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Family of IBM operating systems
VM, often written VM/CMS, is a family of virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes including the System/370, System/390, IBM Z and compatible
VM_(operating_system)
IBM operating system
Control System (GCS) is an operating system made by IBM, meant to run as a guest of VM. GCS is an integral component of the discontinued VM/SP (since VM/SP
Group_Control_System
Computer operating system
z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. First released in October 2000, z/VM remains in active use and development
Z/VM
Operating system
IBM's CP/CMS operating system, which went into production use in 1967. CMS is part of IBM's VM family, which runs on IBM mainframe computers. VM was first
Conversational_Monitor_System
compatible mainframes MUSIC/SP – an operating system developed for the S/370, running normally under VM OS ES – an operating system for ES EVM PC-MOS/386 – DOS-like
List_of_operating_systems
Mainframe operating system (2008–2010)
OpenSolaris for System z is a discontinued port of the OpenSolaris operating system to the IBM System z line of mainframe computers. OpenSolaris is based
OpenSolaris_for_System_z
Operating system
V3700 and V9000). z/OS z/TPF z/VM History of IBM mainframe operating systems#DOS/VS History of IBM mainframe operating systems 21CS (2025-09-16). "21CS Announces
VSE_(operating_system)
Database access software
DOS/VSE and VM/CMS operating systems. A little later, IBM also introduced Db2, another SQL-based DBMS, this one for the MVS operating system. The two products
IBM_SQL/DS
1967 IBM mainframe model with virtual memory and 32-bit addressing
researchers. Over time it evolved into a fully supported IBM operating system (VM/370 and today's z/VM). VP/CSS, based upon CP/CMS, was developed by National
IBM_System/360_Model_67
supplied with the CMS component of the IBM Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) operating system. EXEC 2 is mostly compatible with CMS EXEC but EXEC 2 scripts
EXEC_2
OfficeVision started as a product for the VM operating system named PROFS (for PRofessional OFfice System) and was initially made available in 1981.
IBM_OfficeVision
Series of Unix operating systems from IBM
proprietary operating systems. Although an industry analyst that year described IBM as not enthusiastic about Unix, the company replaced VM/IX in 1985
IBM_AIX
computer operating systems from 1951 to the current day. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems. 1951
Timeline_of_operating_systems
Topics referred to by the same term
equipment manufacturer VM reactor, various series of nuclear pressurized water reactors VM (nerve agent) VM (operating system), by IBM Membrane potential
VM
File system of the IBM VM/CMS
The CMS file system is the native file system of IBM's Conversational Monitor System (CMS), a component of VM. It was the only file system for CMS until
CMS_file_system
Feature of 1976 operation system
VM/370 operating system introduced in Release 3 in 1976. It "provides a method of communication and data transfer between virtual machines operating under
Virtual Machine Communication Facility
Virtual_Machine_Communication_Facility
IBM experimental operating system
time-sharing operating system for the IBM System/360 Model 67, and the parent of IBM's VM family. CP-40 ran multiple instances of client operating systems – particularly
IBM_CP-40
IBM operating system specializing in virtualization
of CP-67/CMS for the System/370. While it was never released as such, it became the foundation of IBM's VM/370 operating system, announced in 1972. Each
CP/CMS
1980s software company
VM Software was a software company whose product line focused on mainframes running IBM's VM/CMS operating system. VM Software was formed under that name
VM_Software
Operating system
Machine under VM, an IBM hypervisor operating system. VM provided the virtual IBM 370 machine which the VPS operating system ran under. The VM code was modified
VPS/VM
Open-source x86 virtualization application
a single host operating-system (host OS). Each guest can be started, paused and stopped independently within its own virtual machine (VM). The user can
VirtualBox
Research laboratory in Massachusetts, US
VM/370 operating system which became IBM's most popular interactive computing system. These included: an enhanced scheduler for the operating system based
Cambridge_Scientific_Center
Shared File System (SFS) is a record-oriented file system for the IBM z/VM Conversational Monitor System (CMS). SFS was introduced with VM/SP HPO release
CMS_Shared_File_System
Usage of Linux operating system on IBM mainframes
Linux on zSystems, or zLinux are collective terms for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes, especially IBM Z, zSystems, and LinuxONE
Linux_on_IBM_Z
Virtual session manager for the IBM VM operating system
running under IBM's VM operating system. Virtue, short for "virtual tube", was the first session manager commercially available for the VM environment on IBM
Virtue_(software)
Historical account
adopt new IBM systems more quickly. IBM's current mainframe operating systems, z/OS, z/VM, z/VSE, and z/TPF, are backward compatible successors to those
History of IBM mainframe operating systems
History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems
Topics referred to by the same term
CMS operating system under CP-67 or VM Minidisk (floppy), 5.25-inch floppy diskette type Minidisk (VM), a virtual disk provided by the CP-67 or VM operating
Minidisk
Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems
Oracle Solaris is a proprietary Unix operating system offered by Oracle for SPARC and x86-64 based workstations and servers. Originally developed by Sun
Oracle_Solaris
("virtual machine" in VM terminology) of IBM's VM/370 operating system which accepts files transmitted to it from local or remote system and users and transmits
RSCS
Experimental IBM mainframe from the 1960s
the VM/370 time-sharing system", IBM Journal of Research & Development, Vol. 25, No. 5 (September 1981), pp. 483-490, – perspective on CP/CMS and VM history
IBM_M44/44X
is a feature of the VM/CMS operating system that allows the user to create and use a pipeline. The programs in a pipeline operate on a sequential stream
CMS_Pipelines
American computer scientist
which later developed into IBM's highly successful line of mainframe VM operating systems. Robert J. Creasy was born on November 15, 1939, in Honesdale, Pennsylvania
Robert_Creasy
Operating system for mobile devices
Android is an operating system developed by Google, designed primarily for smartphones and tablets (touchscreen-based mobile devices originally; later
Android_(operating_system)
Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS) operating system. Stuart Madnick wrote EXEC for Cambridge Monitor System (CMS) under CP-67 in 1966 at MIT
CMS_EXEC
IBM operating system component
research system CP-40, which ran on a one-off customized S/360-40. CP-67 was later reimplemented (again) as CP-370, which IBM released as VM/370 in 1972
CP-67
Virtual machine software
specific operating system and architecture. It can be used to build a native executable or a native shared library. GraalVM is available as Oracle GraalVM under
GraalVM
Microkernel operating system
project in building an experimental microkernel-based object-oriented operating system (OS) developed at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. Using technology
Spring_(operating_system)
Vehicle (IUCV) is a data transfer mechanism in IBM's VM line of operating systems. It was introduced with VM/SP Release 1 in 1980. It allows establishment of
IUCV
List of Android operating system versions
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of its first beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version
Android_version_history
x86-based systems. Sun xVM Server was based on the xVM hypervisor project. Sun planned to support Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Solaris as guest operating systems
Sun_xVM
American businessman (born 1944)
Windows operating systems. This left the door open for Sybase, Oracle, Ingres, Informix, and eventually Microsoft to dominate mid-range systems and microcomputers
Larry_Ellison
American computer scientist
2008, when it was repackaged as an optional feature with the z/VM operating system. Varian Hendricks A PRPQ (Programming Request for Price Quotation)
Edson_Hendricks
Operating system for IBM mainframes
successor to OS/360. It is unrelated to IBM's other mainframe operating system lines, e.g., VSE, VM, TPF. First released in 1974, MVS was extended by program
MVS
Relative market adoption of operating systems
The usage share of an operating system is the percentage of computers running that operating system (OS). These statistics are estimates as usage data
Usage share of operating systems
Usage_share_of_operating_systems
Topics referred to by the same term
Google Cloud Storage Group communication system Group Control System, an IBM VM Operating system component Gadsden County School District, in Florida, United
GCS
Distributed operating system
distributed operating system started in 1995 at Bell Labs, which is now held by Vita Nuova Holdings and maintained by Terzarima Systems. Inferno was
Inferno_(operating_system)
Family of computers 1970–1990
enhance performance for the MVS/370 operating systems ECPS:VM A feature to enhance performance for the VM operating systems Other changes were compatible only
IBM_System/370
Core of a computer operating system
program at the core of a computer's operating system that always has complete control over everything in the system. The kernel is also responsible for
Kernel_(operating_system)
computer) operating systems. The article "Usage share of operating systems" provides a broader, and more general, comparison of operating systems that includes
Comparison of operating systems
Comparison_of_operating_systems
Computer desktop virtualization
accessing a VM, the user is presented with an Oracle VDI login screen. Upon entering credentials, the connection broker determines the correct VM for the
Oracle_VDI
Software that emulates an entire computer
In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and
Virtual_machine
Method of compromising a host OS though the VM
(VM escape) is the process of a program breaking out of the virtual machine (VM) on which it is running and interacting with the host operating system
Virtual_machine_escape
Server partitioning hardware and software
acquisition of Sun in January 2010, the product has been re-branded as Oracle VM Server for SPARC from version 2.0 onwards. Each domain is a full virtual machine
Oracle_VM_Server_for_SPARC
Dictionary). The program ran (and still, in 2018, runs) on mainframes under VM/CMS. LEXX's design was based on several other editors written by the same
LEXX_(text_editor)
Virtualization of computers or operating systems
(VM), for its guest software. The guest software is not limited to user applications; many hosts allow the execution of complete operating systems. The
Hardware_virtualization
Defunct American corporation
Computing architecture, which shielded applications from both the operating system and the database back-end. PeopleSoft branded the OneWorld product
PeopleSoft
Operating system
transfer the rights to its VM/386 virtual machine operating system project to Intelligent Graphics Corp., also in Santa Clara. "VM/386". Archived from the
VM/386
of November 2020[update] VisualVM is actively developed. VisualVM has features of use to application developers, system administrators, quality engineers
VisualVM
Assembly languages for IBM System/360 and successor mainframes
instruction (SVC) on, e.g., z/OS, or Diagnose on, e.g., z/VM. It is possible to use operating system services from programs written in high-level languages
IBM Basic assembly language and successors
IBM_Basic_assembly_language_and_successors
Cross-platform package management system
of layered applications, including GlassFish, across a variety of operating system platforms. IPS is currently written in the Python programming language
Image_Packaging_System
Type of computer software
functions were also available in a variety of non-Unix-like operating systems, such as Multics, VM/CMS, OpenVMS, MP/M, Concurrent CP/M, Concurrent DOS, FlexOS
Multi-user_software
American technology company
VM Labs was an American semiconductor and platform company, founded in 1995 by Richard Miller, a former vice president of Atari Corporation, in Los Altos
VM_Labs
Paradigm for customising operating systems
Just enough operating system (JeOS, pronounced "juice" according to SUSE) is a paradigm for customizing operating systems to fit the needs of a particular
Just_enough_operating_system
Open source software
project is to develop methods and tools for "systems programming in Java". Compiler extensions, configured in VM source code using Java annotations, allow
Maxine_Virtual_Machine
Visual editor
XEDIT is a visual editor for VM/CMS, primarily using block mode IBM 3270 terminals. It also works on line-mode terminals. XEDIT is much more line-oriented
XEDIT
File format on IBM mainframes
IBM Corporation. "z/VM: CMS Macros and Functions Reference". IBM Knowledge Center. Retrieved Sep 5, 2019. IBM Corporation. "z/VM:CMS Commands and Utilities
NETDATA
Object-oriented programming language
applications with its own GUI system. The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system. Although Android, built on the
Java_(programming_language)
Corporate computer network
computers over alternative transmission systems. VNET was first deployed as a private host to host network among CP/67 and VM/370 mainframes beginning before
IBM_VNET
written in 1977 by Mike Cowlishaw. The editor runs on the IBM VM/CMS operating system. STET was written to explore an approach to text editing that followed
STET_(text_editor)
Operating system with support for multilevel security
0 (Rated B1) XTS-400 (Rated EAL5+) IBM VM (SP, BSE, HPO, XA, ESA, etc.) with RACF Examples of operating systems that might be certifiable are: FreeBSD
Trusted_operating_system
Aspect of computing history
Computer operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a computer, and the links needed to control
History_of_operating_systems
Piece of software or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines
software SIMMON and the CP/CMS operating system, the predecessor of IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. Examples of Type-1 hypervisor
Hypervisor
research system that validated the virtual machine concept VM – IBM's virtual machine operating system family, a reimplementation of CP/CMS Virtualization and
History_of_CP/CMS
Java virtual machine
Ports are also available by third parties for various other Unix operating systems. Several different hardware architectures are supported, including
HotSpot
Computer program for working with tabular data
completely hid the programming language from the end-user. Through IBM's VM operating system, it was among the first programs to auto-update each copy of the
Spreadsheet
Storage engine for the MySQL database management system
InnoDB is a storage engine for the database management system MySQL and MariaDB. Since the release of MySQL 5.5.5 in 2010, it replaced MyISAM as MySQL's
InnoDB
Older mainframe load module file format
the OS/360 Operating System) and on the z/VM Operating System (the follow-on to the VM/370 Operating System). Since the MVS and z/VM loaders will still
OS/360_Object_File_Format
Computing technique
instead it tells the host operating system's hypervisor which memory addresses are in that pool (unused). The host operating system then unmaps physical memory
Memory_ballooning
Type of computer system
and the PS/2 provided I/O and disk storage. The 7437 ran the IBM VM/SP operating system, and one IBM representative described the 7437 "like a 9370 with
PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems
PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems
Operating system component
A system virtual machine (also called SysVM) is a virtual machine (VM) that provides a complete system platform and supports the execution of a complete
System_virtual_machine
American network software developer
which implemented a native TCP/IP protocol stack on the MVS and VM operating systems and within CICS regions. First released in 1986, ACCES/MVS had been
Interlink_Computer_Sciences
Desktop environment
a currently supported operating system Solaris 10. Newer Solaris based operating systems have abandoned the Java Desktop System. Solaris 11 and projects
Java_Desktop_System
Large and powerful computer
(LPARs, via the PR/SM facility) and virtual machines (via the z/VM operating system). Many mainframe customers run two machines: one in their primary
Mainframe_computer
Operating system focused on disk-based file operations
A disk operating system (DOS) is a computer operating system that requires a hard disk (HDD), floppy disk, solid-state drive (SSD), or other direct-access
Disk_operating_system
Relational database management system
Oracle Rdb is a relational database management system for the OpenVMS operating system. It was originally released by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
Oracle_Rdb
Tool of editors for programming, scripting, and markup
writing code. Later, the Live Parsing Editor (LEXX) written for the VM operating system for the computerization of the Oxford English Dictionary in 1985
Syntax_highlighting
Israeli-American business executive (born 1961)
OpenJDK Forms SQL Developer VisualVM Operating systems Solaris OpenSolaris Oracle Linux Other Java Desktop System OCFS2 Oracle Grid Engine Oracle iPlanet
Safra_Catz
Defunct time-sharing system software
facility, VM/370, it became more common to deploy MUSIC as a guest operating system running under VM/370. 1966 – IBM Remote Access Computing System (RAX)
MUSIC/SP
Set of computer software and specifications
based operating systems, and for the aarch64 architecture for macOS and Linux. Previous versions supported the Oracle Solaris operating system and SPARC
Java_(software_platform)
Software library providing embedded database for key/value data
runs on a wide variety of operating systems, including most Unix-like and Windows systems, and real-time operating systems. BDB was commercially supported
Berkeley_DB
Component of the z/OS operating system used for accessing filesystems
System Productivity Facility (ISPF) is a software product for many historic IBM mainframe operating systems and currently the z/OS and z/VM operating
ISPF
Range of multi-core microprocessors
Solaris Containers) to create isolated virtual servers within a single operating system instance. Logical Domains and Solaris Zones can be used together to
SPARC_T_series
Multi-platform emulator for mainframe software
VM and DOS/VS), enhancing the operating systems with some degree of 31-bit (and as of 2016, 64-bit) binary compatibility with later operating system versions
Hercules_(emulator)
In computing, an operation whereby a process creates a copy of itself
guest operating system only; other VM guest operating systems, such as Linux, provide standard fork functionality.) Fork bomb Fork–exec exit (system call)
Fork_(system_call)
American computer company, 1982–2010
AMD announced its Operating System Research Center (OSRC) was expanding its focus to include optimization to Sun's OpenSolaris and xVM virtualization products
Sun_Microsystems
Software company
OpenJDK Forms SQL Developer VisualVM Operating systems Solaris OpenSolaris Oracle Linux Other Java Desktop System OCFS2 Oracle Grid Engine Oracle iPlanet
RightNow_Technologies
Application server project
version (a.k.a. Sun Java System Application Server 9.0) that supports the Java EE 5 specification. 15 May 2006 - Sun Java System Application Server 9.0
GlassFish
Storage engine for the MySQL relational database management systems
a storage engine for MySQL and MariaDB relational database management systems, developed by Oracle and MariaDB. Before the version 4.1 of MySQL it was
Memory_(storage_engine)
Clustered file system
The Oracle Cluster File System (OCFS, in its second version OCFS2) is a shared-disk file system developed by Oracle Corporation and released under the
OCFS2
virtualized (instead of a full operating system), the startup overhead is in the order of 5 ms.[independent source needed] ZeroVM creates a sandbox around a
ZeroVM
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Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English frankelin ‘franklin’, a technical term of the feudal system, from Anglo-Norman French franc ‘free’ (see Frank 2) + the Germanic suffix -ling. The status of the franklin varied somewhat according to time and place in medieval England; in general, he was a free man and a holder of fairly extensive areas of land, a gentleman ranked above the main body of minor freeholders but below a knight or a member of the nobility.The surname is also borne by Jews, in which case it represents an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.In modern times, this has been used to Americanize François, the French form of Francis.The American statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin (1706–90) was the son of Josiah Franklin, a chandler (dealer in soap and candles), who had emigrated in about 1682 from Ecton, Northamptonshire, to Boston, MA, where his son was born.
Male
French
French form of Celtic Gahareet, GAHARIET means "old." In Arthurian legend, this is the name of a Knight of the Round Table, a son of King Lot of Orkney. He was brother to Agravaine, Gareth, Gawaine, and half-brother to Mordred. He was squire to Gawaine before being knighted and is noted for being very good at moderating Gawain's fiery temper. He murdered his own mother, Morgause, after catching her in flagrante with young Lamorak.Â
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pranali | பà¯à®°à®£à®¾à®²à¯€
System, Organization
Pranali | பà¯à®°à®£à®¾à®²à¯€
Boy/Male
Hindu
To do something systematically, Optimum utilization of resources
Girl/Female
Hindu
System, Organization
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Method; Way; Mode; Manner; Operation; Process
Girl/Female
Hindu
System, Organization
Surname or Lastname
German
German : topographic name for someone who lived by an elder tree, Middle High German holder, or from a house named for its sign of an elder tree. In same areas, for example Alsace, the elder tree was believed to be the protector of a house.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ornamental name from German Holder ‘elder tree’.English (chiefly western counties) : occupational name for a tender of animals, from an agent derivative of Middle English hold(en) ‘to guard or keep’ (Old English h(e)aldan). It is possible that this word was also used in the wider sense of a holder of land within the feudal system. Compare Helder.
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : apparently a topographic name from Middle English furlong ‘length of a field’ (from Old English furh ‘furrow’ + lang ‘long’), the technical term for the block of strips owned by several different persons which formed the unit of cultivation in the medieval open-field system of farming, or a habitational name from a minor place named with this word, such as Furlong in Devon or Shropshire. The surname is now chiefly common in Ireland, where a family of this name settled at the end of the 13th century.Possibly an Americanized form of French Ferland.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old Norse drengr ‘young man’, but with more than one possible interpretation. It may reflect the personal name (originally a byname) of this form, which had some currency in the most Scandinavian-influenced areas of medieval England. Alternatively it may reflect the Middle English borrowing of the vocabulary word in the sense ‘servant’, later a technical term of the feudal system of Northumbria for a free tenant who held land by military and agricultural service, sometimes paying rent as well or in commutation.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pranaali | பà¯à®°à®¨à®¾à®²à¯€
System, Organization
Pranaali | பà¯à®°à®¨à®¾à®²à¯€
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for the head of a tithing, Old English tēoðingmann (from tēoðing ‘tithing’, a group of households, originally ten households, + mann ‘man’). According to the medieval system of frankpledge, every member of a tithing was responsible for every other, so that for example if one of them committed a crime the others had to help pay for it.English : from the Middle English, Old English personal name Tideman, composed of Old English tīd ‘time’, ‘season’ + mann ‘man’.Altered spelling of German Tittmann, a variant of Dittmann.
Surname or Lastname
Irish (co. Cork)
Irish (co. Cork) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Oitir ‘son of Oitir’, a personal name borrowed from Old Norse Óttarr, composed of the elements ótti ‘fear’, ‘dread’ + herr ‘army’.English : status name from Middle English cotter, a technical term in the feudal system for a serf or bond tenant who held a cottage by service rather than rent, from Old English cot ‘cottage’, ‘hut’ (see Coates) + -er agent suffix.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Kotter.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English knyghte ‘knight’, Old English cniht ‘boy’, ‘youth’, ‘serving lad’. This word was used as a personal name before the Norman Conquest, and the surname may in part reflect a survival of this. It is also possible that in a few cases it represents a survival of the Old English sense into Middle English, as an occupational name for a domestic servant. In most cases, however, it clearly comes from the more exalted sense that the word achieved in the Middle Ages. In the feudal system introduced by the Normans the word was applied at first to a tenant bound to serve his lord as a mounted soldier. Hence it came to denote a man of some substance, since maintaining horses and armor was an expensive business. As feudal obligations became increasingly converted to monetary payments, the term lost its precise significance and came to denote an honorable estate conferred by the king on men of noble birth who had served him well. Knights in this last sense normally belonged to ancient noble families with distinguished family names of their own, so that the surname is more likely to have been applied to a servant in a knightly house or to someone who had played the part of a knight in a pageant or won the title in some contest of skill.Irish : part translation of Gaelic Mac an Ridire ‘son of the rider or knight’. See also McKnight.
Boy/Male
Tamil
To do something systematically, Optimum utilization of resources
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : nickname for a lordly, impressive, or sharp-eyed man, from Middle English egle ‘eagle’ (from Old French aigle, from Latin aquila).English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Laigle in Orne, France, the name of which ostensibly means ‘the eagle’, although it is possible that the recorded forms result from the operation of early folk etymology on some unknown original. Matilda de Aquila is recorded in 1129 as the widow of Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland.Jewish : translation into English of Adler.
Surname or Lastname
German and Dutch
German and Dutch : from Middle High German bloch, Middle Dutch blok ‘block of wood’, ‘stocks’. The surname probably originated as a nickname for a large, lumpish man, or perhaps as a nickname for a persistent lawbreaker who found himself often in the stocks.English : possibly a metonymic occupational name for someone who blocks, as in shoemaking and bookbinding, from Middle English blok ‘block’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : Americanized spelling of Bloch (see Vlach).Adriaen Coertsz Block was a Dutch-born merchant-explorer who traded along the CT coast and Long Island shortly after Hudson’s voyage to the region in 1609. Block Island, between the north fork of Long Island and RI, which he used as a base of operations, is named after him.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Method; Organisation; System
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English, Old French sur(ri)gien (from a derivative of Late Latin chirurgia ‘handiwork’), hence an occupational name for a person who performed operations, mostly amputations. Before the advent of anaesthetics, only crude surgery was possible, and the calling was often combined with that of the barber or bath house attendant.French : topographic name for someone who lived close to a gushing spring.
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : status name in the feudal system for a serf who had been freed.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of Friedmann (see Fried).
VM OPERATING-SYSTEM
VM OPERATING-SYSTEM
VM OPERATING-SYSTEM
VM OPERATING-SYSTEM
VM OPERATING-SYSTEM
VM OPERATING-SYSTEM
VM OPERATING-SYSTEM
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