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Geologic eon, 4031–2500 million years ago
The Archean (IPA: /ɑːrˈkiːən/ ar-KEE-ən, also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four
Archean
Geologic eon, 4567–4031 million years ago
Hadean eon was succeeded by the Archean eon, with the Late Heavy Bombardment hypothesized to have occurred at the Hadean-Archean boundary. Hadean rocks are
Hadean
Geologic eon, 2500–539 million years ago
the longest eon of Earth's geologic time scale. It is preceded by the Archean and followed by the Phanerozoic, and is the most recent part of the Precambrian
Proterozoic
History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
an informal unit of geologic time, subdivided into three eons (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic) of the geologic time scale. It spans from the formation of
Precambrian
First era of the Archean Eon
ɑːrˈkiːən/ EE-oh-ar-KEE-ən; also spelled Eoarchaean) is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record. It spans 431 million years, from the end of
Eoarchean
Circular arc along the Hudson Bay coastline
arc largely consists of Archean-age rocks of the Superior craton. In areal distribution, these rocks consist of about 60% Archean granitic plutons and granitic
Nastapoka_arc
Felsic volcanic rocks formed in the Archean Eon
Archean felsic volcanic rocks are felsic volcanic rocks that were formed in the Archean Eon (4 to 2.5 billion years ago). The term "felsic" means that
Archean_felsic_volcanic_rocks
Intrusive rocks with typical granitic composition
Post Archean (after 2.5 Ga) TTG rocks are present in arc-related batholiths, as well as in ophiolites (although of a small proportion), while Archean TTG
Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere
called the Laurentia Craton), the Gawler craton in South Australia, the Archean Wyoming Craton, and the Superior Craton in Canada. Cratons have thick lithospheric
Craton
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
produced molecular oxygen (dioxygen or O2) started to accumulate in the Archean prebiotic atmosphere by microbial photosynthesis. It changed the atmosphere
Great_Oxidation_Event
Hypothetical Archaean supercontinent from about 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago
Vaalbara today Vaalbara is a hypothetical Archean supercontinent consisting of the Kaapvaal Craton (in present-day eastern South Africa) and the Pilbara
Vaalbara
Records of Earth's development
formation of the planet and ended 4.0 billion years ago. The following Archean and Proterozoic eons produced the beginnings of life on Earth and its earliest
History_of_Earth
Third era of the Archean Eon
MEE-zoh-ar-KEE-ən, MEZ-oh-, also spelled Mesoarchaean) is a geologic era in the Archean Eon, spanning 3,200 to 2,800 million years ago, which contains the first
Mesoarchean
Ancient supercontinent of approximately 2,500 to 1,500 million years ago
available geological reconstructions of 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens and related Archean cratonic blocks, especially on those reconstructions between South America
Columbia_(supercontinent)
Possible existence and nature of subduction in the Archean
Archean subduction is a contentious topic involving the possible existence and nature of subduction in the Archean, a geologic eon extending from 4.0–2
Archean_subduction
Second era of the Archean Eon
spelled Palaeoarchaean (formerly known as the early Archean), is a geologic era within the Archean Eon. The name derives from Greek "Palaios" ancient.
Paleoarchean
Common high-grade metamorphic rock
continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of Archean age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone
Gneiss
Large stable area of exposed Precambrian crystalline rock
A shield is a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas. These rocks are
Shield_(geology)
Part of the Indian Shield in south India
The Dharwar Craton is an Archean continental crust craton formed between 3.6 and 2.5 billion years ago (Ga), which is located in southern India and considered
Dharwar_Craton
Fourth era of the Archean Eon
NEE-oh-ar-KEE-ən; also spelled Neoarchaean) is the last geologic era in the Archean Eon that spans from 2800 to 2500 million years ago—the period being defined
Neoarchean
Craton in the west-central United States and western Canada
Wyoming Craton originated as a 100,000 km2 middle Archean craton that was modified by late Archean volcanic magmatism and plate movements and Proterozoic
Wyoming_Craton
ISSN 0723-2020. Olson, John M. (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosynthesis Research. 88 (2): 109–117. Bibcode:2006PhoRe..88.
Timeline_of_life
Overview article
subdivisions of rocks constitute the stratigraphy of the mountain range, with the Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement being the lowest strata, followed by
Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains
Tectonic_evolution_of_the_Aravalli_Mountains
Large crustal block in North America
United States. It is the biggest craton among those formed during the Archean period. A craton is a large part of the Earth's crust that has been stable
Superior_Craton
Biological kingdom
Animals Temporal range: Cryogenian – present, 665–0 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Podiata Clade:
Animal
Earth's southernmost continent
East Antarctica is geologically varied. Its formation began during the Archean Eon (4,000 Ma–2,500 Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period. It is
Antarctica
Astrobiological hypothesis regarding early photosynthetic organisms
estimated to have occurred between 3.5 and 2.4 billion years ago during the Archean eon, prior to the Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian glaciation. Retinal-containing
Purple_Earth_hypothesis
hydrothermal depositional environment and debated geochemical evidence. Most archean stromatolites older than 3.0 Ga are found in Australia or South Africa
Earliest_known_life_forms
Late Archaean episode of mountain building in what is now North America
Canada, was an episode of mountain-building (orogeny) during the Late Archean Eon that involved repeated episodes of continental collisions, compressions
Algoman_orogeny
Metamorphic rock unit in Canada
Complex, also called the Acasta Gneiss, is a body of felsic to ultramafic Archean basement rocks, gneisses, that form the northwestern edge of the Slave
Acasta_Gneiss
Largest verified impact structure on Earth
Kovaleva, E.; Rae, A. S. P.; Tisato, N.; Gulick, S. P. S. (August 2023). "Can Archean Impact Structures Be Discovered? A Case Study From Earth's Largest, Most
Vredefort_impact_structure
includes the first three of the four eons of Earth's prehistory (the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic) and precedes the Phanerozoic eon. Major volcanic events
Geological_history_of_Earth
Some of the most widely accepted fossil evidence for Archean life
South Africa contains some of the most widely accepted fossil evidence for Archean life. These cell-sized prokaryote fossils are seen in the Barberton fossil
Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
Archean_life_in_the_Barberton_Greenstone_Belt
Period in Earth's history
this comprises all of the Hadean eon and approximately one-third of the Archean eon, starting with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 Gya, and ended
Early_Earth
Third planet from the Sun
an initial rapid growth in the volume of continental crust during the Archean, forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists, which is supported
Earth
Layered iron-rich sedimentary rock
banded iron formations. The great majority of banded iron formations are Archean or Paleoproterozoic in age. However, a small number of BIFs are Neoproterozoic
Banded_iron_formation
including the Slave Craton, Rae Craton and Hearne Craton. These rocks form the Archean and Proterozoic Precambrian basement rock of the region and are the subject
Geology of the Northwest Territories
Geology_of_the_Northwest_Territories
Geologic province
400 km (870 mi) long, and separates the older Archean gneissic terrane to the south from younger Late Archean greenstone-granite terrane to the north. The
Great_Lakes_tectonic_zone
Oldest-surviving crustal material from the Hadean eon
that were initially deposited around 3 billion years ago, or during the Archean Eon. However, the zircon crystals there are older than the rocks that contain
Hadean_zircon
Impact structure in Western Australia
structure on Earth by over a billion years and the only one known from the Archean. The structure is found in the East Pilbara Terrane, one of the oldest
Miralga_impact_structure
planets of the Inner Solar System, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth (specifically Archean Earth) and Mars, as these planets typically are not massive enough for
Secondary_atmosphere
Consolidation of the Earth's crust
The mantle remained hotter than modern day temperatures throughout the Archean. Over time the Earth began to cool as planetary accretion slowed and heat
Earth's_crustal_evolution
Volcanic rock type
suggested that the entire Archean crust may have been derived from the partial melting of subducted oceanic crust during the Archean (> 2.5 billion years ago)
Adakite
System that relates geologic strata to time
anomaly are found worldwide. The Proterozoic (apart from the Ediacaran), Archean and Hadean are subdivided by absolute ages (Global Standard Stratigraphic
Geologic_time_scale
Mountain-building event in North America
formed by Proterozoic crustal accretion and the collision of pre-existing Archean continents. The event occurred 2.0–1.8 billion years ago. The Trans-Hudson
Trans-Hudson_orogeny
Archaean craton, possibly part of the Vaalbara supercontinent
rock records from both these cratons, especially of the overlying late Archean sequences, suggest that they were once part of the Vaalbara supercontinent
Kaapvaal_Craton
Includes rocks over 4 billion years old from the Hadean Eon
and mark the start of the Archean Eon, which is defined to start with the formation of the oldest intact rocks on Earth. Archean rocks are exposed on Earth's
Oldest_dated_rocks
Carton in Western Australia
makes it a valuable resource in the understanding of the evolution of the Archean Earth. The Eastern Pilbara Craton is geologically significant due to its
Eastern_Pilbara_Craton
Altiplano consists of a large granite block of gneiss and other crystalline Archean rocks, with underlying layers of sandstone and shale clay. The core of
Venezuela
Geologic region in Canada
stretches from southern Saskatchewan and Alberta to northern Nunavut. The Archean (ca. 1.83 Ga) Western Churchill province contributes to the complicated
Churchill_Craton
Geographical peninsula in Europe
Ramsay in 1898. Geologically, the area is distinct because its bedrock is Archean granite and gneiss with very little limestone, in contrast to adjacent
Fennoscandia
Ancient Greek concept
the geologic time scale that make up the Earth's history, the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and the current aeon, Phanerozoic. In astronomy, an aeon
Aeon
Geologic composition of Antarctica
Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons. The geological study of Antarctica has
Geology_of_Antarctica
Craton forming the geological core of North America
square miles. This includes some of the oldest rock on Earth, such as the Archean rock of the Acasta Gneiss, which is 4.04 billion years (Ga) old, and the
Laurentia
Historic oxygen depletion events in Earth's oceans
most of Earth's history, oceans were largely oxygen-deficient. During the Archean, euxinia was largely absent because of low availability of sulfate in the
Anoxic_event
Group of rock units in the Yangtze Block, South China
are three tectonic units from the anticline core to the rim, including Archean to Paleoproterozoic metamorphic basement, Neoproterozoic to Jurassic sedimentary
Huangling_Anticline
Gold mine in Nunavut, Canada
was Agnico Eagle’s first Low Arctic mine. Discoveries of gold-containing Archean greenstone in the Baker Lake region were made in the 1980s. Asamera Minerals
Meadowbank_Gold_Mine
Ridge of erosion-resistant rock in South Africa
and the Orange Free State, and consists of a 5000–7000 m thick layer of Archean, mainly sedimentary rocks laid down over a period of about 260 million
Witwatersrand
Extinct genus of algae
Bangiomorpha Temporal range: 1047 Ma +13/–17 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Archaeplastida Division:
Bangiomorpha
Atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary cooling
suggested that Earth potentially had a similar photochemical haze during the Archean eon, causing an anti-greenhouse effect that was counterbalanced by strong
Anti-greenhouse_effect
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
also occur non-enzymatically under conditions that replicate those of the Archean ocean, and are catalyzed by metal ions, particularly ferrous ions (Fe(II))
Pentose_phosphate_pathway
Area in Southern Africa of ancient continental crust
ancient continent of Western Gondwana, with rocks dating back to the early Archean Eon, possibly as early as 3.46 billion years ago (Ga.). The craton is named
Zimbabwe_Craton
One of the five Precambrian cratons that make up the African Plate
early Palaeozoic eras to form the African continent. It consists of two Archean centers juxtaposed against multiple Paleoproterozoic domains made of greenstone
West_African_Craton
First period of the Mesoproterozoic Era
Calymmian 1600 – 1400 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Paleoglobe of the Earth at the start of the Calymmian, c. 1590 Mya[citation needed] Chronology
Calymmian
Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
and many older, now extinct, stratovolcanoes erupted lava as far back as Archean times. Stratovolcanoes are typically found in subduction zones but they
Stratovolcano
Archean craton in northern Canada north of the Superior Craton
The Rae Craton is an Archean craton located in northern Canada, north of the Superior Craton. The Ungava Peninsula, situated on the northeast portion
Rae_Craton
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in Pilbara, Western Australia
PMID 31723181. S2CID 207986473. Schopf, J.; Packer, B. (3 July 1987). "Early Archean (3.3-billion to 3.5-billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group
Pilbara_Craton
Rae Craton – Archean craton in northern Canada north of the Superior Craton (Canada) Sask Craton (Canada) Sclavia Craton – Late Archean supercraton (Canada)
List_of_tectonic_plates
Town in Western Australia
Schopf, J. William; Packer, Bonnie M (1986). "Newly discovered early Archean (3.4–3.5 Ga Old) microorganisms from the Warrawoona Group of Western Australia"
Marble_Bar,_Western_Australia
The geology of South Korea includes rocks dating to the Archean and two large massifs of metamorphic rock as the crystalline basement, overlain by thick
Geology_of_South_Korea
Overview of and topical guide to life forms
Arthropods Molluscs Flowers Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Primates Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic ← Earth formed ← Earliest water ← LUCA ← Earliest
Outline_of_life_forms
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
rotation, slowing the Earth's rotation. 3.2 billion years ago, during the Archean, the solar day was only around 13 hours. The angular momentum, lost from
Moon
Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au)
the Witwatersrand basin, which is a 5–7 km (3.1–4.3 mi) thick layer of archean rocks located, in most places, deep under the Free State, Gauteng and surrounding
Gold
Wyoming Craton originated as a 100,000 km2 middle Archean craton that was modified by late Archean volcanic magmatism and plate movements and Proterozoic
Geology of the Rocky Mountains
Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains
The Cheyenne Belt is the tectonic suture zone between the Archean-age Wyoming craton to the north and the Paleoproterozoic-age Yavapai province to the
Cheyenne_belt
First era of the Proterozoic Eon
none to up to 10% of the modern level. At the beginning of the preceding Archean eon, almost all existing lifeforms were single-cell prokaryotic anaerobic
Paleoproterozoic
Lake in Ontario, Canada
and erosion resistant Archean rocks are either exposed at the surface or blanketed by Pleistocene glacial sediments. The Archean and Proterozoic strata
Lake_Nipigon
Archean Soundtrack are a British rock/hip hop band from London, England. It was formed by actors from the accredited East 15 Acting School in 2009. Archean
Archean_Soundtrack
Greenstone belt that spans across the Ontario–Quebec border in Canada
Geologists. Archean Gold Deposits of the Matachewan-Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Area, Ontario, Canada (Guidebook Series Vol. II): 9–10. Archean greenstone
Abitibi_greenstone_belt
ancient rock formed between 3.5 billion and 539 million years ago in the Archean and the Neoproterozoic, with some rocks from the past 145 million years
Geology_of_Liberia
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
pentose phosphate pathway, can occur in the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes, catalyzed by metal ions, meaning
Glycolysis
quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe." c. 4,031 Ma – Archean Eon and Eoarchean Era start. Possible first appearance of plate tectonic
Timeline_of_Earth
island is formed from sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous to Quaternary age. Archean rocks occur from the northeast portion of the island down to the south
Geology_of_Madagascar
Lithostratigraphic unit in the Grand Canyon, Arizona
Printing Office, 1914), pp. 11–96 [32]. From p. 32: "Proterozoic Rocks. Archean System. Vishnu schist. Name." The name Vishnu terrane has been given by
Vishnu_Basement_Rocks
Paradox concerning water on early Earth
output than was predicted). In order to explain the warm conditions in the Archean eon, this mass loss must have occurred over an interval of about one billion
Faint_young_Sun_paradox
Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
later. (By contrast, during the much earlier Purple Earth phase during the Archean, photosynthesis was performed mostly by archaeal colonies using retinal-based
Boring_Billion
The geology of Nigeria formed beginning in the Archean and Proterozoic eons of the Precambrian. The country forms the Nigerian Province and more than
Geology_of_Nigeria
Mountain range in western India
Aravalli Supergroup and Delhi Supergroup. These two supergroups rest over the Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement, which is a gneissic (high-grade metamorphism
Aravalli_Range
Hypothetical Neoarchaean supercontinent from about 2.8 billion years ago
deep-mantle-plume method of continent formation in the Hadean to Early Archean (before the final formation of the Earth's inner core) to the subsequent
Kenorland
composed of Silurian deposits. The existing bedrock includes very ancient Archean gneiss, metamorphic beds interspersed with granite intrusions created during
Geology_of_Scotland
the Archean and Proterozoic eons, in some cases more than 2.5 billion years ago. Igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock forms the Archean Tanzania
Geology_of_Tanzania
craton share late Archean and early Proterozoic tectono-thermal events, and may be considered to be a single terrain from the Archean until rifting in
Mawson_(continent)
Scientific dating of the Earth
Arthropods Molluscs Flowers Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Primates Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic ← Earth formed ← Earliest water ← LUCA ← Earliest
Age_of_Earth
Region in Nunavik, Quebec
The region is composed of Archean rocks (ca. 2.7–2.9 Ga) from the Douglas Harbour Domain (see Superior Craton). The Archean rocks are overlain by Paleoproterozoic
Ungava_Peninsula
Compositionally, these rocks are typical of the basal volcanic members in other Archean terranes, and represent high-magnesian, sub-marine flows and sills. Felsic
South_Pass_greenstone_belt
the Ukrainian Shield and formed more than 2.5 billion years ago in the Archean eon of the Precambrian. Extensive tectonic evolution and numerous orogeny
Geology_of_Ukraine
Available evidence from geobiological studies of sedimentary rocks from the Archean eon, more than 2.5Gy ago, suggests that life existed at 3.5Gy. Fossils
Evolution_of_photosynthesis
Geographic and geologic area of North America
tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite family of rocks, which are characteristic of Archean continental crust. Many of Canada's major ore deposits are associated with
Canadian_Shield
Earth's highest mountain
rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic collision of India with
Mount_Everest
Second era of the Proterozoic Eon
Coleman; Kanik (2009). "Controls on development and diversity of Early Archean stromatolites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (24):
Mesoproterozoic
ARCHEAN
ARCHEAN
ARCHEAN
ARCHEAN
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Edsall.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Telugu
Agni
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Friend
Boy/Male
American, Bengali, British, Buddhist, English, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
King of King; Spear Friend; A Star; Win; Trust; Star; A Hindu Calendar Month; A Hero; A Cavalier
Girl/Female
Danish, German, Swedish
Pearl
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Farsi, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Iranian, Kannada, Malaysian, Marathi, Muslim, Oriya, Punjabi, Sikh, Tamil
Attractive Light; Light; Moonlight; Star Light; Holy Light; Illumination
Girl/Female
Arabic, Indian, Kannada, Muslim
Purity; Righteousness; Honesty
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Indra
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Truthful
Boy/Male
German
Peace
ARCHEAN
ARCHEAN
ARCHEAN
ARCHEAN
ARCHEAN