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Salt content in the soil
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization (also called salination in American
Soil_salinity
Proportion of salt dissolved in water
Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured
Salinity
Controlling the problem of soil salinity
Soil salinity control refers to controlling the process and progress of soil salinity to prevent soil degradation by salination and reclamation of already
Soil_salinity_control
Soil type with pH > 8.5
physical properties. Alkaline soils, in principle, are not saline since the alkalinity problem is worse as the salinity is less. Alkalinity problems are
Alkali_soil
Species of plant in the purslane family
with water with high chloride-based salinity. Purslane can remove salt from the cultivation medium under saline conditions. As an intercrop or during
Portulaca_oleracea
Preservation of soil nutrients
third of the earth's arable land. Soil salinity adversely affects crop metabolism and erosion usually follows. Salinity occurs on drylands from overirrigation
Soil_conservation
Dam in Aswan, Egypt
waterlogging. Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions
Aswan_High_Dam
Monitoring of the quality of the environment
at the root zone to gauge salinity impact and develop management options, whereas at the regional and national level salinity monitoring may help with
Environmental_monitoring
Adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity
sodium by organisms Soil salinity – Salt content in the soil Soil salinity control – Controlling the problem of soil salinity Antón, Josefa (2011), "Halotolerance"
Halotolerance
Land & irrigation
salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land drainage. However, if the soil is under-irrigated, it gives poor soil salinity control
Environmental impact of irrigation
Environmental_impact_of_irrigation
Agricultural research center in Haryana, India
The Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI) is an autonomous institute of higher learning, established under the umbrella of Indian Council of
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
Central_Soil_Salinity_Research_Institute
Process of constructing a curve that has the best fit to a series of data points
can be seen that initially, i.e. at low soil salinity, the crop yield reduces slowly at increasing soil salinity, while thereafter the decrease progresses
Curve_fitting
Soil salinity and dryland salinity are two problems degrading the environment of Australia. Salinity is a concern in most states, but especially in the
Salinity_in_Australia
Salt-tolerant plant
that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts
Halophyte
Quality in crops
conditions of high salinity Sodium in biology – Use of sodium by organisms Soil salinity – Salt content in the soil Soil salinity control – Controlling
Crop_tolerance_to_seawater
ESA earth observation satellite
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) is a satellite which forms part of ESA's Living Planet Programme. It is intended to provide new insights into Earth's
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity
Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity
Areas of dead trees in former forests
surface inundation or through the movement of saline groundwater, moving up to the soil layer, increasing salinity levels and stressing vegetation. One avenue
Ghost_forest
City in Haryana, India
Karnal (Punjabi pronunciation: [ˌkʌ̯ˈɾ.ˈnɐː˩˥l]) is a city located in the Indian state of Haryana and serves as the administrative headquarters of the
Karnal
Mathematical function having a characteristic S-shaped curve or sigmoid curve
yield to soil salinity. Examples of the application of the logistic S-curve to the response of crop yield (wheat) to both the soil salinity and depth
Sigmoid_function
Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwater
require treatment before being potable. Soil salination can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental
Well
National Laboratory for research on salt-affected soil
The U.S. Salinity Laboratory is a National Laboratory for research on salt-affected soil-plant-water systems. It resorts under the Agricultural Research
U.S._Salinity_Laboratory
the soil salinity or the salinity of the irrigation water. Salt tolerance is of importance in irrigated lands in (semi)arid regions where the soil salinity
Salt_tolerance_of_crops
Production of crops in salt-rich conditions
viable crops under fresh-water scarcity and differing levels of soil salinity. Salinity problems date back to Mesopotamian societies and biosaline solutions
Biosaline_agriculture
S-shaped curve
depth of the water table in the soil of various authors. On line: [1] Collection of data on crop production and soil salinity of various authors. On line:
Logistic_function
Cereal grain
relatively low temperatures and well-drained soil to grow. It is relatively tolerant of drought and soil salinity, but is less winter-hardy than wheat or rye
Barley
Salinity modelling software
SaltMod is computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain
SaltMod
Earth, a natural material
underlying water table. Rapid salination occurs when the land surface is within the capillary fringe of saline groundwater. Soil salinity control involves watertable
Soil
Genus of plants
Tamarix plants has also been shown to boost soil fertility in a number of studies, and it also increases soil salinity. Two studies found that Tamarix plants
Tamarix
Type of mathematical function
that crop yields tolerate a soil salinity up to ECe = 8 dS/m (ECe is the electric conductivity of an extract of a saturated soil sample), while beyond that
Piecewise_linear_function
Concept in statistical mathematics
indicating that soil salinities < 4.93 dS/m are safe and soil salinities > 4.93 dS/m reduce the yield @ 0.129 t/ha per unit increase of soil salinity. The figure
Segmented_regression
Lake in Algeria
have been conducted on water and soil of the region Fetzara [1-7]. These studies were carried out to monitor the salinity and to highlight its origins and
Lake_Fetzara
Study of agricultural drainage systems
to leach the salts brought into the soil with the irrigation water to prevent soil salination. Agro-hydro-salinity and leaching models like SaltMod may
Drainage_research
Cereal grain and staple food
drought conditions, compared to 60% for the unmodified IR64 variety. Soil salinity poses a major threat to rice crop productivity, particularly along low-lying
Rice
Use of salty water for irrigation
of high salinity Salt tolerance of crops Sodium in biology – Use of sodium by organisms Soil salinity – Salt content in the soil Soil salinity control –
Biosalinity
Drainage of agricultural lands by wells
improve the soils by controlling water table levels and soil salinity. Subsurface (groundwater) drainage for water table and soil salinity in agricultural
Well_drainage
Species of shrub
important factor for assessing floodplain salinity" and "soils under Tamarix canopies had lower surface soil salinity than open areas deprived of flooding
Tamarix_ramosissima
Loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from soil due to rain and irrigation
water has a high salt content to avoid salts from building up in the soil (salinity control). Where this is practiced, drainage must also usually be employed
Leaching_(agriculture)
Removal of water from an area of land
periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to control soil salinity. Surface drainage of the land Drainage system (geomorphology), pattern
Drainage
Removal of salts from water
heat this cycle transfers salt ions from the bulk of low salinity to a bulk of high salinity. Similarly to the Carnot cycle this cycle is fully reversible
Desalination
clearing include dryland salinity and soil erosion. These are a major concern to the landcare movement in Australia. Soil salinity affects 50,000 km2 of
Environmental issues in Australia
Environmental_issues_in_Australia
fresh water are scarce and needed for drinking. Saline water can be used for agriculture. Soil salinity can vary between extremes in a relatively small
Soil_biodiversity
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC
result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate
Sumer
Saturation of soil with water
irrigated agricultural land, waterlogging is often accompanied by soil salinity as waterlogged soils prevent leaching of the salts imported by the irrigation water
Waterlogging_(agriculture)
Shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc
owing to osmosis but this is not used for agricultural control as high soil salinity is detrimental to crops.[citation needed] Conservation tillage worsens
Slug
Process of gathering mature crops from fields
floods, or drought, or by slow, cumulative effects of soil degradation, too-high soil salinity, erosion, desertification, usually as results of drainage
Harvest
Shrub growing in brackish water
water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater (up to 9% salinity). Beginning in 2010, remote sensing technologies and
Mangrove
River system in the Middle East
film, 2003 Wetlands portal Armenian highlands Mountains of Ararat Soil salinity Mesopotamian Marshes Shatt al-Arab Taurus Mountains "Euphrates River"
Tigris–Euphrates_river_system
Topics referred to by the same term
Salinization is the process of increasing: Soil salinity Salinity of bodies of water Freshwater salinization -- increases in water salinity due to water
Salinization
Use of drainage to control the groundwater level in an area
segmented regression). In addition, land drainage can help with soil salinity control. The soil's hydraulic conductivity plays an important role in drainage
Watertable_control
Irrigation system
soil-related articles Phosphogypsum Residual sodium carbonate index Soil pH Soil salinity control Degani, Corin (14 August 2023). "How Israel achieved one of
Drip_irrigation
- Soil profile - Soil resilience - Soil respiration - Soil salinity - Soil salinity control - Soil science - Soil Science Society of America - Soil series
Index of soil-related articles
Index_of_soil-related_articles
Plant hormone
plants in the response to environmental stresses, including drought, soil salinity, cold tolerance, freezing tolerance, heat stress and heavy metal ion
Abscisic_acid
Farming approach
(Clˉ) in soil harming its health due to the increase in soil salinity, imbalance in nutrient availability and this ion's biocidal effect for soil organisms
Sustainable_agriculture
Country in Central Asia
use and contributes to high soil salinity. Heavy use of pesticides and fertilisers for cotton growing further aggravates soil contamination. According to
Uzbekistan
Topics referred to by the same term
water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil; or applying a small amount of excess irrigation to avoid soil salinity Leaching (chemistry), the process of
Leaching
Genuchten–Gupta model is an inverted S-curve applicable to crop yield and soil salinity relations. It is named after Martinus Theodore van Genuchten and Satyandra
Van_Genuchten–Gupta_model
Natural process for soil
of salinity: Primary salinity (natural salinity) and secondary salinity (induced salinity). Primary salinity naturally occurs in arid and saline environments
Dryland_salinity
Data acquisition method for earth sciences
and modeling. Soil salinity is the result of insufficient rainwater precipitation which leads to accumulation of soluble salt in soil horizon. The spectral
Remote_sensing_in_geology
Topics referred to by the same term
Salt balance may refer to Osmoregulation Soil salinity Salt balance in the soil Soil salinity control This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Salt_balance
from their cells after exposure to high salinity. Part of Arabidopsis’ range might have included high salinity soil and the plant started adapting to that
Arabidopsis thaliana responses to salinity
Arabidopsis_thaliana_responses_to_salinity
Largest brackish water marsh on west coast of US
construction of levees to hold back the water. Eventually, increasing soil salinity made cultivation and even cattle grazing unprofitable and cultivation
Suisun_Marsh
SahysMod is a computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the
SahysMod
Top of a saturated aquifer
Online: [1] or [2] Nijland, H.J. and S. El Guindy 1984.Crop yields, soil salinity and water table depth in the Nile Delta. In: ILRI Annual Report 1983
Water_table
Hydroelectric macro-engineering concept in Egypt
contamination of groundwater resources through seawater seepage, increased soil salinity in surrounding areas, and possible impacts on the freshwater systems
Qattara_Depression_Project
soil salinity models calibrated in farm lands and related to soil texture. [7] or [8] L.A.Richards (Ed.), 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and
Leaching_model_(soil)
Pakistani dam project
to irrigate around 55,000 acres of land lost to desertification and soil salinity. Additionally, it will help restore agricultural productivity and support
Sindh_Barrage
Desert in the western United States
abundant small seeds that are harvested by rodents and insects. The soil salinity and lack of moisture in this zone is not very conducive to most agriculture;
Great_Basin_Desert
Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles
cold climate where the soil is permanently frozen during a large part of the year. Frost weathering can form cracks in the soil that fill with rubble from
Sedimentary_rock
Drying-up of the Mediterranean Sea 5.96–5.33 million years ago
The Messinian salinity crisis (also referred to as the Messinian event, and in its latest stage as the Lago Mare event) was an event in which the Mediterranean
Messinian_salinity_crisis
Mangrove forest in the Bay of Bengal
levels of salinity have posed a problem for the survival of the indigenous flora and fauna. The Sundari trees are exceptionally sensitive to salinity and are
Sundarbans
Cereal grass and grain
better able to grow in low-nutrient soils than wheat or maize, but generally are less tolerant of high soil salinity than other cereals. In the US, Midwestern
Oat
Hormone released by the pineal gland
lettuce grown in saline soil conditions have shown that the application of melatonin significantly mitigates the harmful effects of salinity. Foliar application
Melatonin
Tendency for particles in suspension to settle down
Vegetation-induced Soil sediment Soil matrix pore space permeability morphology texture value color Catena Soil horizon Humus Humin Soil salinity Hydropedology
Sedimentation
Species of tree in the family Fabaceae
have shown seedlings with tolerance to salinity levels between 12 and 19 dS/m, with an ability to tolerate salinity stresses of 32.5 dS/m. The seed oil has
Pongamia
Plant species grown for its oil-rich seed
a wide variety of well-drained soils, prefers a pH between 5.5 and 8.3 and has a moderate tolerance of soil salinity. It is predominantly a wind-pollinated
Rapeseed
Type of sedimentary rock
(s) + 4 C2H5OH (g) Pore space includes the open spaces within a rock or a soil. The pore space in a rock has a direct relationship to the porosity and permeability
Sandstone
Water located beneath the ground surface
of soils and surface aquifers can result in water tables' coming to the surface in low-lying areas. Major land degradation problems of soil salinity and
Groundwater
Water-scarce areas
Faisal K. (eds.), Developments in Soil Salinity Assessment and Reclamation: Innovative Thinking and Use of Marginal Soil and Water Resources in Irrigated
Drylands
Fine-grained sediment that accumulates on the floor of the open ocean
Vegetation-induced Soil sediment Soil matrix pore space permeability morphology texture value color Catena Soil horizon Humus Humin Soil salinity Hydropedology
Pelagic_sediment
mathematical tool to characterize the relation between crop production and soil salinity. It describes the crop response by a broken line of which the first
Maas–Hoffman_model
Species of plant
molybdenum, and zinc. It is relatively intolerant of high soil salinity levels, but exhibits saline tolerance if well fertilized. The plant tends to be taller
Euphorbia_tithymaloides
Species of flowering plant
reducing soil salinity. Given foxtail barley's ability to withstand saline soils, it has been identified as having potential for the revegetation of saline mine
Hordeum_jubatum
Species of vine
locations. Its frost hardiness USDA zones are 9 to 11. It is resistant to soil salinity. The plant has forked tendrils, which will cling to any rough surface
Pyrostegia_venusta
Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
marsh, variability in salinity is shown as a result of less frequent flooding and climate variations. Rainfall can reduce salinity and evapotranspiration
Salt_marsh
designed irrigation networks led to massive runoff, which increased soil salinity and carried toxic agricultural chemicals downstream to other fields
Geography_of_Tajikistan
Regression analysis
differently in the various segments. For example, the figure shows that the soil salinity (X) initially exerts no influence on the crop yield (Y) of mustard,
Nonlinear_regression
Particulate solid matter deposited on a planetary surface
transportation of fine sediment and the formation of sand dune fields and soils from airborne dust. Glaciers carry a wide range of sediment sizes, and deposit
Sediment
1956 Act of the Parliament of India
alkalinity / salinity effects growth of traditionally cultivated crops as they are not best suitable with the enhanced soil alkalinity and or soil salinity. They
Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956
Interstate_River_Water_Disputes_Act,_1956
State of Mexico
overpumping has drastically lowered water tables and has increased soil salinity in many areas. In some areas, the tables have dropped by as much as
Sonora
Stress on organisms caused by nonliving factors
have mutated and built different mechanisms to counter salinity effects. A good combatant of salinity in plants is the hormone ethylene. Ethylene is known
Abiotic_stress
Family of flowering plants
levels of soil salinity. The Elaeagnaceae often harbor nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes of the genus Frankia in root nodules, making them useful for soil reclamation
Elaeagnaceae
Growth of an organism from a seed or spore
population (i.e. seed lot) is referred to as germination capacity. Soil salinity is one of the stress factors that can limit the germination rate. Environmental
Germination
reduce yields and restrict growth. Salinity Soil salinity Soil salination Brackish water Spring (hydrosphere) "Dryland Saline Seeps: Types and Causes". Alberta
Saline_seep
Major river in Asia
PMID 17072555. S2CID 39845300. Singh, Nirmal T. (2005). Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent: past and present. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh
Ganges
Geologic structures formed during sediment deposition
they are never exposed to air, instead being caused by changes in the salinity of the surrounding water. Raindrop impressions form on exposed sediment
Sedimentary_structures
Barrier that stops or slows the flow of water
adjacent to a reservoir may become saturated with water, increasing soil salinity and affecting agricultural production. The level of groundwater surrounding
Dam
Province and metropolitan municipality in Turkey
Another problem is that excessive irrigation has caused increased soil salinity. Şanlıurfa province is among the leading producers of pistachios in
Şanlıurfa_Province
International soil classification system
Albic Stagnosols (Luvic, Humic) pH Soil salinity Soil texture IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). "World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 4th edition" (PDF).
World Reference Base for Soil Resources
World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources
Barrage in Punjab, Pakistan
Indus Waters and Social Change (2012), p. 24. Singh, Irrigation and Soil Salinity in the Indian Subcontinent (2005), p. 115. Shakir, Abdul Sattar; Khan
Marala_Headworks
Type of species interaction
elevations, where soil salinity was higher. The rush shaded the soil, which decreased evapotranspiration, and in turn decreased soil salinity. However, at
Ecological_facilitation
SOIL SALINITY
SOIL SALINITY
Male
Greek
 Short form of Greek SolomÅn, SOL means "peaceable." Compare with another form of Sol.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Soil
Female
Spanish
Spanish name derived from the Latin word sol, SOL means "sun." This was a common name for Spanish girls in the Middle Ages. Compare with masculine Sol.
Boy/Male
Indian
Soil; Soft
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Made by Soil
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Parsi, Telugu
Beautiful; Moon Glow; Star; Moon Light
Boy/Male
Latin
Of the forest.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
A Friend; Soft Natured
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Soule.
Male
English
 Short form of English Solomon, SOL means "peaceable." Compare with another form of Sol.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Earth; Soil
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Moon; Good Character
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Soil
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Christian, Hebrew, Irish, Latin, Swedish
Peaceful; Prayed for; Sun
Boy/Male
Hindu
Love to Meet different persons, A friend
Boy/Male
Hindu
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Muslim
Soil, Dust
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Soil; Dust
Girl/Female
Egyptian
Soil.
Boy/Male
Latin American Hebrew
Sun.
SOIL SALINITY
SOIL SALINITY
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Guide
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Yorkshire)
English (chiefly Yorkshire) : topographic name from Middle English holin, holi(e) ‘holly tree’. Compare Hollen.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
A Cluster of Blossoms
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Husband of Janaki
Girl/Female
German, Swedish
Ready for Battle; Lion Strength
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Celestial Damsel
Boy/Male
Sikh
The conqueror of forces, Victorious army
Girl/Female
Arabic, Swahili
Woman; Life
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Gem of Music
Girl/Female
Arabic, Greek, Hebrew, Nigerian
Mother Earth Protects from Death and Other Evil
SOIL SALINITY
SOIL SALINITY
SOIL SALINITY
SOIL SALINITY
SOIL SALINITY
v. i.
To soil one's self with severe labor; to work with painful effort; to labor; to toil; to drudge.
v. t.
To render useless by injury; to injure fatally; to ruin; to destroy; as, to spoil paper; to have the crops spoiled by insects; to spoil the eyes by reading.
v. t.
To defile; to soil.
v. t.
To daub; to make dirty; to soil; to defile.
n.
Dung; faeces; compost; manure; as, night soil.
v. t.
To blunt; to dull; to spoil; as, to foil the scent in chase.
n.
A leaf or very thin sheet of metal; as, brass foil; tin foil; gold foil.
v. t.
To smear or rub over with oil; to lubricate with oil; to anoint with oil.
v. t.
To enrich with soil or muck; to manure.
v. i.
See Soul, v. i.
n.
Anything resembling a sail, or regarded as a sail.
n.
The leader; the inspirer; the moving spirit; the heart; as, the soul of an enterprise; an able general is the soul of his army.
v. t.
To feed, as cattle or horses, in the barn or an inclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut for them, instead of sending them out to pasture; hence (such food having the effect of purging them), to purge by feeding on green food; as, to soil a horse.
n.
To set sail; to begin a voyage.
v.
To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; as, to roil wine, cider, etc. , in casks or bottles; to roil a spring.
n.
To make dirty or unclean on the surface; to foul; to dirty; to defile; as, to soil a garment with dust.
v. t.
To indue with a soul; to furnish with a soul or mind.
v. i.
To become soiled; as, light colors soil sooner than dark ones.
n.
Fig.: Entanglement; toil; mesh; perplexity.
n.
That which soils or pollutes; a soiled place; spot; stain.