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Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1290–1293)
Al-Malik Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn (Arabic: الملك الأشرف صلاح الدين خليل بن قلاوون; c. 1260s – 14 December 1293) was the eighth Turkic
Al-Ashraf_Khalil
Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1279–1290)
but would only be taken by his son al-Ashraf Khalil as the former died before the siege was won in 1291. His son Khalil succeeded him as sultan. Qalawun
Qalawun
Medieval Islamic-era fortification in Egypt
the site of important monumental structures. al-Zahir Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun, al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad each built or rebuilt the audience
Cairo_Citadel
wazir (chief financial adviser) of the Mamluk sultan, al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293). Ibn al-Sal'us began his career as a merchant based in Damascus
Ibn_al-Sal'us
Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 1293 to 1294
son of Sultan Qalawun and the brother of Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil. He was born in Cairo at Qal'at al-Jabal (Citadel of the Mountain). His father Qalawun
Al-Nasir_Muhammad
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1294–1296)
of Qalawun's son Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, he was arrested and released. In 1293, after the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Kitbugha became the Vice-Sultan
Al-Adil_Kitbugha
State in Egypt, Hejaz and Syria (1250–1517)
through the efforts of sultans Baybars, Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) and al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), the Mamluks had conquered the Crusader states, expanded
Mamluk_Sultanate
Latter period of the Crusades
10 November 1290. He was succeeded by his son, al-Ashraf Khalil. Because of the weather, the Khalil's attack on the remaining Christians in the Holy Land
Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399
Crusades_after_the_fall_of_Acre,_1291–1399
Grand Master of the Knights Templar
the town of Acre, besieged by the formidable army of Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. On 18 May, upon the death of Guillaume de Beaujeu, Gaudin remained
Thibaud_Gaudin
Mamluk viceroy of Damascus (1279-1280)
considerable honors and benefits by Qalawun. The latter's son and successor, al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) imprisoned Sunqur and had him executed in 1293 for defying
Sunqur_al-Ashqar
Part of the Crusades
was succeeded by his son, Al-Ashraf Khalil (sometimes spelled Chalil). Guillaume de Beaujeu received a message from Khalil, which stated the latter's
Siege_of_Acre_(1291)
1292 siege in Rumkale
sermon in the mosque of the citadel. Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil bin Qalawun accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us came out at the head of the Egyptian
Siege_of_Rumkale
Badr al-Din Baydara al-Mansuri (Arabic: بدر الدين بيدارة المنصوري) was the na'ib al-saltana (viceroy) of the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293)
Baydara
Egyptian chancery scribe, poet and historian (1223–1293)
al-Mansur Qalawun and al-Ashraf Khalil. In addition, a diwan of his poetry survives, as does a collection of letters written by Saladin's vizier al-Qāḍī
Ibn_Abd_al-Zahir
Village in Haifa, Mandatory Palestine
early August 1291, three months after the Siege of Acre, the forces of Al-Ashraf Khalil conquered Atlit, which was at that point the last remaining Crusader
Château_Pèlerin
Name list
name. Al-Ashraf Khalil (c.1262–1293) Bahrid sultan of Egypt from 1290 to 1293 Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Bahrid sultan of Egypt from 1363 to 1376 Al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din
Ashraf_(name)
City in Israel
Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil in 1291. Acre, having been isolated and largely abandoned by Europe, was conquered by Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil in a bloody
Acre,_Israel
Cemetery in Cairo, Egypt
along Shari'a al-Khalifa here, including the Fatimid-era Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya (daughter of 'Ali), the Tomb of Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (dated to 1288)
City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)
Palestinian footballer (born 1986)
Ashraf Nu'man Al-Fawaghra (Arabic: أشرف نعمان الفواغرة; born 29 July 1986) is a Palestinian professional footballer who plays for Shabab Al-Khalil of the
Ashraf_Nu'man
Sultan of Mamluk Egypt
Al-Ashraf Zayn ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Sha'ban ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (Arabic: الأشرف زين الدين شعبان, lit. 'The Most Noble, Grace of the Faith
Al-Ashraf_Sha'ban
21st Grand Master of the Knights Templar
Jerusalem, but died in November before launching the attack. His son Al-Ashraf Khalil, however, decided to continue the campaign. Beaujeu led the defence
Guillaume_de_Beaujeu
Medieval aqueduct system in Cairo, Egypt
1312, al-Nasir Muhammad ordered the renovation and improvement of the Citadel's aqueduct. His predecessor and brother, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, was likely
Cairo_Citadel_Aqueduct
Former palace in Cairo, Egypt
had ceremonial or administrative functions. Al-Zahir Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun, al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad each built or rebuilt the audience
Ablaq_Palace
Marshal of the Knights Hospitaller
the Holy Land, which had been besieged by the Mamluks under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil since April 1291. When the Mamluks entered the city on May 16, Matthew
Matthew_of_Clermont
Status held by the rulers of Egypt, 1174–1922
son of Baybars, 1277–1279 al-Adil Salamish, son of Baybars, 1279 al-Mansur Qalawun, mamluk of Aybak, 1279–1290 al-Ashraf Khalil, son of Qalawun, 1290–1293
Sultan_of_Egypt
Sultan of Egypt
Al-Ashraf Khalil. He later convinced Al-Adil Kitbugha to depose Al-Nasir Muhammad to become the new sultan. He then tried assassinating the Sultan Al-Adil
Lajin
Calendar year
has been found. May 18 – Siege of Acre: Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil capture Acre after a six-week siege. The Mamluks take the outer wall
1291
Sidon, Tyre and Beirut. The death of al-Mansur Qalawun left a respite for the Christians, but his son al-Ashraf Khalil had sworn to his father to take Acre
Jean de Villiers (grand master)
Jean_de_Villiers_(grand_master)
Palestinian anti-Hamas militia
Popular Army – Northern Forces militia of the northern Gaza Strip, led by Ashraf al-Mansi, also reportedly operates as part of the Popular Forces. Israeli
Popular_Forces
Lord of Palmyra
and brothers met al-Ashraf Khalil at the wells of Furqlus, near Homs, where the sultan had been on a hunting expedition. Al-Ashraf Khalil had Muhanna and
Muhanna_ibn_Isa
Al-Ashraf Khalil completed the victory by sweeping the last of the Crusaders out of Palestine. In 1291, the forces of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf
Islam_in_Palestine
died in 1290. The fall of Acre was achieved in 1291 by Qalawun's son, Al-Ashraf Khalil. John Marshall, p. 20 Steven Runciman, p. 333 John Marshall, p. 20
Truce_of_Tripoli_(1271)
Decade
out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to
1290s
Lady of Beirut
Dampierre (died 1330) In 1291, Emir ‘Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja‘i al-Mansuri, a Muslim general under al-Ashraf Khalil, marched on Beirut, which had only a
Eschiva of Ibelin, Lady of Beirut
Eschiva_of_Ibelin,_Lady_of_Beirut
predominantly Circassians. While the first three Mamluk sultans, Aybak, his son al-Mansur Ali, and Qutuz, are generally considered part of the Bahri dynasty
List_of_Mamluk_sultans
Islamic title
1259–1260) Baibars (r. 1260–1277) Al-Said Barakah (r. 1277–1279) Solamish (r. 1279) Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) Al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) An-Nasir Muhammad
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques
Empire based in Egypt and Syria
through the efforts of sultans Baybars, Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) and al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), they conquered the Crusader states, expanded into Makuria
History of the Mamluk Sultanate
History_of_the_Mamluk_Sultanate
Historic monument and mausoleum in Cairo, Egypt
origins, Shajar al-Durr was given to Sultan al-Salih as a gift and eventually became the sultan's wife. They had a son named al-Ashraf Khalil in 1238 C.E
Mausoleum_of_Shajar_al-Durr
Indian Islamic scholar and Sufi (1863–1943)
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (often referred as Hakimul Ummat and Mujaddidul Millat; 19 August 1863 – 20 July 1943) was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, thinker
Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi
Maqam and synagogue in Yavne, Israel
dedicatory inscription, with the site expanded further in 1292 by Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil. The tomb is known to Jews as the tomb of Gamaliel II, the first Nasi
Mausoleum_of_Abu_Hurayra
Crusader state in the Levant from 1099 to 1291
[citation needed] The Mamluk sultans Baibars (reigned 1260–1277) and al-Ashraf Khalil (reigned 1290–1293) eventually reconquered all the remaining Crusader
Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Egyptian dynasty (1250–1382)
1277–1279 al-Adil Salamish, son of Baybars, 1279 al-Mansur Qalawun, mamluk of Aybak, 1279–1290 al-Ashraf Khalil, son of Qalawun, 1290–1293 an-Nasir Muhammad
Bahri_Mamluks
Holding in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
all the remaining land of the kingdom, to the Muslim ruler of Egypt, Al-Ashraf Khalil, in 1291. Fulk of Guînes, lord from 1110 to sometime between 1117 and
Lordship_of_Beirut
Medieval school and mausoleum in Cairo, Egypt
In December 1293, al-Nasir Muhammad's older brother Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil was assassinated, leaving the throne to the 9-year-old al-Nasir Muhammad. For
Madrasa_of_al-Nasir_Muhammad
Calendar year
10 – Isabel de Forz, 8th Countess of Devon (b. 1237) December 14 – Al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (assassinated) David VI Narin, King of Georgia
1293
Capture of city in the Crusades by Egyptian Mamluks
Hospitaller Republic of Genoa Commanders and leaders Qalawun Izz al-Din al-Kawrani Al-Ashraf Khalil Lucia of Tripoli Geoffroy de Vandac Matthew of Clermont Amalric
Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)
Ilkhanate ruler from 1291 to 1295
Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, threatening to conquer the whole of the Levant if he didn't return Aleppo. Al-Ashraf replied: "The khan has the
Gaykhatu
City in Lebanon
(the Mansouri Great Mosque, al-Aattar, Taynal, al-Uwaysiyat, al-Burtasi, and al-Tawbat Mosques). Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–93) founded the city's
Tripoli,_Lebanon
Mongol Invincibility. Qalawun: Mamluk Sultan who fought Crusaders. Al-Ashraf Khalil: Mamluk Sultan, son of Qalawun, defeated Crusaders in the Battle of
List of Muslim military leaders
List_of_Muslim_military_leaders
Church in Acre
Land was collapsing. In 1291, Acre fell to the Mamluks under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, marking the end of Crusader rule; the city’s fortifications and its
Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Acre
Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Acre
Ayyubid sultan of Egypt in 1250
Shajar al-Durr (Arabic: شجر الدر, lit. 'Tree of Pearls'), also Shajarat al-Durr (شجرة الدر), whose royal name was al-Malika ʿAṣmat ad-Dīn ʾUmm-Khalīl Shajar
Shajar_al-Durr
Anonymous 14th-century historian
was fluent in Arabic and translated letters from the Egyptian sultan al-Ashraf Khalil to Guillaume de Beaujeu into French. The Deeds is preserved in a single
Templar_of_Tyre
Calendar year
Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son Al-Ashraf Khalil commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy Baydara al-Mansuri. The army moves via Salihiya
1289
Calendar year
Marinids. Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the
1292
Turkic headgear
Egypt the kallawtah was originally prescribed to be yellow, but Sultan al-Ashraf Khalīl (r. 689–93/1290–93) had it changed to the color red, with the addition
Kallawtah
the Six-Day War.[undue weight? – discuss] The Egyptian Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil conquered the last outpost of Crusader rule in 1291. The Mamluks, continuing
History_of_Israel
sign a truce with Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil in exchange for paying an annual tribute. This was before the siege of Acre, so the al-Harafish stood against
Siraj_al-Din_Dhabyan
Name list
ruler, briefly known as Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa Al-Ashraf Khalil (Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil issalahuddinbn Qalawūn) (died 1293), Mamluk sultan
Salah_ad-Din_(name)
Egyptian capture of the Armenian capital
It occurred on 13 April 1375. After Rumkale was conquered by Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil by in 1292, Sis became the Catholicos' residence. In 1266, the Egyptians
Fall_of_Sis
Mosque in Homs, Syria
The building was later restored during the reign of Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil in 1291. According to local tradition, when Tamerlane invaded Syria
Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque
Medieval dynasty in Levant (12th–15th)
time, passed leadership over to his son, Nasir al-Din Husayn. Qalawun's successor, his son al-Ashraf Khalil, conquered the remaining Crusader holdouts along
Buhturids
Ayyubid victory ending the Seventh Crusade
strongholds were captured by the Mamluk Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil between 1291 and 1292.[citation needed] Battle of Al Mansurah Berke–Hulagu war Joinville 2002
Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)
Italian military adventurer and condottiere
rescuing wealthy survivors during the siege of Acre by the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil in 1291, he went to Cyprus. Following intrigues and personal disputes
Roger_de_Flor
(approximate date). 1291 – Mamluk Al-Ashraf Khalil captures Haifa. 1869 – German Colony established near town. 1873 – Najib Effendi al-Yasin becomes mayor. 1883
Timeline_of_Haifa
2007 novel by Robyn Young
The following characters in the book were real historical figures: Al-Ashraf Khalil: Son of Qalawun, sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1290 to 1293. Leader
Crusade_(Young_novel)
One hundred years, from 1201 to 1300
of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms. 1291: Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last
13th_century
Syrian Islamic scholar (1641–1731)
appointed by Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil as qadi al-qudat (head judge of the sultanate) and shaykh al-shuyukh (head of the Sufi brotherhoods). Badr al-Din died in
Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi
Mamluk sultan from 1309 to 1310
Qalawun's Sons Al-Ashraf Khalil and Al-Nasir Muhammad. He became an Emir (a prince) then a Jashnakir. During the second reign of Sultan Al-Nasir Mohammed
Baybars_II
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1279–1279)
again with their mother to Constantinople, during the reign of Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. He died in Constantinople in 1291. In 1297, his corpse was taken to
Solamish
Former French noble family founded in the 10th century
1291 the last remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were captured by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Sultan of Egypt. Henry fled to Cyprus and under his rule, that
House_of_Lusignan
Muslim historian
Abu'l-Mawadda Sayyid Muhammad Khalil al-Muradi (1760–1791) was a Muslim historian under the Ottoman Empire. He was born into a family of ulema (Muslim
Khalil_al-Muradi
State in southern Anatolia (1080–1375)
Cilician Armenia on numerous occasions. In 1292, it was invaded by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, who had conquered the remnants of the
Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia
Place in Mount Lebanon Governorate, Lebanon
regiment of the Mamluk army that conquered Beirut in 1291, led by Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil. The emirs established their summer residence in Aabey, where the remains
Aabey
restoration inscriptions from the sultans Qala'un (1279–90), Al-Ashraf Khalil (1290–93) and al-Nasir Muhammad (1293–1341). An earlier building had already
Arsameia
Kurdish Emirate of Hasankeyf
al-Adil Abu al-Mafakhir Fakhr al-Din Sulayman (1364–1424) al-Ashraf Ahmad (1424–1432) al-Kamil Abu al-Mahamid Khalil (1432–1452) al-Malik Ahmad (1452–1455)
Emirate_of_Hasankeyf
Lebanese adherents of Shia Islam
Beirut, headed by Aqqush al-Afram. According to Mamluk chronicler Badr al-Din al-Ayni, in 1292, the Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil compelled Baydara to take
Lebanese_Shia_Muslims
Castle in Damascus, Syria
completed during the reigns of the sultan Qalawun (1279–1290) and Al-Ashraf Khalil. The latter had a structure called the Blue Dome built in the citadel
Citadel_of_Damascus
Archaeological site in central Israel
According to al-Maqrizi, it had come under Mamluk rule in 1291, when it was mentioned under the name of Kerdanah when sultan al-Ashraf Khalil allocated the
Tel_Afek
route to Acre. He dies six days later. 10 November. Qalawun's son al-Ashraf Khalil becomes Mamluk sultan. 1291 6 August. Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by
Chronology of the Crusades, 1187–1291
Chronology_of_the_Crusades,_1187–1291
Palace in Cairo, Egypt
particularly notable. Alin Aq was an amir and cupbearer to Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil ibn Qalawun. This building is early Bahri and is now in ruins, with
Amir_Alin_Aq_Palace
Marshal of the Knights Templar (died 1291)
civilians sheltering within while they awaited further evacuation. Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil offered terms: if the Templars surrendered the fortress, the lives
Pierre_de_Severy
refuse it. November 10. Qalawun dies. His son, Al-Ashraf Khalil, succeeds him. 1291 April 5. Al-Ashraf Khalil lays siege to Acre. Early May. Henry and Cypriot
Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Timeline_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Church building in Acre, Israel
Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. According to al-Maqrizi, after his victory the sultan ordered one of his amirs, ʿAlam al-Din Sanjar al-Shujaʿi al-Mansuri,
Church_of_Saint_Andrew,_Acre
Mosque in Tripoli, Lebanon
Inscriptions in the mosque reveal that Qalawun's sons, Sultans al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad, were responsible for its construction in 1294 and
Mansouri_Great_Mosque
Capital and largest city of Lebanon
was captured and the Crusaders expelled by the Mamluk army of Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil. Under the Ottoman sultan Selim I (1512–1520), the Ottomans conquered
Beirut
Indian Islamic scholar and sufi saint of Hindustan
the Muḥaddith, the Faqīh, Khalīl Aḥmad ibn Majīd ‘Alī […] al-Anṣārī al-Ḥanafī al-Anbayt′hawī as-Sahāranfūri al-Muhājir al-Madanī, one of the senior scholars
Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri
Series of Mamluk military expeditions
considered "the best account" of the campaign by Harris. Al-Ayni held that Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) ordered the operation in response to the
Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292–1305)
Book series of English translations of texts contemporary to the Crusades
son al-Ashraf Khalīl. Translated by David Cook. Routledge, 2020, ISBN 978-1-1383-6832-3. Baybars’ Successors: Ibn al-Furāt on Qalāwūn and al-Ashraf. Translated
Crusade_Texts_in_Translation
route to Acre. He dies six days later. 10 November. Qalawun's son al-Ashraf Khalil becomes Mamluk sultan. 1291 12 March. Mongol Ieader Arghun dies, destabilizing
Chronology of the later Crusades through 1400
Chronology_of_the_later_Crusades_through_1400
Abu-Bakr Khalil I, 1349–1378 al-Adil Fakhr ad-Din Sulayman I, 1378-1432 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-Adil Sulayman, 1377–1424) al-Ashraf Sharaf ad
List_of_Ayyubid_rulers
whether Nachmanides ever visited Jerusalem. 1291 May 18 – Fall of Acre: Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of
Timeline of the Palestine region
Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region
River in Lebanon
medieval bridge built in 1291, during the reign of the Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil following the conquest of Sidon and Beirut, and rebuilt in 1340 and
Damour_River
Calendar year
out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to
1290
Historical Arab tribe in Syria
two interruptions. The first was when Qalawun's successor, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, had them and their sons imprisoned in Cairo. Their cousin, Muhammad
Al_Fadl
Indian Islamic scholar
Syed Mohammed Madni Ashraf (Urdu: سید محمد مدنی اشرف), also known as Madni Miyan, (born on 27 August 1938 CE; 1 Rajab 1357 AH) is an Indian Islamic scholar
Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani
Muhammad_Madni_Ashraf_Ashrafi_Al-Jilani
Refugee camp in South Governorate, Lebanon
Sultanate's army of Al-Ashraf Khalil. He had all fortifications demolished to prevent the Franks from re-entrenching. After Khalil's death in 1293 and political
Rashidieh
1367 rebellion in the Egyptian Sultanate
moved against al-Ashraf Sha'ban. The revolt was also supported by Emir Khalil ibn Qawsun, the son of former regent Emir Qawsun (d. 1342). Khalil had been promised
Battle_of_Cairo_(1367)
Part of the Crusades
conquered by Qalawun's successor, al-Ashraf Khalil, a few years later in 1291, thus ending the Crusader presence in the Levant. al-Dawadar, Ibn Aybak (1982).
Siege_of_Margat
Mosque in Cairo, Egypt
their way to the Hijaz. After the assassination of the Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), one of the accomplices in the murder, Lajin, hid inside
Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun
History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1272–1302
succeeded by his son, al-Ashraf Khalil. On his deathbed, he made Khalil promise to continue the campaign against the Franks. Khalil's transition to sultan
Fall_of_Outremer
travel, tourism, insurance
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