EPD display Bottom of the Onyx Boox M92 e-book reader An Android-based (2.3) smart phone and e-reader, the primary screen of
Onyx_Boox
2005 operating system version
to make a Workflow. VoiceOver — screen reader interface similar to Jaws for Windows and other Windows screen readers that offers the blind and visually
Mac_OS_X_Tiger
Web design method that avoids HTML tables for page layout control
table-based layout is linearized, for example when being parsed by a screen reader or a search engine, the resulting order of the content can be somewhat
Tableless_web_design
Conflation of multiple HTML elements for web-page display
Browsers which render material linearly do not handle frames well. Screen reader programs text or audio browsers Email browsers such as Agora Mobile
Frame_(World_Wide_Web)
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
Girl/Female
Muslim
A narrator of Hadith from the prophet (Saw), Another narrator of Hadith by the same name was the sister of mariah al-qabtiyah, Al-maqooqus of egypt (She was the daughter of Ibn Abdullah Ibn Masood)
Female
English
English variant spelling of Greek Eirênê, EIREEN means "peace."
Girl/Female
Arabic
Screen; Star
Girl/Female
Australian, Chinese, French, German, Latin
Serene; Tranquil
Girl/Female
Muslim Hindi Indian
Screen. Star.
Girl/Female
Indian
A narrator of Hadith from the prophet (Saw), Another narrator of Hadith by the same name was the sister of mariah al-qabtiyah, Al-maqooqus of egypt (She was the daughter of Ibn Abdullah Ibn Masood)
Female
English
Pet form of Irish Nóra, NOREEN means "honor, valor."
Girl/Female
Indian
Boy/Male
Indian
Lord of Shree
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Screen; Star
Girl/Female
Hindu
Goddess Lakshmi, Foremost, Best, First, Night
Girl/Female
Arabic, Greek, Lebanese, Muslim
Sweet or Milky
Female
Irish
Irish form of French Corinne, COREEN means "maiden."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the various places, for example in Hertfordshire, Kent, and Somerset, so named from Old English strǣt ‘paved highway’, ‘Roman road’ (Latin strata (via)). In the Middle Ages the word at first denoted a Roman road but later also came to denote the main street in a town or village, and so the surname may also have been a topographic name for someone who lived on a main street.Jewish : Americanized form of the Sephardic surname Chetrit, of uncertain origin.Americanized form of Ashkenazic Jewish Strasser and a number of other similar surnames.The Rev. Nicholas Street (1603–74) came from England to Taunton, MA, between 1630 and 1638, and later moved to New Haven, CT, where his descendant Augustus Russell Street, a leader in art education, was born in 1791 and went on to become one of the most important early benefactors of Yale College.
Girl/Female
Indian
Lovely quite girl, Royal or Prince
Female
Persian/Iranian
(شیرین) Variant spelling of Persian Shirin, SHEREEN means "sweet."
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
She was the daughter of Ibn Abdullah Ibn Masood and a narrator of Hadith from the Prophet (S.A.W) another narrator of Hadith by the same name was the sister of Mariah al-Qabtiyah; al-Maqooqus of Egyp
Surname or Lastname
English (West Midlands)
English (West Midlands) : unexplained.
Female
Persian/Iranian
(شیرین) Variant spelling of Persian Shirin, SHIREEN means "sweet."
Girl/Female
Indian
Beautiful, Friendly
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Latin, Swedish, Swiss
Blind; From the Latin Cecilia; Sixth
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Strong
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Snake
Biblical
a bush or thorn
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Arabic, Armenian, Australian, Basque, Bengali, Christian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Indian, Latin, Malaysian, Muslim, Parsi, Swedish
German Diminutive of Elizabeth; The Flower Lily is a Symbol of Innocence; Purity and Beauty; A Flower; Purity; Beauty; Variant of Lillian Derived from the Flower Name Lily; Lily
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic or metronymic from Hill 2.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Telugu, Traditional
King Among Men
Boy/Male
British, Celtic, English
Returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake
Girl/Female
Australian, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Quite and Gentle
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
n.
A wooden straightedge used to lay across the plaster screed, as a limit for the thickness of the coat.
a.
Of or pertaining to a siren; bewitching, like a siren; fascinating; alluring; as, a siren song.
a.
Calm; placid; undisturbed; unruffled; as, a serene aspect; a serene soul.
n.
One who, or that which, screws.
v. t.
To make serene.
v. t.
To provide with a shelter or means of concealment; to separate or cut off from inconvenience, injury, or danger; to shelter; to protect; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hill.
n.
A creaking; a screech; a shriek.
a.
Bright; clear; unabscured; as, a serene sky.
v. t.
To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal.
imp. & p. p.
of Screw
n.
Specifically, a kind of nail with a spiral thread and a head with a nick to receive the end of the screw-driver. Screws are much used to hold together pieces of wood or to fasten something; -- called also wood screws, and screw nails. See also Screw bolt, below.
v. t.
To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as, to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press.
n. & v.
See Screen.
imp. & p. p.
of Screen
n.
See Strene.
n.
See Siren.
v. t.
To pass, as coal, gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen in order to separate the coarse from the fine, or the worthless from the valuable; to sift.
n.
Anything that separates or cuts off inconvenience, injury, or danger; that which shelters or conceals from view; a shield or protection; as, a fire screen.
n.
A breach or rent; a breaking forth into a loud, shrill sound; as, martial screeds.
n.
See Siren, 6.