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See searches and references containing STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT!STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
IMF and World Bank loans to countries in crisis
Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) consist of loans (structural adjustment loans; SALs) provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Structural_adjustment
The Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) was a program of financial assistance given to poor countries from December 1987 through 1999 through
Enhanced structural adjustment facility
Enhanced_structural_adjustment_facility
Financial institution and UN specialized agency
requires borrowing countries to undertake policy reforms, known as structural adjustment. The organization also provides technical assistance and economic
International_Monetary_Fund
Group making loans to developing countries
and boosting shared prosperity. It has been criticized for its structural adjustment programs, governance, environmental record, and policies detrimental
World_Bank_Group
British labour economist (born 1948)
labour market policies, unemployment, labour market flexibility, structural adjustment programs and social protection. Standing created the term "precariat"
Guy_Standing_(economist)
Theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved
neoclassical development theory for developing countries were the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) which the World Bank and the International Monetary
Development_theory
The Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network (SAPRIN), based in Washington, D.C., United States and launched by the World Bank
Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network
Structural_Adjustment_Participatory_Review_International_Network
Study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism
conflict as one of "ancient hatred", ignoring the imperial context. Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) implemented by the World Bank and IMF are viewed
Postcolonialism
the rise of neoclassical liberalism, the Washington Consensus and Structural Adjustment Programs. The dominant philosophy of this period saw underdevelopment
Fertilizer subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa
Fertilizer_subsidies_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa
India – Structural Adjustment Credit Project (English) – Presidents report (Report). World Bank. 12 November 1991. p. 1. "Structural adjustments in India
Economic liberalisation in India
Economic_liberalisation_in_India
should be taken into account in structural adjustment programs. He played a role in the meeting on structural adjustment and employment of the ILO in 1987
Rolph_van_der_Hoeven
Sudden release of price and currency controls
India – Structural Adjustment Credit Project (English) – Presidents report (Report). World Bank. 12 November 1991. p. 1. "Structural adjustments in India
Shock_therapy_(economics)
period of balanced budget is a fiscal adjustment. There are two significant features in any fiscal adjustment: the duration of the process, usually measured
Fiscal_adjustment
Within rural areas, only 50% of water pumps are functional. These structural adjustment programs were implemented in order to promote economic growth, mediate
Hunger_in_Zimbabwe
Terms that denote two groups of countries
on the negative social impacts that structural adjustment policies had led IFIs to supplement structural adjustment policies with targeted anti-poverty
Global_North_and_Global_South
Large permanent human settlement
regime of structural adjustment being adopted in most developing countries today is likely to spur urbanization. If structural adjustment actually succeeds
City
Political ideology promoting free-market capitalism
by placing reform requirements on loans, in a process known as structural adjustment. Neoliberal ideas were first implemented in West Germany. The economists
Neoliberalism
growth. In the 1980s, MENA countries began to adopt neoliberal Structural Adjustment Packages (SAP), which advocated for open markets and the removal
Neoliberalism in the Middle East and North Africa
Neoliberalism_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa
Indian climate-change scientist
Kersi; Brunner, Jake (2000). The right conditions: the World Bank, structural adjustment, and forest policy reform. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute
Navroz_Dubash
Military overthrow of Hilla Limann
and doing western-backed Economic Recovery Programs (ERPs) and Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). These ERPs and SAPs, under the guidance of the
1981_Ghanaian_coup_d'état
introduction of Structural to the present day, including trends in government expenditure, international aid, debt servicing, structural adjustment, climate-related
Education financing in Jamaica
Education_financing_in_Jamaica
American initiative for foreign aid to Western Europe following World War II
DeLong and Barry Eichengreen call it "history's most successful structural adjustment program." One effect of the plan was that it subtly "Americanized"
Marshall_Plan
Nigerian student-led anti-government protests
commenced on 24 May 1989. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) was introduced as a government policy in 1986 in an
1989_Anti-SAP_riots
Term in Marxist economics
"Global Structural Adjustment, Dependence and Unequal Exchange: Bleak Prospects for the Periphery". In Wohlmuth, Karl (ed.). Structural adjustment in the
Unequal_exchange
Ghanaian academic and politician (1944–2022)
who conducted the first ever external evaluation of the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility Advisor to the UNDP's UN Special Initiative on Africa Advisor
Kwesi_Botchwey
Country in West Africa
political parties. The economy declined, so Rawlings negotiated a structural adjustment plan, changing some economic policies, and growth recovered during
Ghana
Total amount of money owed by the Nigerian government to its creditors
the years, reaching a peak of 75% in 1991, following the Nigerian Structural Adjustment Program, and a low of 7.3% in 2008, after the Paris Club debt relief
Nigeria_national_debt
American political philosopher
2004), pp. 61–72. A Thousand Flowers: Social Struggles Against Structural Adjustment in African Universities, (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2000)
George_Caffentzis
market economy, the IMF and World Bank gave Moldova a series of structural adjustment programmes during the 1990s and 2000s. These programmes were introduced
Education financing in Moldova
Education_financing_in_Moldova
2001 film by Stephanie Black
specifically how the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank's structural adjustment policies have impacted the island. Life and Debt is a 2001 United
Life_and_Debt
Conditions imposed on international benefits
conditionalities are often grouped under the label structural adjustment as they were prominent in the structural adjustment programs following the debt crisis of
Conditionality
Country in Central Africa (1965–1997)
was either embezzled, stolen, or "wasted on elephant projects". "Structural adjustment programmes" implemented as a condition of IMF loans cut support
Zaire
Nigerian politician and banker (born 1960)
ISBN 978-2114-29-4. 1999 "Our Continent, Our Future: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment", T. Mkandawire and C.C. Soludo, Council for the Development of
Charles_Soludo
Nigerian businessman and politician (1922–1983)
context of structural adjustment: a case study from Kano, Nigeria: [a report from the research programme The Political and Social Context of Structural Adjustment
Mahmud_Dantata
sustainability. The SBA is a sub-set of IMF and World Bank programs aimed at Structural adjustment. IMF’s Stand-By Arrangement was created in June 1952 to provide
IMF_Stand-By_Arrangement
received came in the form of structural adjustment programs, that were formed by the IMF and World Bank. Structural adjustment programs were in the form
Corruption_in_Uganda
Economic anthropologist (born 1982)
achieved by China and East Asian countries that were not subjected to structural adjustment schemes. Elsewhere, increases in income among the poor have been
Jason_Hickel
Conceptual model in philosophy of science
In metaphysics and statistics, a causal model (also called a structural causal model) is a conceptual model that represents the causal mechanisms of a
Causal_model
reforms unfolded through the Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programme (ERSAP), a structural adjustment agreement signed between Mubarak, the International
Economy_of_Egypt
Ghanaian politician and university administrator
Group of Eminent Persons on Structural Adjustment and Women, and was instrumental in the published report, Engendering Adjustment. She belonged to the Council
Mary_Chinery-Hesse
of Guyana were logged after the Burnham government implemented a structural adjustment programme following an agreement with the International Monetary
History_of_Guyana
programs to increase Yemen's credit significantly: the enhanced structural adjustment facility (now known as the poverty reduction and growth facility
Economy_of_Yemen
Country in Central Africa
June 1996, IMF approved a three-year SDR 69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual
Republic_of_the_Congo
President of Cameroon since 1982
factor in the coup's failure. Under his rule, the country adopted a structural adjustment plan submitted to it by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
Paul_Biya
Ghanaian academic (born 1939)
Politics of Adjustment Policy (1988) Challenges Facing African Universities: Selected Issues (2002) The Political Dimension of Structural Adjustment Programmes
Akilagpa_Sawyerr
were often built into these frameworks. The 1990/1991 Structural Adjustment Credit The adjustment package mandated strict controls on recruitment and salaries
Education_financing_in_Rwanda
Tanzanians, the crux of detriment towards women's rights came with the structural adjustment of Ujamaa economic policies in the 1980s. Across nearly all socialist
African_socialism
Debts accumulated under Ceaușescu in the 1970s and 1980s
request the IMF a line of credit. As such loans had strings attached (structural adjustment), Ceaușescu decided that Romania should pay all its debts, leading
Foreign debt of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Foreign_debt_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania
Country in Southeast Asia
widespread deregulation, as Thailand was mandated to adopt a range of structural adjustment reforms upon receiving funding from the IMF and World Bank. These
Thailand
Island country in the Indian Ocean
Climate Resilience Development Policy Loan—which succeeded earlier structural adjustment programs to strengthen the business environment and fiscal management
Seychelles
Approach to economics
and to improve international competitiveness. structural adjustment as only one component of structural change. More recent contributions to structuralist
Structuralist_economics
Industry dealing with Wood in Nigeria
The Wood Industry in Nigeria have been undergoing a process of structural adjustment over the course of the last six decades, aligned with the growth
Wood_industry_in_Nigeria
Tanzanian statesman (1925–2024)
services. The following year, Mwinyi negotiated Tanzania's first structural adjustment facility (SAF) with the IMF, followed by subsequent agreements in
Ali_Hassan_Mwinyi
Belief in an unregulated free market
Fundamentalism: The New Zealand Experiment - A World Model for Structural Adjustment?. Pluto Press. ISBN 1-86940-130-1 Kozul-Wright, Richard. The Resistible
Market_fundamentalism
Supply chain management method
a Global Manufacturing Powerhouse: Strategic Considerations and Structural Adjustment". China & World Economy. 18 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1111/j.1749-124X.2010
Drop_shipping
implement reforms known as structural adjustment programs to generate the money for debt servicing. Structural adjustment programs normally advocate for
Education financing in Barbados
Education_financing_in_Barbados
Diplomatic practice coercing alignment or access of an indebted country to its creditor
between them. If you’re making a judgement call ... one loan, no structural adjustment, you don't have to retrench people, you don't have to de-value your
Debt-trap_diplomacy
Economic policies for developing nations
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Structural adjustment World Systems Theory See § Origins of policy agenda and § Broad
Washington_Consensus
The-Impact-of-Structural-Adjustment-Programs-on-Health-in-the-Philippines-vol.5-no.2-July-Dec-2001-3.pdf World Bank Document Education and Adjustment A Review
Education financing in the Philippines
Education_financing_in_the_Philippines
President of Ivory Coast since 2010
transparency and good governance. In April 1990, the IMF under the Structural Adjustment Program forced the Ivorian president, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, to
Alassane_Ouattara
Transfer of a dominant language to other people as a demonstration of power
Monetary Fund and the World Bank assess the reliability and value of structural adjustment loans, often reflecting perspectives commonly emphasized in English-language
Linguistic_imperialism
from infrastructure to poverty to neoliberal stabilization and structural adjustment, to governance to glamour aid. Broadly, foreign aid encompasses
Humanitarianism_in_Africa
Economic and political term
Privatization Public–private partnership Shock therapy Single market Structural Adjustment Programme Supranationalism Tax cuts Economics Monetarism Neoclassical
Trickle-down_economics
Form of causal modeling that fit networks of constructs to data
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a diverse set of methods used by scientists for both observational and experimental research. SEM is used mostly
Structural_equation_modeling
Economic policies intended to reduce government budget deficits
International Monetary Fund (IMF) may demand austerity measures as part of Structural Adjustment Programmes when acting as lender of last resort. Austerity policies
Austerity
Ivorian authorities agreed with the IMF on a first program of structural adjustment in 1981. The main objective of the reforms was to break down the
Ivory Coast and the International Monetary Fund
Ivory_Coast_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund
Nigerian soft drinks company
Mountain Dew. Seven-Up developed promotions in the late 1980s has a structural adjustment program adopted by the government led to price increases. The promos
Seven-Up_Bottling_Company
Country in South America
power in the fall of 1996, the Wijdenbosch government ended the structural adjustment program of the previous government, claiming it was unfair to the
Suriname
1975–1990 socialist state in West Africa
Republic of Benin signed with the IMF a first adjustment plan, in exchange for an enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) of 21.9 million Special Drawing
People's_Republic_of_Benin
SAXENA. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 7 May 2023. "India - Structural Adjustment Credit Project (English) - Presidents report". documents.worldbank
1991_Indian_economic_crisis
Opponents of debt cancellation suggested that structural adjustment policies should be continued. Structural adjustments had been criticized for years for devastating
Debt_of_developing_countries
Egyptian-French economist and political scientist (1931–2018)
the 'poor' nations form the 'periphery', forced to a permanent structural adjustment with respect to the reproduction dynamics of the 'centres' of the
Samir_Amin
exchange crisis in the mid-1980s led the government to launch a structural adjustment program to liberalize prices, reduce tariffs, and reorient Tunisia
Economy_of_Tunisia
Bank-International Monetary Fund mission on a $54 million enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF). The economic objectives have been set for 1999–2002
Economy_of_Mauritania
President of Peru from 1990 to 2000
of numerous irregularities, the international observers recognized an adjusted victory of Fujimori. As voting is mandatory in Peru, Fujimori's primary
Alberto_Fujimori
Pakistani provincial ministry
students in rural area to increase literacy rate, under the Sindh Structural Adjustment Credit a program of World Bank. Production and publication of textbooks
Sindh Education and Literacy Department
Sindh_Education_and_Literacy_Department
transnational level. They emerged in the mid-1980s as a response to structural adjustment and neoliberal policies, guided by ideas categorized as global feminism
Transnational feminist network
Transnational_feminist_network
Burundian politician and economist
statistics, and the following year she was placed in charge of Burundi's structural adjustment program. In the summer of 1993 Burundi hosted free elections, which
Sylvie_Kinigi
Topics referred to by the same term
and Association Process of the EU, for prospective new members Structural Adjustment Program of the International Monetary Fund Revolutionary Communist
SAP_(disambiguation)
National airline of the People's Republic of China
Securities Clearing Company 0.97 8 China State-owned Enterprises Structural Adjustment Fund 0.41 9 China Basic Pension Fund 0.36 10 China Merchants Anhua
Air_China
Greek economist and politician
Suggested Evidence from Greece» in L. Ahamed and S. Edwards (eds.) Structural Adjustment and Exchange Rate Policy, University of Chicago Press, 1986; also
Louka_Katseli
investment even less attractive. In the 1980s and 1990s, Kenya signed structural adjustment loans with the World Bank and IMF, the loans were to be given on
Economy_of_Kenya
privatisation stipulated by the IMF and World Bank Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (ERSAP) in the 1990s, that saw over 400 companies privatized
List of state-owned enterprises in Egypt
List_of_state-owned_enterprises_in_Egypt
agreed to an IMF aid package worth $150 million and accepted a structural adjustment program (SAP) loan from the World Bank. The African Development
Cameroonian_economic_crisis
countries. It was created on September 16, 1999, replacing the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility. In 2009 the organization sold 212 metric tons of gold
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility
Poverty_Reduction_and_Growth_Facility
Country in West Africa
Bank-International Monetary Fund mission on a $54 million enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF).[citation needed] Privatization remains one of the
Mauritania
Vice-President of Ghana from 2017 to 2025
Journal of Economics, 1999. "The Sequencing of Fiscal Reform during Structural Adjustment. Lessons from Ghana, Uganda, and Zimbabwe", Comparative Economic
Mahamudu_Bawumia
Leader of Ghana in 1979 and from 1981 to 2001
policies led to economic crisis in 1983, forcing him to undertake structural adjustment and submit himself to an election to retain power. Elections were
Jerry_Rawlings
New Zealand investment banker
this period he had a significant and controversial role in the structural adjustment of the New Zealand economy undertaken by the Fourth Labour Government
David_Richwhite
initiated its first IMF loan request under the conditions of a Structural Adjustment Program (SAP).[citation needed] SAP refers to the conditionality
Nigeria and the International Monetary Fund
Nigeria_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund
Kenyan tradition of community self-help events
uncompensated labor of women to build community infrastructure. Under structural adjustment programs, state entities routinely deflected public funding gaps
Harambee
Ethnic group in Zimbabwe
combined with favourable economic conditions (including the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme), produced a 20-year period of unprecedented prosperity
White_Zimbabweans
Indian economic commission and advisory agency
Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies. For the first eight Plans the emphasis was on a growing
Planning_Commission_(India)
Historical events, including the 1982 debt crisis and subsequent structural adjustment policies, have influenced education spending, teacher salaries,
Education_financing_in_Mexico
IMF to intervene in the 1980s to shore up the economy and impose Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) on Zambia. Kaunda only survived politically with
Christianity_in_Zambia
Country in the Caribbean
reforms, such as the implementation of an International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Program and devaluation of currency led to social unrest. In 1990
Trinidad_and_Tobago
Chilean economists and political advisors
offset criticism of its human rights record. Their pioneering use of structural adjustment, tax cuts, and free-trade policies attracted the attention of conservative
Chicago_Boys
Public University in Zaria, Nigeria
as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank imposed their Structural Adjustment Programme on the country. The value of the Nigeria's currency plummeted
Ahmadu_Bello_University
Capital and chief port of Jamaica
David (1 June 2006). "Contradictory socio-economic consequences of structural adjustment in Kingston, Jamaica". Geographical Journal. 172 (2): 106–129. Bibcode:2006GeogJ
Kingston,_Jamaica
Anti-poverty services provided by the state; NGO Advocacy
Institutions which used the term frequently in relation to their structural adjustment programs. These programs were intended to restructure the economies
Social_safety_net
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
Girl/Female
Indian
Structure
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Gujarati, Indian, Muslim
Solid Structure; Lifetime
Boy/Male
Muslim
Solid structure
Girl/Female
Indian
Shape, Structure
Girl/Female
Tamil
Shape, Structure
Girl/Female
Tamil
Shape, Structure
Boy/Male
Indian
Good Structure
Boy/Male
Indian
Solid structure
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a wattler, Middle English watelere, i.e. someone who made the panels of interwoven twigs that were used to fill the spaces between the structural timbers of a timber frame building. See also Dauber.
Girl/Female
Indian
Shape, Structure
Girl/Female
Indian, Kashmiri
Body Structure
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Telugu
The Structure of God
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
Male
Russian
(ВаÑÑ) Pet form of Russian Vasiliy, VASYA means "king."
Male
Irish
Pet form of Irish Gaelic Bairtliméad, BARTLE means "son of Talmai."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Saptarishi
Boy/Male
Hindu
To arrive or to inform, The first life form all knowledgeable and all pure
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Adventurous
Girl/Female
Australian, French, Hebrew
Darling; Beloved; Cherry; Similar to Cherie Dear One
Boy/Male
Sikh
God of heaven and earth
Girl/Female
Indian
King of the forest
Boy/Male
Muslim
Gold flower
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Telugu
Spring; Goddess of Rain
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
n.
Manner of building; form; make; construction.
n.
Union of parts; structure.
n.
That which is built; a building; esp., a building of some size or magnificence; an edifice.
v. t.
To determine the homologies or structural relations of.
a.
Resembling shale in structure.
a.
Of lofty structure; tall.
a.
A typical, structural unit; a type.
a.
Of or pertaining to structure; affecting structure; as, a structural error.
a.
Of or pertaining to organit structure; as, a structural element or cell; the structural peculiarities of an animal or a plant.
n.
Manner of organization; the arrangement of the different tissues or parts of animal and vegetable organisms; as, organic structure, or the structure of animals and plants; cellular structure.
a.
Having a definite organic structure; showing differentiation of parts.
n.
Organic structure; organization.
n.
The act of building; the practice of erecting buildings; construction.
a.
Being of the same typical structure; having like relations to a fundamental type to structure; as, those bones in the hand of man and the fore foot of a horse are homologous that correspond in their structural relations, that is, in their relations to the type structure of the fore limb in vertebrates.
n.
Arrangement of parts, of organs, or of constituent particles, in a substance or body; as, the structure of a rock or a mineral; the structure of a sentence.
n.
Composition, or structure.
n.
Framework; structure; edifice; building.
a.
Pertaining to an edifice; structural.
a.
Bearing teeth or toothlike structures.
n.
Having the color spots, or structural parts, arranged spirally.