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Direct interface to an operating system
or hundreds of computers with a single PowerShell command. Windows PowerShell supports remote computing by using various technologies, including WMI
Shell_(computing)
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
systems, making it a versatile tool in various computing environments. The input language to the shell shall be first recognized at the character level
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Topics referred to by the same term
transactions Shell (computing), a type of user interface and command-line interpreter Command-line interface, sometimes referred to as command shell List of command-line
Shell
Revision control system for Windows
full-scale stand-alone application. The name is a pun on the words shell (computing, turtle). The tortoise in the logo is called Charlie Vernon Smythe
TortoiseCVS
Command-line interpreter for Unix operating system
1975–1977. It focused on making shell programming practical, especially in large shared computing centers. It added shell variables (precursors of environment
Unix_shell
Cryptographic network protocol
The Secure Shell Protocol (SSH Protocol) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. Its most
Secure_Shell
Computer function
In computing, a shell builtin is a command or a function, exposed by a shell, that is implemented in the shell itself, instead of an external program
Shell_builtin
Computer program that runs as a background process
In computing, a daemon (/ˈdiːmən/ DEE-mən or /ˈdeɪmən/ DAY-mən) is a program that runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control
Daemon_(computing)
Cross-platform shell based on .NET technology
PowerShell is a shell program developed by Microsoft for task automation and configuration management. As is typical for a shell, it provides a command-line
PowerShell
Computer program designed to be used via text-only interface
reader), and ranger (a file manager). Text-based (computing) Box-drawing character Shell (computing) Stigler, Shane; Linsenbradt, Mark; Cowart, Robert;
Console_application
Advanced interactive shell for Python
IPython (Interactive Python) is a command shell for interactive computing in multiple programming languages, originally developed for the Python programming
IPython
this interface is a shell. Windows' standard user interface is the Windows shell; Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1 have a different shell, called Program Manager
List of alternative shells for Windows
List_of_alternative_shells_for_Windows
the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and the science and technology of mathematical calculations. Today, "computing" means using
Index_of_computing_articles
Programmable machine that processes data
of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. In his work
Computer
Computer network security concept
remotely accessed, a remote shell. In computing, the most basic method of interfacing with the operating system is the shell. On Microsoft Windows based
Shell_shoveling
Command in various command line shells
In computing, help is a command in various command line shells such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, Bash, qshell, 4DOS/4NT, Windows PowerShell, Singularity shell
Help_(command)
External instruction to a computer program
In computing, a command is a high-level instruction received via an external interface that directs the behavior of a computer program. Commonly, commands
Command_(computing)
Interface enabling remote access to a web server
uniform. Backdoor (computing) Cyberwarfare Internet security Network security China Chopper Privacy Web-based SSH "How can web shells be used to exploit
Web_shell
Computer programming environment
read–eval–print loop (REPL), also termed an interactive toplevel or language shell, is a simple interactive computer programming environment that takes single
Read–eval–print_loop
Type of malware
In computing, a trojan horse or trojan is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program. Trojans
Trojan_horse_(computing)
Term in computing
In computing, Xyzzy is sometimes used as a metasyntactic variable or as a video game cheat code. Xyzzy comes from the Colossal Cave Adventure computer
Xyzzy_(computing)
Means of entering commands to software
in the shell. Angle brackets may be omitted when confusing the parameter name with a literal string is not likely. In many areas of computing, but particularly
Command-line_interface
Programming language for automation scripts
In computing, a script is a relatively short and simple set of instructions that typically automate an otherwise manual process. The act of writing a
Scripting_language
quantum computing. The paper was submitted in June 1979 and published in April 1980. Yuri Manin briefly motivates the idea of quantum computing. Tommaso
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Unix shell
The C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh) is a Unix shell created by Bill Joy while he was a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley
C_shell
British computer scientist
to 2002 he was president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). For his work on computing, Bourne was awarded the ACM's Presidential Award
Stephen_R._Bourne
Arch Linux-based Linux distribution
and uses the Hyprland tiling Wayland compositor and Quickshell desktop shell. Hansson released Omarchy on June 26, 2025, describing it as an opinionated
Omarchy
computing from 2020 to the present. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing. Significant events in computing
Timeline of computing 2020–present
Timeline_of_computing_2020–present
Data storage for copy and paste operations
class. Clipboard manager Cut, copy, and paste "What is a Clipboard in Computing? – Definition from Techopedia". Techopedia.com. Archived from the original
Clipboard_(computing)
File format and file archiver program
34: 8. Controlling the Archive Format". GNU. Retrieved 2022-07-11. pax – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 5 from The
Tar_(computing)
Termination command of many command-line interpreters and scripting languages
In computing, exit is a command used in many operating system command-line shells and scripting languages. The command causes the shell or program to terminate
Exit_(command)
Section of a source code file that is treated as if it were a separate file
In computing, a here document (here-document, here-text, heredoc, hereis, here-string or here-script) is a file literal or input stream literal: it is
Here_document
Programming language environment
numerical computing and graphical plotting features. CH is combined of both shell and IDE. CH shell combines the features of common shell and C language
Ch_(computer_programming)
Computer program or file valid in multiple programming languages or file formats
In computing, a polyglot is a computer program or script (or other file) written in a valid form of multiple programming languages or file formats. The
Polyglot_(computing)
Term for computer intruders and computing experts
has spread beyond computing in terms such as hackathon, civic hacking, biohacking, growth hacking, and life hack. Within computing, communities disagree
Hacker
Self-replicating program
self-referential formula Programming languages Quine's paradox Polyglot (computing) Examples include Bash, Perl, and Python Bratley, Paul; Millo, Jean (1972)
Quine_(computing)
Cloud-based Jupyter Notebook environment
requires no setup and runs entirely in the cloud. It offers free access to computing resources, including GPUs and TPUs, making it popular among researchers
Google_Colab
catalogs comparable aspects of notable operating system shells. Background execution allows a shell to run a command without user interaction in the terminal
Comparison_of_command_shells
Computer security exploit using injected code
in a shell, thus preventing the possibility of shell injection. For example, rather than implementing Git functionality by invoking git ... shell commands
Code_injection
Optional command-line interpreter for the IBM
command-line interpreter (shell) for the IBM i operating system. Qshell is based on POSIX and X/Open standards. It is a Bourne-like shell that also includes
Qshell
Computer providing a central resource or service
large computing clusters may also be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components. The use of the word server in computing comes
Server_(computing)
Computer operating system
Windows is grouped into families that cater to particular sectors of the computing industry – Windows for personal computers, Windows Server for servers
Microsoft_Windows
Particular execution of a computer program
In computing, a process is the instance of a computer program that is being executed by one or many threads. There are many different process models,
Process_(computing)
Temporary storage for deleted files
In computing, the trash, also known by other names such as trash bin, dustbin, wastebasket, and similar names, is a graphical user interface desktop metaphor
Trash_(computing)
Topics referred to by the same term
Subshell may refer to: Subshell, of an electron shell Subshell, a child process launched by a shell in computing This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Subshell
Command in various operating systems
In computing, del (or erase) is a command in command-line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS, NDOS, 4OS2, 4NT and Windows PowerShell
Del_(command)
Handle in a user interface that allows the user to find a file or resource
In computing, a file shortcut is a handle in a user interface that allows the user to find a file or resource located in a different directory or folder
Shortcut_(computing)
Software to modify a shell environment during a session
configure their shell environment without permanently altering login scripts. This is especially useful in high-performance computing (HPC) environments
Environment Modules (software)
Environment_Modules_(software)
Changing the name of a file
In computing, rename refers to the altering of a name of a file. This can be done manually by using a shell command such as ren or mv, or by using batch
Rename_(computing)
also find open source implementations in Java and Swift. BatchPipes Shell (computing) Flow-based programming VM and the VM Community, Melinda Varian CMS/TSO
CMS_Pipelines
American computer scientist (1924–2015)
Donald L. Shell (March 1, 1924 – November 2, 2015) was an American computer scientist who designed the Shellsort sorting algorithm. He acquired his Ph
Donald_Shell
Remove power from a computer's main components in a controlled way
There is also a shutdown command that can be executed within a command shell window. shutdown.exe is the command-line shutdown application (located in
Shutdown_(computing)
Women have been deeply involved in computing since the 18th century. Before the advent of machines that could perform computations, people who "performed
Women_in_computing
Display system intended to replace X11
implementation of the xdg-shell protocol, on the contrary, is supposed to be provided by the Wayland compositor. So you will find the <xdg-shell-client-protocol
Wayland_(protocol)
Computing command
In computing, sys is a command used in many operating system command-line shells and also in Microsoft BASIC. SYS is an external command of Seattle Computer
SYS_(command)
Research distributed operating system
Plan 9 from Bell Labs is an operating system designed by the Computing Science Research Center (CSRC) at Bell Labs in the mid-1980s, built on the UNIX
Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs
Processing a software job non-interactively
interactive computing. From the late 1960s onwards, interactive computing such as via text-based computer terminal interfaces (as in Unix shells or read–eval–print
Batch_processing
Methods used to protect cloud-based assets
infrastructure of cloud computing. It is a sub-domain of computer security, network security and, more broadly, information security. Cloud computing and storage
Cloud_computing_security
Discontinued compute platform as a service
on-demand cloud computing service operated by Sun Microsystems prior to Sun's acquisition by Oracle Corporation. The Sun Cloud Compute Utility provided
Sun_Cloud
Protective shell of a type of eukaryotic organism
Coccolithophore shells Many protists have protective shells or tests, usually made from silica (glass) or calcium carbonate (chalk). Protists are a diverse
Protist_shell
American multinational technology company
online advertising, search engine technology, email, cloud computing, software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence
Text that identifies an item in a computer file system
of Windows do accept or understand Unix-style slashes also, such as PowerShell. The following table describes the syntax of paths in notable operating
Path_(computing)
Phrase often uttered by computers and robots in popular culture
news of peace with "Peace does not compute", as it was only programmed for war situations. In Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, one computer developed
Does_not_compute
Software feature
multiple possible completions, some command-line interpreters, especially Unix shells, will list all possible completions beginning with those few characters
Command-line_completion
Notes January 2000 Lola Shenkoya Body not found Shenkoya, a 27-year-old computing graduate, disappeared from Ealing Broadway on 3 January 2000. Police believe
List of unsolved murders in the United Kingdom (2000s)
List_of_unsolved_murders_in_the_United_Kingdom_(2000s)
Student organization at the University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley campus community with unmet computing needs, and to provide a place for those interested in computing to fully explore that interest." The OCF
Open_Computing_Facility
Mathematical model of the time dependence of a point in space
with the same energy form an energy shell Ω, a sub-manifold of the phase space. The volume of the energy shell, computed using the Liouville measure, is preserved
Dynamical_system
navigation multimedia center combinations. Sample graphical environments GNOME Shell KDE Plasma 6 MATE Windows on an example Wayland compositor Xfce Enlightenment
Graphical_user_interface
American multinational technology company
U.S. patents generated by a business. IBM was founded in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), a holding company of manufacturers
IBM
Shell command to display file contents
In computing, type is a command in various command-line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS/4NT and Windows PowerShell used to display
TYPE_(DOS_command)
List of mascots for computer hardware, software, and concepts
This is a list of computing mascots. A mascot is any person, animal, or object thought to bring luck, or anything used to represent a group with a common
List_of_computing_mascots
Control of jobs in a Unix shell
environment, and is distinct from general computing job control. Job control was first implemented in the C shell by Jim Kulp, then at IIASA in Austria,
Job_control_(Unix)
Free and open-source cloud computing management platform
master distributor. Free and open-source software portal Cloud computing Cloud-computing comparison Cloud infrastructure "10 Open Source tools for Cloud
OpenQRM
Amount of computational work that a computer system performs
In UNIX computing, the system load is a measure of the amount of computational work that a computer system performs. The load average represents the average
Load_(computing)
Symbol "#!", used in computing
In computing, a shebang is the character sequence #!, consisting of the characters number sign (also known as hash or octothorpe) and exclamation mark
Shebang_(Unix)
Command in many command-line interpreters
In computing, ver (short for version) is a command in various command-line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe and 4DOS/4NT. It prints the
Ver_(command)
Type of interface based on outputting to or controlling a text display
In computing, text-based user interfaces (TUI) (alternately terminal user interfaces, to reflect a dependence upon the properties of computer terminals
Text-based_user_interface
Method for calculating the volume of a solid of revolution
Shell integration (the shell method in integral calculus) is a method for calculating the volume of a solid of revolution, when integrating along an axis
Shell_integration
GUI toolkit or framework
Tcl shell (tclsh), Tk may be invoked using the command package require Tk. The program wish (WIndowing SHell) provides a way to run a tclsh shell in a
Tk_(software)
This is a list of computing and IT acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations. 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Typographic symbol
The vertical bar, |, is a glyph with various uses in mathematics, computing, and typography. It has many names, often related to particular meanings:
Vertical_bar
Remote terminal
In computing, Mosh (mobile shell) is a tool used to connect from a client computer to a server over the Internet, to run a remote terminal. Mosh is similar
Mosh_(software)
Computer designed to be used at a fixed location
off-site computing solutions like the cloud. As more services and applications are served over the internet from off-site servers, local computing needs
Desktop_computer
Earliest known interactive electronic game
electronic display. As described, the device would simulate an artillery shell arcing towards targets on a cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen, which is controlled
Cathode-ray tube amusement device
Cathode-ray_tube_amusement_device
Topics referred to by the same term
testing Stress testing System testing Test equipment Test (biology), the shell of sea urchins and certain microorganisms Test cricket, a series of matches
Test
In computing, various shells maintain a record of the commands issued by the user during the current session. The history command works with the command
History_(command)
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference History of compiler construction History of computing hardware
History of programming languages
History_of_programming_languages
Language for job control in computing
language for job control in computing. It is a domain-specific and interpreted language; common examples of a command language are shell or batch programming
Command_language
Symbol representing the word "and" (&)
or "Code" fields. Some Unix shells use the ampersand as a metacharacter: Some Unix shells, like the POSIX standard sh shell, use an ampersand to execute
Ampersand
Discontinued orthodox file manager software
file manager (OFM), written by John Socha and released by Peter Norton Computing (later acquired in 1990 by the Symantec corporation). NC provides a text-based
Norton_Commander
Topics referred to by the same term
calculates the position of a device through nearby Wi-Fi access points Workplace Shell, a user interface of the IBM OS/2 operating system World Programming System
WPS
Transmission of computer files
transfer is mediated by a communications protocol. In the history of computing, numerous file transfer protocols have been designed for different contexts
File_transfer
Cloud-based service and infrastructure
Cloud is a suite of cloud computing services offered by Google that provides a series of modular cloud services including computing, data storage, data analytics
Google_Cloud_Platform
University Computing History Computer Histories – An introductory course on the history of computing Revolution – The First 2000 Years Of Computing, Computer
History_of_computing_hardware
Sorting algorithm which uses multiple comparison intervals
Shellsort, also known as Shell sort or Shell's method, is an in-place comparison sort. It can be understood as either a generalization of sorting by exchange
Shellsort
Any file that contains a reference to another file or directory
In computing, a symbolic link (a.k.a. symlink or soft link) is a special computer file that refers to another file or directory by storing a path to it
Symbolic_link
Computing resource shared by concurrent users
In computing, time-sharing is the concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each task or user a small slice of processing
Time-sharing
American multinational technology company
materials science using a combination of AI, high-performance computing and quantum computing. The service includes Copilot, a GPT-4 based large language
Microsoft
Form of interprocess communication
In computing, redirection is a form of interprocess communication, and is a function common to most command-line interpreters, including the various Unix
Redirection_(computing)
Linux distribution
impurities into builds or use untrusted caches. The nix-shell command starts an interactive shell based on a Nix expression. It allows developers to work
NixOS
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