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Test in the study of deductive reasoning
the Wason selection task (or four-card problem) is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966. It is one of the most famous tasks in the
Wason_selection_task
English psychologist (1924–2003)
problems and tests to demonstrate these behaviours, such as the Wason selection task, the THOG problem and the 2-4-6 problem. He also coined the term
Peter_Cathcart_Wason
Evolution-related timelines
Wason selection task as part of a larger computational theory of social exchange after they began reviewing the previous experiments about the task beginning
Evolution of human intelligence
Evolution_of_human_intelligence
Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
System 1 heuristic that competes with the logical System 2. The Wason selection task provides evidence for the matching bias. The test is designed as
Dual_process_theory
Emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution
and learning to explain human moral behaviors without invoking group selection or a priori philosophical justifications. Arguments against the possibility
Evolution_of_morality
Surname list
Peter Cathcart Wason, British psychologist, inventor of Wason selection task Rigby Wason, Scottish lawyer and politician Robert Wason (Maryland politician)
Wason
Bias confirming existing attitudes
Dennis T. (October 2002), "Motivated reasoning and performance on the Wason Selection Task", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28 (10): 1379–1387
Confirmation_bias
Form of reasoning
bias, which is often illustrated using the Wason selection task. In an often-cited experiment by Peter Wason, four cards are presented to the participant
Deductive_reasoning
Branch of psychology
theory stems almost entirely from performance on variations of the Wason selection task, which is extremely limited in scope as it tests only one subtype
Evolutionary_psychology
intuitive social intelligence, performance dramatically improves. (See Wason selection task) Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) have shown that people are terrible
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Theoretical position related to cognitive science
within but not across domains (e.g. the increased ease of solving the Wason Selection Task when the content is social in nature). Still, others use learnability
Domain_specificity
Quality of being agreeable to reason
rationality. For example, groups of people working together on the Wason selection task usually perform better than individuals by themselves. This form
Rationality
Terms to describe a conditional relationship between two statements
Material implication (disambiguation) Principle of sufficient reason Wason selection task Modus ponens Modus tollens "[M06] Necessity and sufficiency". philosophy
Necessity_and_sufficiency
Type of psychology test
Thinking, Fast and Slow, book by Daniel Kahneman Trick question Wason selection task, a test of deductive reasoning Blacksmith, Nikki; Yang, Yongwei;
Cognitive_reflection_test
2000 book by Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer
Stroud, Marissa (2009). "Rape, Evolution, and Pseudoscience: Natural Selection in the Academy". Journal of Social Philosophy. 40 (1): 75–96. doi:10.1111/j
A_Natural_History_of_Rape
Theories on the development of personality
process of natural selection. From the evolutionary perspective, evolution resulted in variations of the human mind. Natural selection refined these variations
Personality_development
Logical connective
psychologists studying conditional reasoning, for instance, by the notorious Wason selection task study, where less than 10% of participants reasoned according to
Material_conditional
American psychologist and author
Society of Experimental Psychologists 1996. "Hempel's Paradox and Wason's Selection Task: Logical and Psychological Puzzles of Confirmation," Thinking and
Raymond_S._Nickerson
Trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close and reliant upon for support
logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task". Cognition. 31 (3): 187–276. doi:10
Betrayal_trauma
Variation in support for the theory of evolution
their intuitive feelings may be misleading (for example, using the Wason selection task), and thus to exercise caution when relying on them as they judge
Level of support for evolution
Level_of_support_for_evolution
Neurological theory
fields. Developmental psychology Domain-general learning Learning Wason selection task Siegler, R. (2006). How Children Develop: Exploring Child Develop
Domain-specific_learning
are consistent with evolutionary theories of aging, which posit that selection against dysfunctional traits decreases with age (because there is a decreasing
Evolutionary approaches to depression
Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression
Psychology concept
favor of the domain-specific theory beyond performance on the Wason selection task, a task critics state is too limited in scope to test all relevant aspects
Modularity_of_mind
Controversy in psychology
succeed in eliminating the general-purpose theory because the adapted Wason selection task they used tested only one specific aspect of deductive reasoning
Criticism of evolutionary psychology
Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology
British behavioural scientist and writer (born 1965)
this understanding, Chater and Oaksford developed models of the Wason selection task, syllogistic reasoning, and conditional reasoning in which Bayesian
Nick_Chater
American psychologist
logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task," Cognition, 31, 187–276. Cosmides, L
Leda_Cosmides
American psychologist
scathingly criticised Jean Philippe Rushton and his application of r/K selection theory to the study of human races. "Bad science and virulent racial prejudice
David_P._Barash
Field of study
1999b, 2003; Sternberg, 1999; Wai, Lubinski, & Benbow, 2005). 1.) Natural selection has resulted in an evolved motivational disposition to attempt to gain
Evolutionary educational psychology
Evolutionary_educational_psychology
British psychologist
PMID 18154502. S2CID 12246493. — (2016). "A brief history of the Wason selection task". In Galbraith, Neil; Lucas, Erica; Over, David (eds.). The Thinking
Jonathan_St_B._T._Evans
unusual ways natural selection operates in social animals, that is, by different kinds of group selection, including kin selection and reciprocal altruism
History of evolutionary psychology
History_of_evolutionary_psychology
Judging arguments by the plausibility of their conclusion
syllogistic reasoning that, when it does occur, in areas such as Wason's selection task or the THOG problem, it is called "memory cueing" or the "effects
Belief_bias
Canadian-Chilean educational psychologist, academic and author
and orthogonal contrasts. Her PhD thesis focused on the Wason Selection task, a classic task to measure logical reasoning, and how its traditional abstract
Jacqueline_P._Leighton
Steps in reasoning
informative for deductive reasoning. This is demonstrated by the Watson selection task. Another example, involving probabilistic reasoning, is the conjunction
Inference
Intelligence of machines
sub-symbolic reasoning and knowledge: Kahneman (2011), Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1986), Wason & Shapiro (1966), Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) Metz, Rachel; Bloomberg
Artificial_intelligence
Study of how people reason
affected by context, as demonstrated in the well-known selection task developed by Peter Wason. Participants are better able to test a conditional in
Psychology_of_reasoning
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
ISSN 0263-5143. S2CID 145706148. Wason, P. C. (1960). "On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task". Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Problem_solving
American politician and lawyer (born 1971)
compensate shutdown workers". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 29, 2025. Wason, Sanya (October 2, 2025). "Maryland officials concerned about layoffs after
Angela_Alsobrooks
British Army general (1885–1982)
ordered to evacuate, Adam was given the task of organising the Dunkirk perimeter; Major General S. R. Wason took over command of III Corps. It was substantially
Ronald Adam (British Army officer)
Ronald_Adam_(British_Army_officer)
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
well people's reasoning matches ideals set by logic (see, for example, the Wason test). Experiments examine how people make inferences from conditionals
Reason
Scientific work to develop a vaccine for COVID-19
Flight L, Hampson LV, Holmes J, Mander AP, Odondi L, Sydes MR, Villar SS, Wason JM, Weir CJ, Wheeler GM, Yap C, Jaki T (February 2018). "Adaptive designs
History of COVID-19 vaccine development
History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development
or Medicine in 1989 Rachel Bitecofer, author, assistant director of the Wason Center for Public Policy at Christopher Newport University and senior fellow
List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements
List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements
Institute), Mike Pettit (Blackboard), Neal Nored (IBM), Tom Rhodes (NIST), Tom Wason (UNC), Udo Schuermann (Blackboard). Available as DOC. Blackboard LLC merges
History of virtual learning environments in the 1990s
History_of_virtual_learning_environments_in_the_1990s
WASON SELECTION-TASK
WASON SELECTION-TASK
Male
Greek
(Ιάσων) Greek name possibly derived from the word iasthai, IASON means "to heal." In mythology, this is the name of a son of Aison and leader of the Argonauts. His Latin name is Jason.
Boy/Male
Danish, Dutch, German
Wagon Driver; Wagon Maker
Girl/Female
American, Hindu, Indian
Selection
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, French, German
Wagon Builder; Cartwright; Wagon Maker
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Selection choice
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Faison.
Boy/Male
British, English
Mason
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu
Reflection; Outlook; Reflection Reflection
Boy/Male
British, English, German
Wagon Maker; Wagon-builder
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Selection; Choice
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selection, Choice
Male
English
Latin form of Greek Iason, JASON means "to heal." In mythology, this is the name of a son of Æson and leader of the Argonauts.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a patronymic from James or any of various other personal names beginning with J-.Possibly also Greek : shortened and Americanized form of Iassonides, patronymic from the personal name IasÅn, which is derived from the Greek vocabulary word iasthai to ‘heal’. This was borne by a saint mentioned in St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, traditionally believed to have been martyred. In classical mythology this is the name (English Jason) of the leader of the Argonauts, who captured the Golden Fleece with the aid of Medea, daughter of the king of Colchis.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Eade.Scottish and Irish : alternate Anglicization of Gaelic Mac Aoidh (see McKay).
Boy/Male
Muslim
Uprising
Male
English
English patronymic surname transferred to forename use, EASON means "son of Eade."Â
Surname or Lastname
German
German : unexplained. It may be an altered form of a French Huguenot name, possibly Bassin.English and Scottish : patronymic from Bate.
Male
English
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, derived from French maçon, MASON means "mason, stone-worker."
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for a stonemason, Middle English, Old French mas(s)on. Compare Machen. Stonemasonry was a hugely important craft in the Middle Ages.Italian (Veneto) : from a short form of Masone.French : from a regional variant of maison ‘house’.George Mason (1725–92), the American colonial statesman who framed the VA Bill of Rights and Constitution, which was used as a model by Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence, was a VA planter, fourth in descent from George Mason (?1629–?86), a royalist soldier of the English Civil War who had received land grants in VA. As well as being prominent in the affairs of VA, the family also produced the first governor of MI.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name for someone from Cawston in Norfolk; the form of the surname reflects the local pronunciation of the place name, which is from the Old Scandinavian personal name Kalfr + Old English tūn ‘settlement’.Italian (Venetia) : augmentative form of Casa.
WASON SELECTION-TASK
WASON SELECTION-TASK
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Slave of the Firm
Girl/Female
Tamil
Parthivi | பாரà¯à®¤à¯€à®µà¯€
Goddess Sita
Female
Welsh
Welsh name derived from the word rhiain, RHIAN means "maiden."
Boy/Male
French, German
Renowned Warrior's Son; From Lorraine; Son of the Famous Warrior
Male
Norwegian
Danish and Norwegian form of Old Norse Hávarðr, HÅVARD means "high guard."
Boy/Male
American, Christian, Gaelic, German, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Free Man; Without Envy
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Right; Right-hand Side
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Radha's Birthplace
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Period
Girl/Female
Tamil
Lover of wealth
WASON SELECTION-TASK
WASON SELECTION-TASK
WASON SELECTION-TASK
WASON SELECTION-TASK
WASON SELECTION-TASK
v. t.
To build stonework or brickwork about, under, in, over, etc.; to construct by masons; -- with a prepositional suffix; as, to mason up a well or terrace; to mason in a kettle or boiler.
n.
The act of detecting; the laying open what was concealed or hidden; discovery; as, the detection of a thief; the detection of fraud, forgery, or a plot.
n.
That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as, a choice selection of books.
a.
Having a top, or head, shaped like the top of a covered wagon, or resembling in section or outline an inverted U, thus /; as, a wagonheaded ceiling.
n.
A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service.
n.
Election a second time, or anew; as, the reelection of a former chief.
pl.
of Selectman
a.
Selecting; tending to select.
a.
The act of choosing a person to fill an office, or to membership in a society, as by ballot, uplifted hands, or viva voce; as, the election of a president or a mayor.
a.
The act of choosing; choice; selection.
n.
The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference.
n.
The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below.
n.
The act of cutting, or separation by cutting; as, the section of bodies.
n.
That portion of a group of moldings which projects beyond the general surface of a panel; a bolection.
v. i.
To wagon goods as a business; as, the man wagons between Philadelphia and its suburbs.
n.
A projecting molding round a panel. Same as Bilection.
n.
A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as, the reflection of a membrane.
n.
That which is produced by reflection.
v. t.
To transport in a wagon or wagons; as, goods are wagoned from city to city.
n.
An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.