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Geophysical principle
Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle governed by Snell's Law of refraction. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic
Seismic_refraction
Exploration of subsurface properties with seismology
enterprise, particularly the petroleum industry. Seismic reflection exploration grew out of the seismic refraction exploration method, which was used to find
Reflection_seismology
Physical phenomenon relating to the direction of waves
medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. How
Refraction
Device that generates controlled seismic energy used for seismic surveys
A seismic source is a device that generates controlled seismic energy used to perform both reflection and refraction seismic surveys. A seismic source
Seismic_source
Seismic wave velocity variation
1029/2022GL099562. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 251078656. Redpath, B.B. (1973-05-01). Seismic refraction exploration for engineering site investigations (Report). Office of
Seismic_velocity_structure
Vibrational energy transfer in Earth or other planetary body
recorded by a seismic observatory, their different travel times help scientists locate the quake's hypocenter. In geophysics, the refraction or reflection
Seismic_wave
Structural dome formed of salt or halite
using seismic refraction and seismic reflection. The latter was developed based on techniques from the former and is more effective. Seismic refraction uses
Salt_dome
normal thickness oceanic crust. The combined use of seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction data give a precise location for the COB by determining
Continent-ocean_boundary
Geophysics of first tens of meters below surface
applied geophysics or exploration geophysics. Methods used include seismic refraction and reflection, gravity, magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic methods
Near-surface_geophysics
Area not reached by seismic waves from an earthquake
Retrieved 2021-12-10. "Snell's Law -- The Law of Refraction". personal.math.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-10. "Seismic Shadow Zone: Basic Introduction- Incorporated
Shadow_zone
Topics referred to by the same term
on the game Plus–minus method, a geophysical method to interpret seismic refraction profiles Plus-Minus (Stockhausen), a 1963 composition by Karlheinz
Plus–minus
Stage of seismic exploration
as the hammer source, are simpler seismic sources that are typically employed for near-surface seismic refraction surveys. This type of source often
Seismic_data_acquisition
waves are recorded on geophones. Seismic methods are split up into three different methods, reflection, refraction, and surface wave, based on the physical
Geophysical_imaging
(conventional reciprocal method), is a geophysical method to analyze seismic refraction data developed by J. G. Hagedoorn. It can be used to calculate the
Plus–minus_method
Removal of material from a solid surface
geophysicist utilizing the seismic refraction equipment (see refraction). Rippability studies can involve the performance of seismic refraction traverses, the drilling
Digging
Geophysical investigation technique
Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction is a technique used in geophysical investigations of Earth's crust and upper mantle. It allows the development
Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction
Seismic_wide-angle_reflection_and_refraction
typically employed in seismic refraction surveys. This equipment consists of a seismograph, geophones placed in an array, and a seismic source. An array consists
Refraction_microtremor
Imaging technique used in seismology
variations affect the properties of seismic waves, most importantly their velocity, leading to the reflection and refraction of these waves. The location and
Seismic_tomography
Geophysical experiment carried out at the Moon surface by Apollo missions
Reflection seismology Seismic refraction Seismic tomography Seismic wave Apollo 14 and 16 Active Seismic Experiments and Apollo 17 Lunar Seismic Profiling (PDF)
Active_Seismic_Experiment
Interpretation of seismic data using linear model
spatial seismic refraction data". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 75 (3): 865–880. Cooke, D; Cant J. (April 2010). "Model-based seismic inversion:
Linear_seismic_inversion
pp. 359–363. Tau-P Processing of Seismic Refraction Data Reflections on the Deconvolution of Land Seismic Data Seismic profiling COMMON-MIDPOINT STACKING
Multidimensional seismic data processing
Multidimensional_seismic_data_processing
Attempt to drill through Earth's crust
in Life magazine. The location was determined based on world-wide seismic refraction studies by George G. Shor and others, and its proximity to San Diego
Project_Mohole
Oceanic division
configuration of the West Bengal sedimentary basin, India as revealed by seismic refraction tomography: its tectonic implications". Geophysical Journal International
Indian_Ocean
Type of seismic wave
of the two main types of elastic body waves or seismic waves. P waves travel faster than other seismic waves and hence are the first signal from an earthquake
P_wave
Application of geology to engineering practice
fault trenching, and bulldozer pits; geophysical surveys (such as seismic refraction traverses, resistivity surveys, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys
Engineering_geology
Island in Canada
Lakes Research, 2(1), pp.164-176. Halls, H.C. and West, G.F., 1971. A seismic refraction survey in Lake Superior. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8(6)
Caribou Island (near Michipicoten Island)
Caribou_Island_(near_Michipicoten_Island)
Tectonic pull-apart basin in the United States and Mexico
Mooney, Salton Trough Lithospheric Structure and Tectonics from Seismic-Refraction and Other Data in USGS Professional Paper 1515] Sylvester & Gans,
Salton_Trough
American oil executive, geophysicist, and philanthropist
company found eleven new salt domes using seismographic refraction surveys. The seismographic refraction method attempted to plot and identify the composition
Everette_Lee_DeGolyer
Place in California, United States
Mooney, Walter D. (1990), "Lithospheric structure and tectonics from seismic-refraction and other data", The San Andreas Fault System, California, Geological
Salton_City,_California
North American extensional tectonic zone
Mooney, Walter D. (1990), "Lithospheric structure and tectonics from seismic-refraction and other data", The San Andreas Fault System, California, Geological
Brawley_Seismic_Zone
marine seismic refraction experiments defined a thin ocean crust, approximately 6 to 8 kilometers in thickness, divided into three layers. Seismic reflection
Marine_geophysics
Systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies
used for geophysical surveys include: Seismic methods, such as reflection seismology, seismic refraction, and seismic tomography. This type of survey is
Geophysical_survey
1995 devastating earthquake in Sakhalin, Russia
December 2024. Zhigulev, V.; Patrikeev, V. (February 2007). "Shallow seismic refraction analysis: Application to studying the active North Sakhalin fault"
1995_Neftegorsk_earthquake
Huge regional accumulation of igneous rocks
triggered antipodally by focused seismic energy. This model has been challenged because impacts are generally considered seismically too inefficient, and the
Large_igneous_province
Light wave refraction with opposite properties to those usually observed
In optics, negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly
Negative_refraction
Topics in the physics of the Earth and its vicinity
than seismic shear wave velocity. Tsunami – triggers a tsunami. Seismic waves P S Surface Love Raleigh Reflection seismology Seismic refraction Seismic tomography
Outline_of_geophysics
Geographic sink in California
Mooney, Salton Trough Lithospheric Structure and Tectonics from Seismic-Refraction and Other Data in USGS Professional Paper 1515 "Salton Buttes". Global
Salton_Sink
Geological feature in Utah, United States
University of Nevada at Reno performed a detailed study that included seismic refraction and rock mapping. The results of this study support the meteorite
Upheaval_Dome
Undersea landform in the Gulf of Alaska
presumably of thickened hotspot generated crust, although there are no seismic refraction data across the swell to define crustal thickness. The crest of one
Kodiak–Bowie_Seamount_chain
Environmental effects on seismic waves
several research results on seismic site effects in Caracas. When propagating, the seismic waves are reflected and refracted at the interface between the
Seismic_site_effects
Oilfield in Libya
1676 m below. Thus, while the second and third wells were drilled, a seismic refraction survey was shot. It gave control over the basement structure, but
Sarir_field
Physical phenomenon
seismology and geophysics, lateral waves constitute the basis of the seismic refraction method. The mathematical physics governing lateral waves is analogous
Lateral_wave
Applied branch of geophysics and economic geology
techniques used are: Seismic tomography to locate earthquakes and assist in Seismology. Reflection seismology and seismic refraction to map the surface
Exploration_geophysics
Sub-field of engineering concerned with human-made structures in the sea
(irregularities, objects on the seabed, lateral variability, ice gouges, ...). Seismic refraction surveys can be done to obtain information on shallow seabed stratigraphy
Offshore geotechnical engineering
Offshore_geotechnical_engineering
Royal Navy survey ship (1931–1954)
London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. pp. 24–25. Gaskell, T.F. (18 March 1954). "Seismic Refraction Work by H.M.S. Challenger in the Deep Oceans". Proceedings of the
HMS_Challenger_(1931)
Seismic processing software system
on-land seismic data, advanced processing of HR/UHR offshore seismic, as well as for the onshore near-surface seismic reflection, refraction, MASW, and
RadExPro_seismic_software
Geologic feature in Washington and Oregon, United States
nature and details of the deeper structure is not known. A 260 km long seismic refraction profile showed a rise in the crustal basement beneath the OWL, but
Olympic–Wallowa_lineament
Dynamic disturbance in a medium or field
resembles the refraction of light waves. Two types of particle motion result in two types of body waves: Primary and Secondary waves. Seismic waves are waves
Wave
Volcano in Baja California, Mexico
Mooney, Salton Trough Lithospheric Structure and Tectonics from Seismic-Refraction and Other Data in USGS Professional Paper 1515 Geology of the Salton
Cerro_Prieto
Oceanic basin in the South Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Tonga
D. A. (2003). "Tonga Ridge and Lau Basin Crustal Structure from Seismic Refraction Data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 108 (4): 2195
Lau_Basin
Physical phenomenon
extremely evident in the seismic velocities recorded using seismic refraction. This concept was tested using seismic refraction profiles from the Mendocino
Shear_wave_splitting
Cross-discipline of geophysics and hydrology
interfaces, and water quality assessment Seismic refraction (surface)- mapping top of bedrock, faults, and water table Seismic reflection (surface)- mapping top
Hydrogeophysics
Seismological method
along with other seismic data, but are traditionally considered noise and an impedance in interpreting deeper reflection and refraction information. Seismologists
Surface-wave_inversion
"Bouncing back" of waves at an interface
of reflected light sources Negative refraction Ocean surface wave Reflection coefficient Reflectivity Refraction Ripple tank Signal reflection Snell's
Reflection_(physics)
Material with a negative refractive index
the effects most studied is the negative index of refraction. When a negative index of refraction occurs, propagation of the electromagnetic wave is
Negative-index_metamaterial
Instrument that records seismic waves by measuring ground motions
less noisy and gives better records of some seismic waves.[citation needed] The foundation of a seismic station is critical. A professional station is
Seismometer
Gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium
the medium in question. Attenuation also occurs in earthquakes; when the seismic waves move farther away from the hypocenter, they grow smaller as they
Attenuation
Major volcanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean
Canadian expedition to study the Alpha Ridge complex: results of the seismic refraction survey "European Drilling Research Icebreaker (Aurora Borealis)" (PDF)
Alpha_Ridge
The Grenville front tectonic zone: Results from the 1986 Great Lakes onshore seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction experiment v t e v t e v t e
Grenville_Front_Tectonic_Zone
Harris, James B.; Jones, Daniel R.; Street, R. L. (1991). "A Shallow Seismic Refraction Study of the Versailles Cryptoexplosion Structure, Central Kentucky"
List of possible impact structures on Earth
List_of_possible_impact_structures_on_Earth
American geologist (1906–1969)
Research Information System. Ewing, John; Ewing, Maurice (March 1959). "Seismic-refraction measurements in the Atlantic Ocean basins, in the Mediterranean Sea
Harry_Hammond_Hess
Interior of the earth
speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers. The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's
Internal_structure_of_Earth
French petroleum engineer and consultant
37 years with Total S.A., a French petroleum company. His work on seismic refraction surveys contributed to the discovery of Africa's largest oil field
Jean_Laherrère
Simulated Mars habitat on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada
(2009), "Subsurface water detection on Mars by astronauts using a seismic refraction method: Tests during a manned Mars mission simulation", Acta Astronautica
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
Flashline_Mars_Arctic_Research_Station
Prehistoric impact crater in Mexico
In addition to the conventional seismic reflection imaging, data was recorded onshore to allow for wide-angle refraction imaging. In 2005, another set of
Chicxulub_crater
Research simulating the environment on Mars
(2009-02-01). "Subsurface water detection on Mars by astronauts using a seismic refraction method: Tests during a manned Mars mission simulation". Acta Astronautica
Mars_analog_habitat
Materials engineered to have properties that have not yet been found in nature
of) negative refractive index and imaging by flat lens using left handed metamaterials were demonstrated. Negative index of refraction in the optical
Metamaterial
Seamount in the Pacific Ocean
Douglas A. (2003). "Tonga Ridge and Lau Basin crustal structure from seismic refraction data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 108 (B4): 2195
Capricorn_Seamount
Marine scientific exploration (1971–1974)
Atlantique: Brest, CNEXO, BP 337, Cedex 2973. Poehls, Kenneth A. (1974). "Seismic refraction on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37°N". Journal of Geophysical Research
Project_FAMOUS
conversion of acoustic waves two-way travel time to actual depth Seismic waves Seismic refraction Swell (ocean) Ardus, D.A.; Clare, D.; Hill, A.; Hobbs, R.;
Swell_filter
Cave system in Oregon, U.S.
of the water treatment plant. Before installing a new clarifier, seismic refraction detected a cavity between 40 and 50 feet below the surface. It would
Redmond_Caves
Computer modelling of a petroleum reservoir
elastic properties. In the next step of seismic to simulation, seismic inversion techniques combine well and seismic data to produce multiple equally plausible
Reservoir_modeling
Generic name for a relatively persistent vibration of the ground
In geophysics, geology, civil engineering, and related disciplines, seismic noise is a generic name for a relatively persistent vibration of the ground
Seismic_noise
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
wave orbits become asymmetrical). This process is called shoaling. Wave refraction is the process that occurs when waves interact with the sea bed to slow
Wind_wave
American oil and gas exploration company
Clarence Karcher and Eugene McDermott in 1930, for the purpose of using refraction and reflection seismology to explore for petroleum deposits. On December
Geophysical_Service
US surveillance project from 1947 to 1949
bomb tests. While successful, the balloon method was soon superseded by seismic detectors. In popular culture, the legacy of Project Mogul has been the
Project_Mogul
and SALT 2 were shot in 1983 along parts of a previously acquired seismic refraction profile. When this survey was shot, sufficient deep reflection data
British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate
British_Institutions_Reflection_Profiling_Syndicate
Geological feature in British Columbia, Canada
Resources. Retrieved 27 December 2025. Pike, Christopher James (1986). A seismic refraction study of the Hecate sub‑basin, British Columbia (MSc thesis). Vancouver
Hecate_Depression
Form of transitional crust
a combined thickness of up to 20 km. These beds are identified on seismic refraction sections as seaward dipping reflectors. The early phase of volcanic
Volcanic_passive_margin
Material designed to manipulate sound waves
desired results of negative refraction. The double negativity is a consequence of resonance and the resulting negative refraction properties. In 2007 a metamaterial
Acoustic_metamaterial
Point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter in an earthquake
outer core refracts the longitudinal or compressional (P waves) while it absorbs the transverse or shear waves (S waves). Outside the seismic shadow zone
Epicenter
geology as an aid to planning a seismic reflection survey. In the processing of wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) data, synthetic seismograms
Synthetic_seismogram
Belgian astronaut
2009). "Subsurface water detection on Mars by astronauts using a seismic refraction method: Tests during a manned Mars mission simulation". Acta Astronautica
Vladimir_Pletser
Measurement process
Seismic migration is the process by which seismic events are geometrically re-located in either space or time to the location the event occurred in the
Seismic_migration
Marine depression in the Gulf of California
Transition Across the Alarcon Basin, Gulf of California from Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data. In: American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2003 Abstracts
Pescadero_Basin
Geologic formation near Santa Fe, New Mexico
unit. The formation is estimated to be 90 m (300 ft) thick based on seismic refraction studies. The age is constrained by an ash bed from the Jemez Mountains
Ancha_Formation
Research seismologist and geophysicist
in 2004. Mooney, W.D., and Brocher, T.M., (1987), Coincident seismic reflection/refraction studies of the continental lithosphere: a global review, Geophysical
Walter_D._Mooney
began to use seismic measuring methods in flat waters and during the war, physicist Maurice Ewing carried the first seismic refraction measurements out
History_of_research_ships
Calculation technique
dynamics simulations. Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes Atmospheric refraction Gradient-index optics List of ray tracing software Ocean acoustic tomography
Ray_tracing_(physics)
Chronological listing of significant events in the history of tectonophysics
Ridge, was discovered by Bruce Heezen (Lamont Group) (Puzzle pieces: Seismic-refraction and Sonar survey of the rifts). (Ewing & Ewing 1959), (Heezen 1960)
Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952)
Timeline_of_the_development_of_tectonophysics_(after_1952)
British Antarctic research vessel
on the marine geophysics of the Scotia Arc. This included two-ship seismic refraction experiments working with HMS Protector, sonobuoy work and magnetic
RRS_Shackleton
Duntley Seiche Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi Seismic metamaterials Seismic migration Seismic refraction Seismic source Seismic tomography Seismological Society of
Index_of_physics_articles_(S)
American visionary geophysicist (born 1929)
there (1956-1961), his research and thesis revolved around shallow seismic refraction and gravity data from several basins on the eastern flank of the Sierra
Jack_H._Healy
Ancient canal through the base of the Mount Athos peninsula
Detection of the Xerxes Canal by the Use of Shallow Reflection and Refraction Seismics – Preliminary Results”. Geophysical Prospecting 45 (1997), 389–401
Xerxes_Canal
American geophysicist
J (1983). Refraction of isotherms: applications to define rift basin geometry (Thesis). OCLC 10781217. Pyrak-Nolte, Laura J (1988). Seismic visibility
Laura_Pyrak-Nolte
Lake in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
Zolitschka, B. (April 2011). "Deciphering lake and maar geometries from seismic refraction and reflection surveys in Laguna Potrok Aike (southern Patagonia,
Potrok_Aike
near the epicenter, and conversely the refracted wave arrives first at the point far from the epicenter. Seismic body waves (P- and S-waves) do not usually
Travel-time_curve
Geological feature
Shallow Deformation Around the Main Frontal Thrust in Central Nepal from Refraction Velocities". Tectonophysics. 777 228366. Bibcode:2020Tectp.77728366L.
Main_Himalayan_Thrust
Wave which is an oscillation of matter
common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves. Like all waves, mechanical waves transport energy. This energy propagates
Mechanical_wave
Chronological listing of significant events in the history of tectonophysics
CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. Ewing, John; Ewing, Maurice (March 1959). "Seismic-refraction measurements in the Atlantic Ocean basins, in the Mediterranean Sea
Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (before 1954)
Timeline_of_the_development_of_tectonophysics_(before_1954)
SEISMIC REFRACTION
SEISMIC REFRACTION
SEISMIC REFRACTION
SEISMIC REFRACTION
Girl/Female
Australian, French, Indian
Lovely; A Red; Ruby Jewel
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
God
Boy/Male
German
High.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
King Maker
Boy/Male
Muslim
Fragrance, Fragrant
Male
Russian
Variant spelling of Russian Varfolomei, VARFOLOMEY means "son of Talmai."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Finnish, French
Precious; Eye; God was Gracious; Beloved
Male
Greek
(Φῆλιξ) Greek form of Latin Felix, PHELIX means "happy" or "lucky." In the bible, this is the name of a Roman procurator of Judea.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim, Punjabi, Sikh
A Famous Diamond
Girl/Female
British, English
Whiskey
SEISMIC REFRACTION
SEISMIC REFRACTION
SEISMIC REFRACTION
SEISMIC REFRACTION
SEISMIC REFRACTION
n.
A bow or arch exhibiting, in concentric bands, the several colors of the spectrum, and formed in the part of the hemisphere opposite to the sun by the refraction and reflection of the sun's rays in drops of falling rain.
n.
An optical instrument for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. It combines in one, through a bending of the rays of light, two pictures, taken for the purpose from points of view a little way apart. It is furnished with two eyeglasses, and by refraction or reflection the pictures are superimposed, so as to appear as one to the observer.
a.
Alt. of Deistical
n.
See Seizin.
n.
The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
a.
Alt. of Seismal
adv.
With privilege or possession; -- used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin; as, in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband.
n.
A contrivance for exhibiting and measuring the refraction of light.
n.
The several colored and other rays of which light is composed, separated by the refraction of a prism or other means, and observed or studied either as spread out on a screen, by direct vision, by photography, or otherwise. See Illust. of Light, and Spectroscope.
n.
The correction which is to be deducted from the apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true altitude.
n.
A transparent body, with usually three rectangular plane faces or sides, and two equal and parallel triangular ends or bases; -- used in experiments on refraction, dispersion, etc.
a.
Serving or having power to refract, or turn from a direct course; pertaining to refraction; as, refractive surfaces; refractive powers.
n.
A refracting telescope, in which the image to be viewed is formed by the refraction of light in passing through a convex lens.
a.
Of or pertaining to an earthquake; caused by an earthquake.
a.
Having but one optic axis, or line of no double refraction.
a.
Pertaining to, savoring of, or consisting in, deism; as, a deistic writer; a deistical book.
n.
The change in the direction of a ray of light, and, consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly body from which it emanates, arising from its passage through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
n.
The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different density from that through which it has previously moved.
a.
Turned from a direct course by refraction; as, refracted rays of light.