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Geologic eon, 4031–2500 million years ago
The Archean (IPA: /ɑːrˈkiːən/ ar-KEE-ən, also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four
Archean
Geologic eon, 4567–4031 million years ago
Hadean eon was succeeded by the Archean eon, with the Late Heavy Bombardment hypothesized to have occurred at the Hadean-Archean boundary. Hadean rocks are
Hadean
Geologic eon, 2500–539 million years ago
the longest eon of Earth's geologic time scale. It is preceded by the Archean and followed by the Phanerozoic, and is the most recent part of the Precambrian
Proterozoic
First era of the Archean Eon
ɑːrˈkiːən/ EE-oh-ar-KEE-ən; also spelled Eoarchaean) is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record. It spans 431 million years, from the end of
Eoarchean
Possible existence and nature of subduction in the Archean
Archean subduction is a contentious topic involving the possible existence and nature of subduction in the Archean, a geologic eon extending from 4.0–2
Archean_subduction
History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
an informal unit of geologic time, subdivided into three eons (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic) of the geologic time scale. It spans from the formation of
Precambrian
Some of the most widely accepted fossil evidence for Archean life
South Africa contains some of the most widely accepted fossil evidence for Archean life. These cell-sized prokaryote fossils are seen in the Barberton fossil
Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
Archean_life_in_the_Barberton_Greenstone_Belt
Felsic volcanic rocks formed in the Archean Eon
Archean felsic volcanic rocks are felsic volcanic rocks that were formed in the Archean Eon (4 to 2.5 billion years ago). The term "felsic" means that
Archean_felsic_volcanic_rocks
Intrusive rocks with typical granitic composition
Post Archean (after 2.5 Ga) TTG rocks are present in arc-related batholiths, as well as in ophiolites (although of a small proportion), while Archean TTG
Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
Third era of the Archean Eon
MEE-zoh-ar-KEE-ən, MEZ-oh-, also spelled Mesoarchaean) is a geologic era in the Archean Eon, spanning 3,200 to 2,800 million years ago, which contains the first
Mesoarchean
Hypothetical Archaean supercontinent from about 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago
Vaalbara today Vaalbara is a hypothetical Archean supercontinent consisting of the Kaapvaal Craton (in present-day eastern South Africa) and the Pilbara
Vaalbara
Large stable area of exposed Precambrian crystalline rock
A shield is a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas. These rocks are
Shield_(geology)
Records of Earth's development
formation of the planet and ended about 4.03 billion years ago. The following Archean and Proterozoic eons produced the beginnings of life on Earth and its earliest
History_of_Earth
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere
called the Laurentia Craton), the Gawler craton in South Australia, the Archean Wyoming Craton, and the Superior Craton in Canada. Cratons have thick lithospheric
Craton
Second era of the Archean Eon
spelled Palaeoarchaean (formerly known as the early Archean), is a geologic era within the Archean Eon. The name derives from Greek "Palaios" ancient.
Paleoarchean
Fourth era of the Archean Eon
NEE-oh-ar-KEE-ən; also spelled Neoarchaean) is the last geologic era in the Archean Eon that spans from 2800 to 2500 million years ago—the period being defined
Neoarchean
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
produced molecular oxygen (dioxygen or O2) started to accumulate in the Archean prebiotic atmosphere by microbial photosynthesis. It changed the atmosphere
Great_Oxidation_Event
Overview article
subdivisions of rocks constitute the stratigraphy of the mountain range, with the Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement being the lowest strata, followed by
Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains
Tectonic_evolution_of_the_Aravalli_Mountains
Craton in the west-central United States and western Canada
Wyoming Craton originated as a 100,000 km2 middle Archean craton that was modified by late Archean volcanic magmatism and plate movements and Proterozoic
Wyoming_Craton
hydrothermal depositional environment and debated geochemical evidence. Most archean stromatolites older than 3.0 Ga are found in Australia or South Africa
Earliest_known_life_forms
Archean Soundtrack are a British rock/hip hop band from London, England. It was formed by actors from the accredited East 15 Acting School in 2009. Archean
Archean_Soundtrack
Circular arc along the Hudson Bay coastline
arc largely consists of Archean rocks of the Superior craton. In areal distribution, these rocks consist of about 60% Archean granitic plutons and granitic
Nastapoka_arc
Geologic composition of Antarctica
Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons. The geological study of Antarctica has
Geology_of_Antarctica
Astrobiological hypothesis regarding early photosynthetic organisms
estimated to have occurred between 3.5 and 2.4 billion years ago during the Archean eon, prior to the Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian glaciation. Retinal-containing
Purple_Earth_hypothesis
Large crustal block in North America
United States. It is the biggest craton among those formed during the Archean period. A craton is a large part of the Earth's crust that has been stable
Superior_Craton
Metamorphic rock unit in Canada
Complex, also called the Acasta Gneiss, is a body of felsic to ultramafic Archean basement rocks, gneisses, that form the northwestern edge of the Slave
Acasta_Gneiss
Third planet from the Sun
an initial rapid growth in the volume of continental crust during the Archean, forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists, which is supported
Earth
Geographic and geologic area of North America
tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite family of rocks, which are characteristic of Archean continental crust. Many of Canada's major ore deposits are associated with
Canadian_Shield
Extinct species of alga
Rafatazmia Temporal range: Late Statherian, ~1600 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Reconstruction of Rafatzamia Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota
Rafatazmia
Extinct enigmatic eukaryote
Longfengshania Temporal range: Statherian–Early Cambrian Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Reconstruction of Longfengshania stipitata as an alga Scientific classification
Longfengshania
Period in Earth's history
this comprises all of the Hadean eon and approximately one-third of the Archean eon, starting with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 Gya, and ended
Early_Earth
Extinct genus of rangeomorph
Pectinifrons Temporal range: late Ediacaran ~565–550.78 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Tonian Cryo. Edia. Life restoration of Pectinifrons abyssalis. Note
Pectinifrons
Common high-grade metamorphic rock
continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of Archean age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone
Gneiss
ISSN 0723-2020. Olson, John M. (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosynthesis Research. 88 (2): 109–117. Bibcode:2006PhoRe..88.
Timeline_of_life
Extinct enigmatic tubular organism
Shaanxilithes Temporal range: late Ediacaran ~550–543 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Tonian Cryo. Edia. A slab of Shaanxilithes ningqiangensis from the
Shaanxilithes
Pakupaku Temporal range: Tonian Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota (unranked): incertae sedis Genus: †Pakupaku
Pakupaku
Layered iron-rich sedimentary rock
banded iron formations. The great majority of banded iron formations are Archean or Paleoproterozoic in age. However, a small number of BIFs are Neoproterozoic
Banded_iron_formation
Archean greenstone belt in southwestern Greenland
The Isua Greenstone Belt is an Archean greenstone belt in southwestern Greenland, aged between 3.7 and 3.8 billion years. The belt contains variably metamorphosed
Isua_Greenstone_Belt
Geologic region in Canada
stretches from southern Saskatchewan and Alberta to northern Nunavut. The Archean (ca. 1.83 Ga) Western Churchill province contributes to the complicated
Churchill_Craton
includes the first three of the four eons of Earth's prehistory (the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic) and precedes the Phanerozoic eon. Major volcanic events
Geological_history_of_Earth
Ancient Greek concept
the geologic time scale that make up the Earth's history, the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and the current aeon, Phanerozoic. In astronomy, an aeon
Aeon
Part of the Indian Shield in south India
The Dharwar Craton is an Archean continental crust craton formed between 3.6 and 2.5 billion years ago (Ga), which is located in southern India and considered
Dharwar_Craton
planets of the Inner Solar System, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth (specifically Archean Earth) and Mars, as these planets typically are not massive enough for
Secondary_atmosphere
supercratons, microcontinents, continents and supercontinents. For the Archean to Paleoproterozoic cores of most of the continents see also list of shields
List_of_paleocontinents
Historic oxygen depletion events in Earth's oceans
most of Earth's history, oceans were largely oxygen-deficient. During the Archean, euxinia was largely absent because of low availability of sulfate in the
Anoxic_event
Hypothetical Neoproterozoic supercontinent
Arthropods Molluscs Flowers Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Primates Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic ← Earth formed ← Earliest water ← LUCA ← Earliest
Rodinia
Archaean craton, possibly part of the Vaalbara supercontinent
The Kaapvaal Craton is an Archean cratonic block in southern Africa and one of the world's oldest well-preserved fragments of continental crust. Geochronological
Kaapvaal_Craton
Craton forming the geological core of North America
square miles. This includes some of the oldest rock on Earth, such as the Archean rock of the Acasta Gneiss, which is 4.04 billion years (Ga) old, and the
Laurentia
Late Archaean episode of mountain building in what is now North America
Canada, was an episode of mountain-building (orogeny) during the Late Archean Eon that involved repeated episodes of continental collisions, compressions
Algoman_orogeny
Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
and many older, now extinct, stratovolcanoes erupted lava as far back as Archean times. Stratovolcanoes are typically found in subduction zones but they
Stratovolcano
Matter with biological processes
Life Temporal range: 3770–0 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Archean – present (possible Hadean origin) Diverse forms of life on a coral reef Scientific
Life
Belt of Archean to Paleoproterozoic rock in the Canadian Shield
The Taltson magmatic zone (TMZ) is a north-trending belt of Archean to Paleoproterozoic granitic basement gneiss, amphibolite supracrustal gneissic rock
Taltson_magmatic_zone
Chromium variety of muscovite
mostly of green fuchsite. This specimen (6.5 cm across at its base), of Archean age, is from Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa General Category Phyllosilicate
Fuchsite
Topics referred to by the same term
Slavs (Sclavi) Sclavia craton, an ancient geological formation of the Archean period Sclavia, older name for the town of Liberi Sclavi (disambiguation)
Sclavia
Includes rocks over 4 billion years old from the Hadean Eon
and mark the start of the Archean Eon, which is defined to start with the formation of the oldest intact rocks on Earth. Archean rocks are exposed on Earth's
Oldest_dated_rocks
Any material originating from living organisms
Kudryavtsev, A.B., Czaja, A.D., and Tripathi, A.B. (2007). "Evidence of some Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research, 158: 141–155
Biotic_material
Impact structure in Western Australia
structure on Earth by over a billion years and the only one known from the Archean. The structure is found in the East Pilbara Terrane, one of the oldest
Miralga_impact_structure
Volcanic rock type
suggested that the entire Archean crust may have been derived from the partial melting of subducted oceanic crust during the Archean (> 2.5 billion years ago)
Adakite
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
rotation, slowing the Earth's rotation. 3.2 billion years ago, during the Archean, the solar day was only around 13 hours. The angular momentum, lost from
Moon
Fossil that requires the use of a microscope to see
Acritarchs are found in sedimentary rocks from the present back into the Archean. They are typically isolated from siliciclastic sedimentary rocks using
Microfossil
Barasway Formation Stratigraphic range: Neoproterozoic Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Type Formation Unit of Marystown Group Lithology Primary Hypabyssal
Barasway_Formation
Geologic formation in Canada
Grandy's Pond formation Stratigraphic range: Neoproterozoic Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Type Formation Unit of Long Cove Group Location Region Newfoundland
Grandy's_Pond_formation
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
in its history. This is likely to have occurred between the Hadean and Archean eons in cataclysmic events such as the moon forming impact. Any water on
Water
Mafic intrusive igneous rock composed predominantly of plagioclase
concentrating there. Anorthosite on Earth can be divided into five types: Archean anorthosites Proterozoic anorthosite (also known as massif or massif-type
Anorthosite
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in Pilbara, Western Australia
PMID 31723181. S2CID 207986473. Schopf, J.; Packer, B. (3 July 1987). "Early Archean (3.3-billion to 3.5-billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group
Pilbara_Craton
GSSP/GSSA location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References Archean Neoarchean 2800 - Defined chronometrically - - Mesoarchean 3200 - Defined
List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
List_of_Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Sections_and_Points
Hypothetical Neoarchaean supercontinent from about 2.8 billion years ago
deep-mantle-plume method of continent formation in the Hadean to Early Archean (before the final formation of the Earth's inner core) to the subsequent
Kenorland
Geographical peninsula in Europe
Ramsay in 1898. Geologically, the area is distinct because its bedrock is Archean granite and gneiss with very little limestone, in contrast to adjacent
Fennoscandia
First era of the Proterozoic Eon
none to up to 10% of the modern level. At the beginning of the preceding Archean eon, almost all existing lifeforms were single-cell prokaryotic anaerobic
Paleoproterozoic
Overview of and topical guide to life forms
Arthropods Molluscs Flowers Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Primates Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic ← Earth formed ← Earliest water ← LUCA ← Earliest
Outline_of_life_forms
Carton in Western Australia
makes it a valuable resource in the understanding of the evolution of the Archean Earth. The Eastern Pilbara Craton is geologically significant due to its
Eastern_Pilbara_Craton
Aspect of planetary geology
plate tectonics may have occurred 3.2–2.3 billion years ago during the Archean epoch. A lid tectonic regime arises when the cold upper lithosphere is
Lid_tectonics
Location of Archean and Proterozoic cratons in Australia
List_of_shields_and_cratons
Group of geologic formations in New Mexico, US
Vadito Group Stratigraphic range: Statherian Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Vadito Group schists in the Picuris Mountains Type Group Sub-units Big Rock
Vadito_Group
quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe." c. 4,031 Ma – Archean Eon and Eoarchean Era start. Possible first appearance of plate tectonic
Timeline_of_Earth
Biological kingdom
Animals Temporal range: Cryogenian – present, 665–0 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Podiata Clade:
Animal
Topics referred to by the same term
Archaic All pages with titles containing archaic Archaea, several meanings Archean, a geological eon This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
Archaic
Earth's southernmost continent
East Antarctica is geologically varied. Its formation began during the Archean Eon (4,000 Ma–2,500 Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period. It is
Antarctica
Oldest-surviving crustal material from the Hadean Eon
that were initially deposited around 3 billion years ago, or during the Archean Eon. However, the zircon crystals there are older than the rocks that contain
Hadean_zircon
Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
later. (By contrast, during the much earlier "Purple Earth" phase of the Archean eon, primitive anoxygenic photosynthesis was performed mostly by archaeal
Boring_Billion
Archean craton in northern Canada north of the Superior Craton
The Rae Craton is an Archean craton located in northern Canada, north of the Superior Craton. The Ungava Peninsula, situated on the northeast portion
Rae_Craton
Largest verified impact structure on Earth
Kovaleva, E.; Rae, A. S. P.; Tisato, N.; Gulick, S. P. S. (August 2023). "Can Archean Impact Structures Be Discovered? A Case Study From Earth's Largest, Most
Vredefort_impact_structure
Area in Southern Africa of ancient continental crust
ancient continent of Western Gondwana, with rocks dating back to the early Archean Eon, possibly as early as 3.46 billion years ago (Ga.). The craton is named
Zimbabwe_Craton
island is formed from sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous to Quaternary age. Archean rocks occur from the northeast portion of the island down to the south
Geology_of_Madagascar
Proposed era of the Hadean eon
Chaotian 4540 – 4404 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Chronology Subdivisions See text Usage information Celestial body Earth Regional usage Proposed
Chaotian_(geology)
Country in South America
Altiplano consists of a large granite block of gneiss and other crystalline Archean rocks, with underlying layers of sandstone and shale clay. The core of
Venezuela
Range of hills in Western Australia
Earth', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included the 'Archean zircons of Erawondoo Hill' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage
Jack_Hills
Extinct genus of algae
Bangiomorpha Temporal range: 1047 Ma +13/–17 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Archaeplastida Division:
Bangiomorpha
Mesoproterozoic pluton in New Mexico, U.S.
Joaquin quartz monzonite Stratigraphic range: Calymmian Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Exposure of Joaquin quartz monzonite in road cut Type Pluton Lithology
Joaquin_quartz_monzonite
Sequence of rock strata
Stratigraphic range: Paleoproterozoic, between 1820 and 1770 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Mingus Mountain is underlain by the Yavapai Supergroup Type Supergroup
Yavapai_Supergroup
Earth's highest mountain
rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic collision of India with
Mount_Everest
Genus of problematic fossil
Thuchomyces (sometimes mistakenly called “Thucomyces”) is a genus of Archean fossils from the Witwatersrand of South Africa, and is the earliest macroscopic
Thuchomyces
Extinct lyre-shaped genus of erniettomorph
Tulaneia Temporal range: latest Ediacaran ~540–538.8 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Tonian Cryo. Edia. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:
Tulaneia
Consolidation of the Earth's crust
The mantle remained hotter than modern day temperatures throughout the Archean. Over time the Earth began to cool as planetary accretion slowed and heat
Earth's_crustal_evolution
System that relates geologic strata to time
anomaly are found worldwide. The Proterozoic (apart from the Ediacaran), Archean and Hadean are subdivided by absolute ages (Global Standard Stratigraphic
Geologic_time_scale
Time scales on the billions of years
Arthropods Molluscs Flowers Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Primates Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic ← Earth formed ← Earliest water ← LUCA ← Earliest
Deep_time
Mountain range in western India
Aravalli Supergroup and Delhi Supergroup. These two supergroups rest over the Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement, which is a gneissic (high-grade metamorphism
Aravalli_Range
Group of geologic formations in Arizona, US
Alder Group Stratigraphic range: 1720–1700 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Type Group Unit of Tonto Basin Supergroup Sub-units Board Canyon Formation
Alder_Group
Genus of enigmatic fossil organism
Changchengia Temporal range: Statherian–Calymmian Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. Reconstruction of Changchengia stipitata Scientific classification Domain:
Changchengia
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
also occur non-enzymatically under conditions that replicate those of the Archean ocean, and are catalyzed by metal ions, particularly ferrous ions (Fe(II))
Pentose_phosphate_pathway
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