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Biological testing method
The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism. More
Ames_test
American biochemist (1928–2024)
Institute (CHORI). Ames made contributions to understanding the mechanisms of mutagenesis and DNA repair. He invented the Ames test, a widely used assay
Bruce_Ames
Inability to synthesize an organic compound required for growth
of the positive Ames Test resulting chemicals were considered insignificant when tested in larger organisms but the positive Ames test for bacteria still
Auxotrophy
American CIA analyst and Soviet spy (1941–2026)
Aldrich Hazen Ames (/eɪmz/; May 26, 1941 – January 5, 2026) was an American counterintelligence officer with the Central Intelligence Agency who was convicted
Aldrich_Ames
NASA research facility in Northern California
The Ames Research Center (ARC), also known as NASA Ames, is a major NASA research center at Moffett Federal Airfield in California's Silicon Valley. It
Ames_Research_Center
Physical or chemical agent that increases the rate of genetic mutation
the Ames test in the 1970s by Bruce Ames that screens for mutagens and allows for preliminary identification of carcinogens. Early studies by Ames showed
Mutagen
Analytical method to determine potency and effect of a substance
event occurs (ex. death of the subject). One classical bioassay is the Ames test. A strain of Salmonella that requires histidine to grow is put on two
Bioassay
enzymes of bacteria used in the Ames test differ substantially from those in mammals. Therefore, to mimic the metabolism of test substance that would occur
S9_fraction
DNA gel stain and veterinary drug
such as "Novel Juice". SYBR dyes are less mutagenic than EtBr by the Ames test with liver extract. However, SYBR Green I was actually found to be more
Ethidium_bromide
Wonderlic Test Iq test Trust metric Ames test Chi-squared test Draize test Dixon's Q test F-test Fisher's exact test GRIM test Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Kuiper's
List_of_tests
Analytical technique
mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay (Ames test)". Mutat. Res. 439 (1): 37–47. Bibcode:1999MRGTE.439...37S. doi:10
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide_gel_electrophoresis
Dye used for molecular genetics
is a possible carcinogen, including SYBR Green. In a study using the Ames test, which measures the ability of chemicals to cause mutations, when assayed
SYBR_Green_I
English cricketer (1905–1990)
Kent, Ames began his first-class career with his home county of Kent in 1926, and was a regular player until the 1950s. Ames played 45 tests for England
Les_Ames
City in Iowa, US
Ames (/eɪmz/) is a city in Story County, Iowa, United States, located approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of Des Moines in central Iowa. It is the home
Ames,_Iowa
Species of European flowering plant
ingested. Contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation. In the Ames test, an extract of A. montana was found to be mutagenic. The demand for A
Arnica_montana
developed as a practical complement or alternative to the traditional Ames test assay for genotoxicity, which involves growing bacteria on agar plates
SOS_chromotest
British–French supersonic airliner
when entering ground effect. Ames test pilots later participated in a joint cooperative test with the French and British test pilots and found that the simulations
Concorde
Concept in toxicology
consequence, many sophisticated techniques including Ames Assay, in vitro and in vivo Toxicology Tests, and Comet Assay have been developed to assess the
Genotoxicity
Chemical compound
carcinogenic and the evidence is contradictory: TMB is not mutagenic by the Ames test, and did not induce formation of tumors in a single-arm study of 24 rats
3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine
3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine
Chemical compound
characterized. It tests positive in the Ames test, an assay for mutagenicity. Crude extracts of L. necator are also highly mutagenic in a bacterial test system,
Necatorin
2025 United States Supreme Court case
Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services, 605 U.S. 303 (2025), is a decision of the United States Supreme Court case about whether a claim of discrimination
Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services
Ames_v._Ohio_Department_of_Youth_Services
Species of fungus
towards tumor cells. It also has mutagenic activity, as measured by the Ames test. Harttig U, Anke T, Scherer A, Steglich W. (1990). "Leaianafulvene, a
Mycena_leaiana
Chemical compound
relative ethyl carbamate it is not mutagenic in Salmonella (it tested negative in the Ames test), but it is mutagenic in Drosophila. Experimental evidence
Methyl_carbamate
Alternative splicing Altruism Alu family Alzheimer's disease Amber codon Ames test Amino acid Amino acid sequence Amino acids Amniocentesis Amorph AMP Amphidiploid
Index_of_genetics_articles
Variant of a liquid-crystal display
mutagenic – neither in bacteria (Ames test) nor in mammalian cells (mouse lymphoma assay or chromosome aberration test), are not suspected of being carcinogenic
TFT_LCD
Obsolete device purported to detect lies
such as double-agent Aldrich Ames, who passed two polygraph tests while spying for the Soviet Union. Ames failed several tests while at the CIA that were
Polygraph
mutagenic according to the Ames test. However, cannabis smoke has been found to be carcinogenic in rodents and mutagenic in the Ames test. Correlating cannabis
Long-term_effects_of_cannabis
Optical illusion
The Ames trapezoid or Ames window is an image on, for example, a flat piece of cardboard that seems to be a rectangular window but is, in fact, a trapezoid
Ames_window
Genus of bacteria
S. Typhimurium. These genetic tools also led to a simple test for carcinogens, the Ames test. As a natural alternative to traditional antimicrobials,
Salmonella
tar. MeIQ, IQ and 8-MeIQx are the most potent mutagens according to the Ames test. These HCAs are 100 times more potent carcinogens than PhIP, the compound
Heterocyclic amine formation in meat
Heterocyclic_amine_formation_in_meat
Amitava Dasgupta, 2011, Effects of Herbal Supplements on Clinical Laboratory Test Results, Volume 2, Patient Safety, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-024562-0
List_of_poisonous_plants
English disappearance case
Ames Glover (born 21 August 1989) disappeared on 5 February 1990 at the age of five months from the back seat of his father's car in Southall, a suburban
Disappearance_of_Ames_Glover
Cell response to DNA damage
to genetic damage are available and may be highly correlated with the Ames Test for certain materials. Cyanobacteria, the only prokaryotes capable of
SOS_response
Public university in Berkeley, California
Identified chemicals that damage DNA. The Ames test was described in a series of papers in 1973 by Bruce Ames and his group at the university. Chemical
University of California, Berkeley
University_of_California,_Berkeley
Substance that can cause breaks in chromosomes
is a clastogen in rats, but lacks mutagenic potential in the SP-98/100 Ames test". Toxicon. 54 (6): 851–856. Bibcode:2009Txcn...54..851L. doi:10.1016/j
Clastogen
Weed control herbicide
irritating to the skin and eyes, tested on rabbits. In dogs over 90 days, a NOEL of 1000 mg/kg daily was found. By the Ames Test, it is non-mutagenic. To birds
Diflufenican
Chemical compound with plum odor
Isoamyl formate has not been shown to be mutagenic or genotoxic in tests such as the Ames test. "Isopentyl formate". PubChem. 10 February 2024. Retrieved 13
Isoamyl_formate
Overview of and topical guide to biochemistry
uncovered and developed through biochemical methodology and research. Testing Ames test – salmonella bacteria is exposed to a chemical under question (a food
Outline_of_biochemistry
Armenia/USSR – Soviet atomic bomb, nuclear reactor Bruce Ames (1928–2024), U.S. – Ames test (Cell biology) Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), Italy
List_of_inventors
Strain of the anthrax bacterium
its virulence, the Ames strain is used by the United States for developing vaccines and testing their effectiveness. Use of the Ames strain started in
Ames_strain
Hypothetical chemical compound
a quack remedy". Positive results from mutagenicity analysis via the Ames test of compounds commonly found in preparations labelled "pangamic acid" including
Pangamic_acid
electroweak theory David Adler (1952), physicist Bruce Ames (1946), biologist, inventor of the Ames Test, winner of the National Medal of Science Naomi Amir
List of Bronx High School of Science alumni
List_of_Bronx_High_School_of_Science_alumni
Optical illusion
An Ames room is a distorted room that creates an optical illusion. Likely influenced by the writings of Hermann Helmholtz, American scientist Adelbert
Ames_room
United States New York University —N/a Bruce Ames (1928–2024) United States "for the invention of the Ames test of mutagenicity." Children's Hospital Oakland
List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry
List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry
Chemical compound
detected was DHB and very small amounts of THB were found. By utilizing the Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains, DHB was determined to be nonmutagenic
Oxybenzone
Biological assay to assess the genotoxic potential of chemical compounds
traditional Ames test, which requires the use of several Salmonella strains. The umu test, using only a single Salmonella strain, could potentially test a greater
Umu_Chromotest
Chemical compound
potent carcinogen. It produced the highest score ever reported in the Ames test, a standard measure of the cancer-causing potential of toxic chemicals
3-Nitrobenzanthrone
Organic compound of the form R–B(OH)2
Some commonly used boronic acids and their derivatives give a positive Ames test and act as chemical mutagens. The mechanism of mutagenicity is thought
Boronic_acid
Method for separation and analysis of biomolecules using agarose gel
alternatives to ethidium bromide as it has been shown to be mutagenic in Ames test, although the carcinogenicity of ethidium bromide has not actually been
Agarose_gel_electrophoresis
2026 American television series
science fiction romantic comedy drama television series created by Jennifer Ames and Steve Turner for Peacock. It is based on the 2013 short story by Manuel
The_Miniature_Wife
American political event
The Iowa Straw Poll (also known as the Ames Straw Poll) was a presidential straw poll and fundraising event for the Republican Party of Iowa. It was held
Iowa_Straw_Poll_(1979–2011)
American chemistry equipment manufacturer
facility in Ames, Iowa, for manufacturing and packaging Hach's chemical reagents and test kits. Hach Company was founded in 1947, in Ames, Iowa, by Clifford
Hach_Company
Chemical compound
biotransformation product. The epoxide has shown mutagenic potential in the Ames test and has also been associated with in vitro destruction of CYP450. In addition
Alclofenac
Molecular Biology at the University of California, Berkeley; inventor of Ames test; member of National Academy of Sciences (1972), fellow of the American
List of Cornell University alumni (natural sciences)
List_of_Cornell_University_alumni_(natural_sciences)
List of terms created from a person's name
Amazon.com, Inc Adelbert Ames Jr., American scientist — Ames room, Ames trapezoid Bruce Ames, American biochemist – Ames test Jakob Ammann, Swiss-American
List_of_eponyms_(A–K)
Chemical compound
Metabolites of TDCPP were also determined to be mutagenic in bacteria using the Ames test. In 2011, TDCPP was listed as a carcinogen under California Proposition
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate
geneticist, the genetics of type 2 diabetes Bruce Ames (1928–2024), US molecular geneticist, created Ames test to screen chemicals for mutagenicity D. Bernard
List_of_geneticists
Urban village in Arizona, United States
The Ames, however, called it Casa de Sueños. They moved into the house on Thanksgiving of 1921, but Dr. Ames died suddenly in February 1922. Ames' wife
Ahwatukee,_Phoenix
Relevance of metallic elements in biomedical contexts
poisoning, or iron overload is well known. Iron does test only very weakly positive for the Ames test for cancer, however, since it is such a strong catalyst
Metals_in_medicine
USA. Bruce Ames (1928–2024). Biochemist and microbiologist at UC Berkeley. He is an expert on mutagenicity and an inventor of the Ames test. Awarded the
List_of_biochemists
Chemical compound
of decreased fertility due to dydrogesterone at therapeutic dose. The Ames test found no evidence of any potential mutagenic or toxicity properties. There
Dydrogesterone
Antiviral drug
is found to be mutagenic in in vitro in the Ames test, CHL test, and in vitro in the mice micronucleus test. Azvudine is toxic to the reproductive system
Azvudine
work on RNA Bruce Ames (born 1928), American biochemist, inventor of the Ames test for mutagenicity (sometimes regarded as a test for carcinogenicity)
List_of_biologists
plasmid is a key component in the Ames test (named for Bruce Ames). After receiving her Ph.D. from Stanford, Bruce Ames directed Mortelmans to SRI International
Kristien_Mortelmans
Biotechnology that acquires genome information without sequencing
Direct Measurement of Genomic DNA Alterations: Comparable Results to the Ames Test". The Journal of Biochemistry. 141 (5): 675–686. doi:10.1093/jb/mvm074
Genome_profiling
NASA research facility in Southern California
Research Center (1959). On 26 March 1976, the center was renamed the NASA Ames-Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) after Hugh L. Dryden, a prominent aeronautical
Armstrong Flight Research Center
Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center
Chemical compound
tumors of multiple sites in animal models. PhIP was positive in bacterial (Ames) test and induced chromosomal abnormalities in human and Chinese hamster cells
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
Aircraft Corporation. Over the years, the NASA Ames Research Center used its laboratories and wind tunnels to test dozens of propulsion systems and airplane
Timeline of Ames Research Center
Timeline_of_Ames_Research_Center
alpha-fetoprotein - alpha-globulin - alpha-macroglobulin - alpha-MSH - Ames test - amide - amine - amino - amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid
Index of biochemistry articles
Index_of_biochemistry_articles
American actress (1919–1998)
credited as Ramsey Ames. Of Spanish/English descent, Ames was born on Long Island. Athletic in high school, she excelled as a swimmer. Ames first was recognized
Ramsay_Ames
Chemical compound
the Ames test and animal experiments. Furthermore, it is suspected of causing cancer. The carcinogenicity was estimated merely through animal testing. It
Sudan_I
1984 crash test of a Boeing 720
acquire data and test new technologies to aid passenger and crew survival. The crash required more than four years of preparation by NASA Ames Research Center
Controlled Impact Demonstration
Controlled_Impact_Demonstration
Method of statistical inference
statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to a critical
Statistical_hypothesis_test
Canadian scientist
Nancy Ames is a Canadian scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada known for her research on the nutrition and quality of cereals and pulses. She
Nancy_Ames_(scientist)
Overview of NASA field centers
Goddard Kennedy JPL Armstrong Glenn Marshall Ames Langley Johnson Stennis There are NASA facilities across the United States and internationally. NASA
NASA_facilities
American microbiologist (1916–1995)
PKU test. Guthrie decided that commercial production would be the most efficient way to manufacture 400,000 test kits, so he approached the Ames Company
Robert Guthrie (microbiologist)
Robert_Guthrie_(microbiologist)
American double agent and spy (1944–2023)
program. He was spying at the same time as Aldrich Ames in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Both Ames and Hanssen compromised the names of KGB agents
Robert_Hanssen
Meteorite crater in Major County, Oklahoma, United States
Ames crater is a meteorite crater (astrobleme) in Major County, Oklahoma, United States. Ames, Oklahoma is near the center of the structure, which is
Ames_crater
NASA experimental oblique wing aircraft
aeronautical engineer at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California. Analytical and wind tunnel studies Jones initiated at Ames indicated that a transport-size
NASA_AD-1
Criteria used by test pilots and engineers
military branches sent different models of their operational aircraft to the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory located at the Moffett Federal Airfield in Mountain
Cooper–Harper_rating_scale
Data mining for patterns in molecule data
and Artificial Intelligence Systems To Improve in Silico Prediction of Ames Test Mutagenicity". J. Chem. Inf. Model. 47 (1): 34–38. doi:10.1021/ci600411v
Molecule_mining
Selvaraman (2024). "Development of a robust Machine learning model for Ames test outcome prediction". Chemical Physics Letters. 856 141663. Bibcode:2024CPL
ARKA_descriptors_in_QSAR
Group of pharmaceuticals that modulate the renin–angiotensin system
azide or losartan azido impurity) and which was found to be mutagenic on Ames testing. Later in 2021 and 2022, several cases of contamination with azido impurities
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker
Test as a fielder, taking one catch. F Ames appeared in three further Tests as a fielder, taking two catches. G Gibb appeared in five further Tests as
List of England Test wicket-keepers
List_of_England_Test_wicket-keepers
Notable people from Stanford Research Institute
Immunology and Infectious Diseases; noted for her contributions to the Ames test and applications thereof; also studies the biodegradation of explosives
List of SRI International people
List_of_SRI_International_people
American comedy television series
2011. The show was created by author Jonathan Ames, and stars Jason Schwartzman as a fictional Jonathan Ames—a writer based in Brooklyn, New York City, who
Bored_to_Death
Chemical compound
that were measured in terms of possible health risks. In one study, the Ames test was performed on benzo[c]fluorene. Two different strains were used, TA100
Benzo(c)fluorene
American cancer researcher
which was the basis for a widely used test of chemicals for their cancer-producing potential (the Ames test). His laboratory was the first to introduce
Harry_Gelboin
Chemical compound
agonists by the incorporation of a gem-dimethyl group: SAR using the Ames test and a DNA unwinding assay". Mutagenesis. 13 (4): 397–403. doi:10.1093/mutage/13
Ro60-0213
This is a list of England Test cricketers. A Test match is an international two-innings per team cricket match between two of the leading cricketing nations
List of England Test cricketers
List_of_England_Test_cricketers
NASA administrator (1926–2010)
Syvertson (January 12, 1926 – September 13, 2010) was the Center Director of the Ames Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, located
Clarence_Syvertson
Chemical compound
shown to inhibit the act of genetic mutation as exhibited by the Ames test. This test showed that myricetin was more effective in preventing mutagenesis
Myricetin
2026). A Very Unfortunate World Cup 2026 Tier List. CityNerd. YouTube. Ames, Nick (June 4, 2026). "'A real health risk': Fifa ban on reusable water bottles
List of 2026 FIFA World Cup controversies
List_of_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_controversies
Research park near San Jose, California
established the Ames Research Center (Ames) in 1939 as the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory under the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Ames has grown
NASA_Research_Park
Test cricket is the oldest form of cricket played at international level. A Test match is scheduled to take place over a period of five days, and is played
List of England Test cricket records
List_of_England_Test_cricket_records
Method of software testing of internal structure
White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of software testing that
White-box_testing
verify executable Java bytecode programs. JPF was developed at the NASA Ames Research Center and open sourced in 2005. The acronym JPF is not to be confused
Java_Pathfinder
into taking Arnold to Hollywood. Patience Cleveland as Miss Hanson. Trudi Ames as High school Girl. Note: In 1997, TV Guide ranked this episode (along with
List_of_Green_Acres_episodes
Bioterrorist attacks in the United States
variants of the Ames strain in order to compare their morphs. He submitted two test tube "slants" each from four samples of the Ames strain in his collection
2001_anthrax_attacks
Football by Adidas
scientists at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California tested the performance of the Jabulani design against the
Adidas_Jabulani
AMES TEST
AMES TEST
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Ames.
Male
Greek
(ἌÏης) Greek myth name of the son of Zeus and Hêrâ. Identified with Roman Mars. Derived from the Greek word ares, ARES means "battle strife; ruination."
Female
Egyptian
, a priestess of Amen Ra.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a personal name that has the same origin as Jacob. However, among English speakers, it is now felt to be a separate name in its own right. This is largely because in the Authorized Version of the Bible (1611) the form James is used in the New Testament as the name of two of Christ’s apostles (James the brother of John and James the brother of Andrew), whereas in the Old Testament the brother of Esau is called Jacob. The form James comes from Latin Jacobus via Late Latin Jac(o)mus, which also gave rise to Jaime, the regular form of the name in Spanish (as opposed to the learned Jacobo). See also Jack and Jackman. This is a common surname throughout the British Isles, particularly in South Wales.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish
Jewish : from the Hebrew personal name Amos, of uncertain origin, in some traditions connected with the Hebrew verb amos ‘to carry’, and assigned the meaning ‘borne by God’. This was the name of a Biblical prophet of the 8th century bc, whose oracles are recorded in the Book of Amos. This was one of the Biblical names taken up by Puritans and Nonconformists in the 16th–17th centuries, too late to have had much influence on surname formation, except in Wales.English : variant of Amis, assimilated in spelling to the Biblical name. It occurs chiefly in southeastern England.
Male
Egyptian
, father of Amen.
Male
Egyptian
, Horus, Son of Amen.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Greek AmÅs, AMOS means "strong." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of an ancestor of Christ.
Male
English
Middle English and Old French vernacular form of Late Latin Jacomus, from Greek Iakobos, JAMES means "supplanter." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of several characters, including two apostles and a half-brother of Jesus.
Boy/Male
French
Friend.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Hames Hall in Papcastle, Cumbria, named from the plural of northern Middle English hame ‘homestead’.
Male
Irish
Modern form of Irish Gaelic Séamus, SÉAMAS means "supplanter."
Female
Egyptian
, Belonging to Amen.
Male
Egyptian
, He who loves Amen Ra.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old French and Middle English personal name Amys, Amice, which is either directly from Latin amicus ‘friend’, used as a personal name, or via a Late Latin derivative of this, Amicius.German : of uncertain origin. Perhaps a nickname for an active person, from a Germanic word related to Old High German amazzig ‘busy’. Compare modern German Ameise ‘ant’.William Ames, the son of Richard Ames of Bruton, Somerset, came to Braintree, MA, from England in about 1640. He had numerous prominent descendants.
Male
Egyptian
, Beloved of Amen.
Boy/Male
English
Son of James.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Amy, AMEY means "much loved."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably from the possessive case of the Middle English word eam ‘uncle’, denoting a retainer in the household of the uncle of some important local person.English : possibly also a variant of Ames.
Boy/Male
Shakespearean American English Biblical Hebrew
King John' James Jurney, servant to Lady Faulconbridge. 'King Richard III' Sir James Tyrrel....
AMES TEST
AMES TEST
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sincerity; Love; Purity
Male
Greek
(Σίμων) Greek form of Hebrew Shimown, SIMÅŒN means "hearkening." In the bible, this is the name of many characters, including a sorcerer and a brother of Jesus.Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Peace
Girl/Female
Indian
To Forgive
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Sleeping on the Earth
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ray of light, Energy, Brilliance
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Name of a Sahabiyah RA
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from the city of this name.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Pant of Light
AMES TEST
AMES TEST
AMES TEST
AMES TEST
AMES TEST
n.
Same as Ambs-ace.
v. t.
To say Amen to; to sanction fully.
superl.
Old; mature; as, gray experience. Ames.
adv.
Once.
n.
Ambs-ace.
v. t.
To enamel.
n. pl.
Small steel plates combined together so as to slide one upon the other and form a piece of armor.
interj., adv., & n.
An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it is equivalent to truly, verily.
pl.
of Ace
n.
Double aces, the lowest throw of all at dice. Hence: Bad luck; anything of no account or value.
pl.
of Axis
n.
Amice, a hood or cape. See 2d Amice.
a.
Past; as, preterlapsed ages.
n.
One who tames or subdues.
v. t.
Enamel.
n.
One who apes.
n. pl.
The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds.