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Development and deployment of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) as a biological weapon
Anthrax weaponization is the development and deployment of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis or, more commonly, its spore (referred to as anthrax), as a
Anthrax_weaponization
Bioterrorist attacks in the United States
"weaponized" with silicon dioxide. Bioweapons experts who later viewed images of the anthrax used in the attacks saw no indication of "weaponization"
2001_anthrax_attacks
Infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis or Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis. Infection typically occurs by contact with the
Anthrax
US government program
concerns that anthrax could be used as a biological weapon (see anthrax weaponization). Secretary of Defense William Cohen stated that "anthrax poses a clear
Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program
Anthrax_Vaccine_Immunization_Program
Scottish militant environmental organization
site which had been used for anthrax weapon testing during World War II. They distributed on the mainland potentially anthrax-laden soil. The group identified
Dark_Harvest_Commando
1979 anthrax outbreak in the Soviet Union
accidental release of spores of Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) is reported to have started an outbreak of the disease which resulted
Sverdlovsk_anthrax_leak
Tripartite protein complex secreted by virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis—the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was
Anthrax_toxin
Vaccines against the bacterium Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax vaccines are vaccines to prevent the livestock and human disease anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. They have had a prominent
Anthrax_vaccine
biological weapons, specifically anthrax, and designs for crude delivery systems such as balloons. Pakistan has no publicly acknowledged chemical weapons programme
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Unconventional weapons of Japanese doomsday cult
causative agents of anthrax and botulism. With the 2001 anthrax attacks, it comprises the only attempts to use anthrax as a weapon not attributed to a
Aum Shinrikyo and weapons of mass destruction
Aum_Shinrikyo_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
American microbiologist, vaccinologist and murder suspect (1946–2008)
the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as the perpetrator of the 2001 anthrax attacks. Ivins died on July 29, 2008, of an overdose of acetaminophen mixed
Bruce_Edwards_Ivins
targeted horses and livestock with anthrax and glanders while France used burkholderia. The use of biological weapons in international warfare was theoretically
History_of_biological_warfare
Ghost town on an island in the Aral Sea
to be the world's largest anthrax dumping grounds. His team of 113 people neutralized between 100 and 200 tonnes of anthrax over a three-month period
Kantubek
Soviet pathogen weaponization from 1920s to 1990s
investigated as operational weapons until the mid-1970s. For serving in both strategic and operational roles, the causative agents of anthrax and Marburg virus
Soviet biological weapons program
Soviet_biological_weapons_program
Series of biological warfare experiments
It was impossible to estimate the size of this threat. Anthrax weaponization Biological Weapons Convention Dugway Proving Ground European Centre for Disease
Dorset Biological Warfare Experiments
Dorset_Biological_Warfare_Experiments
Species of bacterium
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium that causes anthrax, a deadly disease to livestock and, occasionally, to humans. It is the
Bacillus_anthracis
Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage
allow for the large-scale weaponization of pathogens. During the First World War, German military attempted to introduce anthrax into Allied livestock. In
Weapon_of_mass_destruction
American pathologist and bioweapons expert
American pathologist and biological weapons expert. In 2002, he came to worldwide attention as a suspect in the 2001 anthrax attacks, a charge of which he was
Steven_Hatfill
2003 diplomatic speech
NSS Mission Accomplished speech Nayirah testimony Powell Doctrine Anthrax weaponization Lady R incident Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council
Colin_Powell's_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council
Strain of the anthrax bacterium
The Ames strain is one of 89 known strains of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis). It was isolated from a diseased 14-month-old Beefmaster heifer
Ames_strain
multiple names: authors list (link) "U.S. officials declare researcher is anthrax killer". CNN.com. 2008-08-06. Retrieved 2020-05-18. "Ricin Letters Still
List of bioterrorist incidents
List_of_bioterrorist_incidents
Terroristic hoax involving white powder
Anthrax hoaxes involving the use of white powder or labels to falsely suggest the use of anthrax are frequently reported in the United States and globally
Anthrax_hoaxes
chemical and biological weapons during and after the Second World War, centered at Porton Down. The causative agents of anthrax, plague, and tularaemia
United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction
United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Update: latest outbreak of anthrax on Sept. 14, 2026 in Zambia. https://globalnews.ca/news/12058617/anthrax-outbreak-zambia-dead-animals/ This page lists
List_of_anthrax_outbreaks
1943–1973 military research program
agents and weapons. Over the course of its 27-year history, the program weaponized and stockpiled seven bio-agents — Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Francisella
United States biological weapons program
United_States_biological_weapons_program
Research and development of biological weapons in Iraq
of virus, and four toxins. Of these, three—anthrax, botulinum and aflatoxin—had proceeded to weaponization for deployment. Because of the UN disarmament
Iraqi biological weapons program
Iraqi_biological_weapons_program
American journalist
killed in the 2001 anthrax attacks when letters containing anthrax were mailed to multiple media outlets in the United States. The anthrax attacks also killed
Death_of_Robert_Stevens
Island off the coast of Scotland
and was dangerous for all mammals after military experiments with the anthrax bacterium, until it was decontaminated in 1990. The island was mentioned
Gruinard_Island
Pathogen that can be weaponized
in water, soil, plants, or animals. Bio-agents may be amenable to "weaponization" to render them easier to deploy or disseminate. Genetic modification
Biological_agent
Use of strategically designed biological weapons
biological agents used in weapons can be manufactured relatively quickly, cheaply and easily. Rather, it is the weaponization, storage, and delivery in
Biological_warfare
History of UK chemical weapons usage
building chemical weapons stockpile". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2015. The Plan that Never Was: Churchill and the 'Anthrax Bomb' by Julian Lewis
Chemical weapons and the United Kingdom
Chemical_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom
Vaccine
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, sold under the brand name Biothrax among others, is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax_vaccine_adsorbed
including anthrax, tetanus, cholera and especially food poisoning agents such as salmonella bacteria. secondly, researching and developing weapons in the
South Africa and weapons of mass destruction
South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
American TV medical drama series (2019, 2021)
a second season. The second season, titled The Hot Zone: Anthrax, focuses on the 2001 anthrax attacks, a week after September 11. The season, also consisting
The Hot Zone (American TV series)
The_Hot_Zone_(American_TV_series)
US Army facility in Tooele County, Utah
Scientist, Dugway was still producing quantities of anthrax spores as late as 2015 to be used to develop anthrax testing detection and countermeasures, more than
Dugway_Proving_Ground
Government effort to counter biological threats
and had developed a genetically modified anthrax weapon.) Since the September 11 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks, the US government has allocated
United States biological defense program
United_States_biological_defense_program
Former island in the Aral Sea
program. According to released documents, anthrax spores and bubonic plague bacilli were made into weapons and stored at the complex. The main town on
Vozrozhdeniya_Island
Strain of anthrax
The Vollum strain is one of the 89 known strains of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis). It is named Vollum after Roy Vollum, the Canadian-born
Vollum_strain
Iraqi microbiologist (born 1957)
biological weapons program to Saddam Hussein and was given an award for her work in biological weapons, specifically the development of anthrax and botulinum
Rihab_Taha
Iraqi microbiologist
was often referred to as "Mrs. Anthrax" or "Chemical Sally" due to her alleged association with an Iraqi biological weapons program. Ammash was number 53
Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash
American molecular biologist (1928–2026)
Working Group on Biological and Chemical Weapons and a former adviser to the Clinton White House when the anthrax scare startled an America that had recently
Barbara_Hatch_Rosenberg
Unused British biowarfare plan (1942–44)
The plan consisted of disseminating linseed press cakes infected with anthrax spores into the countryside of Nazi Germany. These cakes would have been
Operation_Vegetarian
1999 book by Ken Alibek
Arrow Books in 2000. The book also details the worst anthrax outbreak in history, the Sverdlovsk anthrax leak, which led to 68 confirmed deaths. Alibek, K
Biohazard_(book)
2001 Hong Kong film by Teddy Chan
they are actually CIA agents. "The thing" is the Anthrax II, a biological weapon deadlier than anthrax and has already killed many people in Anatolia.
The_Accidental_Spy
American drummer (born 1964)
Charlie Benante, drummer for the heavy metal band Anthrax, earlier in his career. He is referenced in Anthrax's rendition of "Friggin' in the Riggin'" (from
John_Tempesta
Biological cluster bomb sub-munition
The E61 anthrax bomblet was an American biological sub-munition for the E133 cluster bomb. This anti-personnel weapon was developed in the early 1950s
E61_anthrax_bomblet
American anthropologist (1943–2019)
release of anthrax spores from a military facility where, in violation of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, the testing of anthrax weapons had been
Jeanne_Guillemin
exclusive anthrax strain for use as a biological weapon, according to Charles Duelfer. The United States government invited a delegation of Iraqi weapons scientists
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
1975 treaty that comprehensively bans biological weapons
Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits the use of such weapons. Starting around 1985 under Saddam Hussein's leadership, Iraq weaponized anthrax, botulinum
Biological_Weapons_Convention
2002 nonfiction book by Richard Preston
in the Freezer is a 2002 nonfiction book on the biological weapon agents smallpox and anthrax and how the American government develops defensive measures
The_Demon_in_the_Freezer
Terrorism involving biological agents
the smallpox virus, can be spread from person to person and some, like anthrax, cannot. Bioterrorism may be favored because biological agents are relatively
Bioterrorism
American bank robber and anti-abortion terrorist
Fugitives list for sending more than 280 letters that claimed to contain anthrax, which he mailed to Planned Parenthood with return addresses of the Marshals
Clayton_Waagner
Pakistani nuclear engineer (born 1940)
Nation Challenged: Biological Terror; 2 Pakistanis Linked to Papers on Anthrax Weapons". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint:
Sultan_Bashiruddin_Mahmood
Biological weapon
populated areas with anthrax, plague-infected fleas, typhoid, dysentery and cholera. The alumni of Unit 731, the unit that prepared these weapons, became top bioweapons
Defoliation_bacilli_bomb
project. It weaponized and stockpiled the biological agents that cause anthrax, plague, tularemia, smallpox, botulism and others. Genetic engineering
Soviet Union and weapons of mass destruction
Soviet_Union_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Kazakh-American physician, microbiologist, and biological warfare expert
"battle strain" of anthrax, known as "Strain 836", later described by the Los Angeles Times as "the most virulent and vicious strain of anthrax known to man"
Ken_Alibek
Offensively and genocidally used chemical weapons
purity of 18–41% considered insufficient for weaponization. The highly secretive Iraqi biological weapons program, which was discovered by the United Nations
Iraqi chemical weapons program
Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program
contravention of the Biological Weapons Convention from 1975. At its peak, the program employed ~65,000 people. The 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak revealed the existence
Russia and weapons of mass destruction
Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
U.S. Army counter-biological warfare research institution
anthrax vaccine, and to develop new information on the pathophysiology of weaponized anthrax disease. This came in response to the Sverdlovsk anthrax
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
United_States_Army_Medical_Research_Institute_of_Infectious_Diseases
reports described the material in the Senate letters as "weaponized" or "weapons grade" anthrax. The Daschle letter was opened by an aide on October 15
New Jersey in the 21st century
New_Jersey_in_the_21st_century
Failures to secure dangerous animals and pathogens
infection. Biological hazard Biosafety level Laboratory safety List of anthrax outbreaks Select agent Cambridge Working Group yyyy-mm-dd A Review of Laboratory-Acquired
List of laboratory biosecurity incidents
List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents
Building in Maryland, United States
Building 470 — also called the Pilot Plant, or sometimes "the Tower", or "Anthrax Tower" — was a seven-story steel and brick building at Fort Detrick in
Building_470
Welsh biological warfare expert (1944–2003)
missions into Iraq. During his time with UNMOVIC he was key in uncovering the anthrax production programme at the Salman Pak facility, and a BW programme run
David_Kelly_(weapons_expert)
Iraqi biological weapon production plant
animal feed facility. The Al Hakum facility began mass production of weapons-grade anthrax in 1989 and ultimately produced 8,000 liters or more. (The 8,000
Al_Hakum_(Iraq)
Research laboratory
isolate the anthrax contained in them. Joel Eugene Willard, a 53-year-old electrician, died in 1958 after contracting pulmonary anthrax. Willard Place
United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
United_States_Army_Biological_Warfare_Laboratories
British journalist and screenwriter
and found to contain anthrax spores. An article by Gillan dated 16 October stated that, "Iraq is known to have amassed enough weapons of mass destruction
Audrey_Gillan
Aspect of Japan's military history
Changde chemical weapon attacks, the Japanese also employed biological warfare by intentionally spreading infected fleas. In Zhejiang, anthrax, cholera, dysentery
Japan and weapons of mass destruction
Japan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
British pathologist and microbiologist (1882–1971)
famously carried out tests of an anthrax bio-weapon developed at Porton Down at Gruinard Island. He also assisted with the anthrax strain tests on Gruinard Island
Paul_Fildes
2001 anthrax attacks 2003 ricin letters Outline of U.S. chemical weapons United States and weapons of mass destruction "Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession
Outline of U.S. biological weapons
Outline_of_U.S._biological_weapons
Professor of English at Vassar College in New York
article in December 2003. The perpetrator of the anthrax attacks turned out to be another government bio-weapons scientist. Hatfill subsequently sued Donald
Donald_Wayne_Foster
Malaysian terrorist
authorities in December 2001. His speciality had been to develop anthrax as a weapon of bio-terrorism on behalf of the terror group al-Qaeda. Released
Yazid_Sufaat
Military science park in Wiltshire, England
Fildes. Its focus included anthrax and botulinum toxin, and in 1942 it infamously carried out tests of an anthrax bio-weapon at Gruinard Island. In 1946
Porton_Down
Soviet biological warfare agency
pathogens with a view to their potential weaponization. These included: Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) Yersinia pestis (the causative agent
Biopreparat
American journalist (born 1948)
Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she was a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the
Judith_Miller
ion, nicotine, ricin, thallium sulfate, and attempted the creation of anthrax. The United States and the UN confirmed that labs within the Mosul University
Islamic State and weapons of mass destruction
Islamic_State_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Device that uses chemicals to kill or harm individuals
and Harris: Churchill's plans 'to drench Germany with poison gas' and anthrax - Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman, p132-35. Callum Borchers, Sean Spicer
Chemical_weapon
billion. The US biological weapons program ran from 1943 to 1969. It weaponized and stockpiled the biological agents that cause anthrax, botulism, brucellosis
United States and weapons of mass destruction
United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Secret biological warfare test by the US military
least 5,000 of the particles. This is within the range of infectivity for anthrax. On October 11, 1950, eleven residents checked into Stanford Hospital near
Operation_Sea-Spray
Weapon device for preventing occupation or traversing of a specified location
corridors to inhibit the movement of Chinese and North Korean forces. Anthrax spores can contaminate the ground for long periods of time, thus providing
Area_denial_weapon
Pakistani nuclear chemist, nuclear weapon and reactor expert
Nation Challenged: Biological terror; 2 Pakistanis Linked to Papers on Anthrax Weapons". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2012. Adam, David (1 November
Chaudhry_Abdul_Majeed
also researched cholera, malaria, smallpox, typhoid fever, dysentery, and anthrax. Singapore historian Lim Shao Bin estimated that Unit 9420 may have also
Singapore and weapons of mass destruction
Singapore_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Beijing and Lingbao City, from the 1950s to 1987, weaponized large quantities of ricin, botulinum toxin, anthrax, plague, cholera, and tularemia. Some security
China and weapons of mass destruction
China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Section of a device that contains the explosive agent or toxic material
injure or kill human beings. Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax spores, is dispersed, which is designed to sicken or kill humans. Often
Warhead
Covert investigation by a U.S. government agency
Plagues and Biological Weapons in East Asia, (Google Books), Routledge, 2007, pp. 173-75, (ISBN 0415422345). MacKenzie, Debora. Anthrax in Florida and New
Project_Bacchus
Controlled biological agents in the United States
enacted in the wake of the September 11 attacks and the subsequent 2001 anthrax attacks. Using select agents in biomedical research prompts concerns about
Select_agent
Military program of the People's Republic of China
Beijing and Lingbao City, from the 1950s to 1987, weaponized large quantities of ricin, botulinum toxin, anthrax, plague, cholera, and tularemia. Some security
Chinese biological weapons program
Chinese_biological_weapons_program
Event in Second Sino-Japanese War
admitted to participating in live dissections, cultivating agents such as anthrax, typhoid, and cholera, and releasing plague-infected fleas into villages
Ningbo_plague_attack
U.S. military chemical and biological symbols
(isopropyl alcohol+isopropyl amine) + DF OC - Coccidioides mycosis N - anthrax TR - anthrax LE - plague UL - tularemia (schu S4) TT - wet-type UL ZZ - dry-type
CB_military_symbol
2003 Iraq War photograph
weapons Chemical weapons "Curveball" Mobile weapon labs Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations Timeline Anthrax claims Prague Ricin claims Oil as a possible
The_Hooded_Man
actually produces weaponized anthrax, and noted that pesticide production factories are "an old and well-used cover for a biological weapons program". A number
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Declaration by NATO following the 9/11 attacks
naval task force. "Anthrax in America: A Chronology and Analysis of the Fall 2001 Anthrax Attacks". Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction
2001 NATO Article 5 contingency
2001_NATO_Article_5_contingency
Early 2000s diplomatic crisis
weapons: pathogens or toxins ("biological agents") like anthrax and ricin that are delivered in a weaponized manner, such as inside of missiles and grenades.
Iraq_disarmament_crisis
Allegation against Iraq in the lead-up to the 2003 invasion
purported to be mobile weapons for creating biological agents. He said Iraq had as many as 18 mobile facilities for making anthrax and botulinum toxin,
Allegations of Iraqi mobile weapons laboratories
Allegations_of_Iraqi_mobile_weapons_laboratories
Military base and biological laboratory in US
anthrax in the 1950s. Another died in 1964 from viral encephalitis. There was a building on the base, Building 470, locally referred to as "Anthrax Tower"
Fort_Detrick
methods of storage and dispersal of biological agents like plague, cholera, anthrax, and typhoid, and also infected prisoners with plague in order to test
Germany and weapons of mass destruction
Germany_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
the UK and the US. Canada has thus experimented with such things as weaponized anthrax, botulinum toxin, ricin, rinderpest virus, Rocky Mountain spotted
Canada and weapons of mass destruction
Canada_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Assault 1986 After the War Asia 1985 Aftermath Armored Saint 1985 Aftershock Anthrax 1985 All Fall Down B-Movie 1991 Always the Sun The Stranglers 1986 America
List of songs about nuclear war
List_of_songs_about_nuclear_war
Chronic and multi-symptomatic disorder
Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96528-0. Chan KC (11 October 2000). "GAO-01-92T Anthrax Vaccine: Preliminary
Gulf_War_syndrome
worked on: anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, smallpox, aflatoxin, cholera, ricin and camelpox, and has used Russian help in installing anthrax in missile
Syria and weapons of mass destruction
Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Species of virus
Biological Weapons Program in the World, author Stephen Handelman details the weaponization of VEE and other biologicals including plague, anthrax, and smallpox
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus
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