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Arterial input function (AIF), also known as a plasma input function, refers to the concentration of tracer in blood-plasma in an artery measured over
Arterial_input_function
blood-sample before an arterial input function (AIF) can be used as an input to the model for kinetic analysis. Arterial input function Positron emission tomography
Time-activity_curve
Medical diagnostic method
require knowledge of the arterial input function, which may be measured on a per patient basis or taken as a population function from literature, and can
Perfusion_MRI
Term in nuclear medicine
It can also be used with other PET agents especially when no arterial input function is available for more detailed pharmacokinetic modeling. Otherwise
Standardized_uptake_value
Medical imaging technique
volumes, and concentrations over time are used to estimate the arterial input function for kinetic modelling. To ensure consistent analysis, all tracer
PET_for_bone_imaging
concentration using the induced magnetic field for time-resolved arterial input function measurement with MRI". Medical Physics. 35 (12): 5328–39. Bibcode:2008MedPh
Quantitative susceptibility mapping
Quantitative_susceptibility_mapping
Measurement of blood pumped by the heart
the artery includes changes in pressure associated with changes in arterial function, for example compliance and impedance. Physiological or therapeutic
Cardiac_output
field of cerebral blood flow regulation due to the important influences of arterial carbon dioxide levels, cerebral metabolic rate, neural activation, activity
Cerebral_autoregulation
Physiological phenomenon involving the hardening and enlargement of the penis
one deep dorsal vein, a pair of cavernosal veins, and two pairs of para-arterial veins between Buck's fascia and the tunica albuginea. Erection rigidity
Erection
Under most circumstances, the body attempts to maintain a steady mean arterial pressure. When there is a major and immediate decrease (such as that due
Cardiovascular_physiology
Measure of arterial stiffness
a combined length of arteries. PWV is used clinically as a measure of arterial stiffness and can be readily measured non-invasively in humans, with measurement
Pulse_wave_velocity
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
arterial tree, causing the arterial blood pressure to rise. This, therefore, reinforces the measures described above (under the heading of "Arterial blood
Homeostasis
Brain region controlling cardiovascular functions
of blood pressure, detected by arterial baroreceptors in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses. various other inputs from the hypothalamus, thalamus
Cardiovascular_centre
Division of the nervous system supplying internal organs, smooth muscle and glands
the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving autonomic regulatory input from the limbic system. Although conflicting reports
Autonomic_nervous_system
Mammalian hormone released from the pituitary gland
which increases peripheral vascular resistance and raises arterial blood pressure. A third function is possible. Some AVP may be released directly into the
Vasopressin
Mechanism that maintains blood pressure between heart beats
Windkesseleffekt) is a term used in medicine to account for the shape of the arterial blood pressure waveform in terms of the interaction between the stroke
Windkessel_effect
Body fluid in the circulatory system
to function under these conditions. CO2 is carried in blood in three different ways. (The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous
Blood
Medical diagnostic method
the ganglionic system are terminal vessels, the vessels of the cortical arterial system are not so strictly "terminal". Blood flow in these two systems
Transcranial_Doppler
Breathing control
changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are located in the arterial aortic bodies and the carotid bodies. Central chemoreceptors are primarily
Control_of_ventilation
Process of moving air in and out of the lungs
homeostatic mechanisms that maintain arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Keeping arterial CO₂ stable helps maintain extracellular
Breathing
Outer layer of the cerebrum of the mammalian brain
circulation. Cerebral arteries supply the blood that perfuses the cerebrum. This arterial blood carries oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to the cortex. Cerebral
Cerebral_cortex
Organic chemical that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter
conditions of low oxygen, but whether arterial dopamine receptors perform other biologically useful functions is not known. Beyond its role in modulating
Dopamine
Regulation of Arterial Pressure". In Ida J. Llewellyn-Smith; Anthony J. M. Verberne (eds.). Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions. pp. 78–97. doi:10
Ventrolateral_medulla
Anterior part of the gastrointestinal tract
developing foregut also receive input from the vagus nerve, which also works in tandem with the ENS to control gastrointestinal function. The foregut develops from
Foregut
Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous
nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. Its inferior brachium
Brainstem
Modeling the body's responses to drugs
time-weighted average (TWA) value of each compartment as a function of the TWA value of each specified input (see, e.g.,). PBPK models can rely on chemical property
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling
Physiologically_based_pharmacokinetic_modelling
Speech comprehension region in the dominant hemisphere of the hominid brain
The underlying lesion is often due to an ischemic stroke, in which an arterial thrombus or embolus restricts blood flow to that region. Head trauma, central
Wernicke's_area
Electrical conducting structure in the heart
Machine Van der Hauwaert LG, Stroobandt R, Verhaeghe L (October 1972). "Arterial blood supply of the atrioventricular node and main bundle". British Heart
Atrioventricular_node
Spontaneous erection during or after sleep
the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system with minimal input from the central nervous system. Parasympathetic branches extend from the
Nocturnal_penile_tumescence
Artery supplying the brain
Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease. 3: 1–81. doi:10.4199/C00024ED1V01Y201012ISP012. PMID 21452447. The arterial input to the eye is provided by
Internal_carotid_artery
Biological process
inherent function other than to lay down the preliminary outline of the circulatory system. Once fluid flow begins, biomechanical and hemodynamic inputs are
Vascular remodelling in the embryo
Vascular_remodelling_in_the_embryo
Medical diagnostic method
portal venous input and by increase of arterial intratumoral input. Neoformation vessels occur with increasing degree of dysplasia. Arterial neovascularization
Ultrasonography of liver tumors
Ultrasonography_of_liver_tumors
Structure within the brain
artery of Percheron, which is a rare anatomic variation in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to supply both parts of
Thalamus
Disorder caused by dissolved gases forming bubbles in tissues
at high altitude, and extravehicular activity from spacecraft. DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness. Since
Decompression_sickness
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from
Vein
Part of the brain's frontal cortex
motor areas. Branches of the middle cerebral artery provide most of the arterial blood supply for the primary motor cortex. The medial aspect (leg areas)
Primary_motor_cortex
Drugs that disrupt movement of calcium across calcium channels
dihydropyridine and often used to reduce systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure. Sometimes when they are used to treat angina, the vasodilation
Calcium_channel_blocker
Connection of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla
increased heart rate, increased heart contractility, and decreased peripheral arterial resistance. Together, the effects increase peripheral blood pressure, but
Sympathoadrenal_system
Nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus
involve the median preoptic nucleus as an important mediator of sensory input and regulatory output. Sleep homeostasis is involved in both the onset and
Median_preoptic_nucleus
Involuntary non-striated muscle
released and sensitivities of various receptors to concentrations. Generally, arterial smooth muscle responds to carbon dioxide by producing vasodilation, and
Smooth_muscle
Force from blood vessels that affects blood flow
r d i a c o u t p u t {\displaystyle {\frac {80\cdot (\mathrm {mean\ arterial\ pressure} -\mathrm {mean\ right\ atrial\ pressure} )}{\mathrm {cardiac\
Vascular_resistance
Injury to the main nerve bundle in the back of humans
damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. It is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major
Spinal_cord_injury
Vertebrate brain region
nonlinear multi-input multi-output model (MIMO) had been developed that in some studies, had been shown to restore and improve memory function. This has been
Hippocampus
Variation in the time intervals between heartbeats
HRV and arterial pressure variabilities of some tetraplegic patients. Thus, the LF component of HRV in those without intact sympathetic inputs to the heart
Heart_rate_variability
Part of the vertebral column in animals
sensory input comes from and motor output goes to the arms and trunk. The lumbar enlargement, located between T10 and L1, handles sensory input and motor
Spinal_cord
Phase of sleep characterized by random and rapid eye movements
during paradoxical sleep. Heart rate, cardiac pressure, cardiac output, arterial pressure, and breathing rate quickly become irregular when the body moves
Rapid_eye_movement_sleep
Visual impairment
cerebral perfusion in patients with visual snow syndrome: a pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling study" (PDF). Migraine. 92 (9): 918–926. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-325881
Visual_snow_syndrome
Application of biomedical engineering to measurement of biological systems
a wrist-bound BP measurement device (BPro) that would measure BP using arterial tonometry. Prior to wrist blood pressure cuffs, blood pressures had to
Bioinstrumentation
Alpha-adrenergic agonist
diarrhea, and certain pain conditions. Hypertension is a chronic elevation of arterial blood pressure that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and organ
Clonidine
Mechanism designed to warn a driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane
its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on freeways and arterial roads. These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the
Lane_departure_warning_system
Species of cephalopod
effect explains why oxygen concentrations are lower in venous blood than arterial blood and why oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream. The rate of diffusion
Common_octopus
Medical device for artificially stimulating heart contractions
patterns. A major step forward in pacemaker function has been to attempt to mimic nature by utilizing various inputs to produce a rate-responsive pacemaker
Pacemaker
Primary organ of the respiratory system
lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart. Their function in the respiratory system is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and
Lung
Sensory receptors that detect changes in chemical concentrations
one of the main arteries of the neck, monitor partial pressure within arterial vessels while aortic body, located on the aortic arch, monitors oxygen
Peripheral_chemoreceptor
Activity of the vagus nerve
exerts. While baseline vagal input is constant, the degree of stimulation it exerts is regulated by a balance of inputs from sympathetic and parasympathetic
Vagal_tone
Study of interactions between travellers and infrastructure
example. In the second half, they extended the theory to traffic on "crowded arterial roads." This paper was primarily concerned with developing the idea of
Traffic_flow
Legal order saying not to perform CPR if heart stops
more definitive proof of cessation with confirmatory tests, such as intra-arterial monitoring or Doppler studies. In accordance with the Institute of Medicine
Do_not_resuscitate
Erectile female sexual organ
recorded cases, PGAD was caused by or caused, a pelvic arterial-venous malformation with arterial branches to the clitoris; surgical treatment was effective
Clitoris
Catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter
released by the locus coeruleus affects brain function in several ways. It enhances processing of sensory inputs, enhances attention, enhances formation and
Norepinephrine
131I or I131 iodine-131 (aka radioactive iodine or radioiodine) IA intra-arterial intra-articular IAA insulin autoantibody IABP intra-aortic balloon pump
List of medical abbreviations: I
List_of_medical_abbreviations:_I
Organ found in humans and other animals
and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Galen, noting the heart as the hottest
Heart
Medullary structure in the brain that controls vomiting
emetic inputs. However, this structure plays no key role for nausea induced by the activation of vagal nerve fibers or by motion, and its function in radiation-induced
Area_postrema
Order of arachnids
in the side of the heart that open and close opposite to the aortic and arterial valves. The central nervous system of whipspiders is contained within the
Amblypygi
Renal function test
intertwined. The kidney can maintain a relatively constant GFR even as mean arterial pressure changes. Local feedback within the kidney (renal autoregulation)
Glomerular_filtration_rate
distinct functions, characteristics, and contributions to overall physiological processes. Cells may be classified by their physiological function, histology
List_of_human_cell_types
Signal analysis tool
transform (HHT) is a way to decompose a signal into so-called intrinsic mode functions (IMF) along with a trend, and obtain instantaneous frequency data. It
Hilbert–Huang_transform
Biological concept
chronically stressed, the brain chronically raises blood pressure; then arterial muscles predict higher pressure and respond with hypertrophy (like skeletal
Allostasis
Influences of the underwater environment on the physiology of human divers
underwater environment also affects sensory input, which can impact on safety and the ability to function effectively at depth. Immersion of the human
Human physiology of underwater diving
Human_physiology_of_underwater_diving
Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen
fluoroscope (/ˈflʊərəˌskoʊp/) allows a surgeon to see the internal structure and function of a patient, so that the pumping action of the heart or the motion of
Fluoroscopy
Three membranes protecting the brain
bare bone surface. It is often associated with skull fracture. EDH may be arterial (caused by injury of a meningeal artery) or venous (related to damage to
Meninges
Traffic management system
concept of integrated traffic control combines or coordinates freeway and arterial street control systems to operate on the basis of corridor wide traffic
Ramp_meter
abdominal aboriginal accidental actual adverbial anal animal arsenal arterial artificial asexual astral austral autumnal aval axial banal bestial bicameral
List of English–Spanish interlingual homographs
List_of_English–Spanish_interlingual_homographs
Impulse transmission between neurons
exceeds all outward currents. Excitatory inputs bring a neuron closer to threshold, while inhibitory inputs bring the neuron farther from threshold. An
Neurotransmission
Group of neural granule cells
in decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate, suggesting that the islands are involved to some degree in the regulation of arterial pressure and heart
Islands_of_Calleja
Injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves
Cardiovocal syndrome (Ortner syndrome) associated with secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease, Modern
Vocal_cord_paresis
Weakness of one entire side of the body
compression fracture Iatrogenic: local anaesthetic injections given intra-arterially rapidly, instead of given in a nerve branch. Ictal: seizure, Todd's paralysis
Hemiparesis
Type of diagnosis assisted by computers
highlight conspicuous sections, such as possible diseases, in order to offer input to support a decision taken by the professional. CAD also has potential
Computer-aided_diagnosis
Body part that connects the head and torso
Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease. 3: 1–81. doi:10.4199/C00024ED1V01Y201012ISP012. PMID 21452447. The arterial input to the eye is provided by
Neck
Medical fitness to function underwater
to dive) refers to the medical and physical suitability of a diver to function safely in an underwater environment using diving equipment and related
Fitness_to_dive
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
within a window of a few seconds. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI. Diffusion MRI is similar to BOLD fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Chemical compound
of AVP solely. The presence of septic shock and a history of peripheral arterial occlusive disease are independent risk factors for the development of ISL
Vasopressin_(medication)
General anesthesia method
to input a target concentration for an anesthetic or other agents, from which the computer calculates the amount of agent required for the input concentration
Total_intravenous_anaesthesia
Mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering
counter-current exchange system which short-circuits the warmth from the arterial blood directly into the venous blood returning into the trunk, causing
Countercurrent_exchange
Nanotechnology simulation of human organ function
delivery of arterial blood to a capillary bed in the biological tissue. Another pair of microchannels serves to fix the two ends of the arterial segment.
Organ-on-a-chip
For a given metropolitan region, only intersections along freeways, arterials and some major roads are included. This is illustrated in the following
Map_database_management
Noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland
Zhang R, et al. (March 2014). "Benign prostatic hyperplasia: prostatic arterial embolization versus transurethral resection of the prostate – a prospective
Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia
Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breathe in a hostile environment
and increased respiratory rate. Arterial oxygen saturation is generally still over 90% in healthy people, but arterial PO2 is reduced. At very high altitude
Breathing_apparatus
bubbles in the arterial circulation. The arterial bubble assumption can cause variations in the decompression outcome due to the lung function. The first
History of decompression research and development
History_of_decompression_research_and_development
Criminal investigative methodology
week, and season; hence, the term structural backcloth is also used.” Arterial roads and highways Large roads and highways play a huge part in crime strictly
Geographic_profiling
Descending below the surface of the water to interact with the environment
force is reduced. Balance and equilibrium depend on vestibular function and secondary input from visual, organic, cutaneous, kinesthetic and sometimes auditory
Underwater_diving
Safe driving distance between cars
S. Tellier (2011). "Right and duty of motorist on through, favored, or arterial street or highway to proceed where lateral view at intersection is obstructed
Assured_clear_distance_ahead
Class of drugs
tissue that requires high level of alpha adrenergic sympathetic input such as arterial resistance, vascular capacitance and the outflow tract of the urinary
Adrenergic_blocking_agent
False perception of sound
, high riding or dehiscent jugular bulb, sigmoid sinus diverticulum), arterial causes (e.g., cervical atherosclerosis, potentially life-threatening conditions
Tinnitus
Craving for potable fluids experienced by animals
behavior and salt appetite via the subfornical organ. Arterial baroreceptors sense a decreased arterial pressure, and signal to the central nervous system
Thirst
Sensory structure in the brain
it has been observed that an intact and functioning subfornical organ limits the increase in mean arterial pressure due to the increased angiotensin
Subfornical_organ
Extremely small fragments of plastic
risks. A study from 2024 found that patients with microplastics in their arterial plaque were at a higher risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Recently
Microplastics
Sore on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity
Caliber persistent artery describes a common vascular anomaly where a main arterial branch extends into superficial submucosal tissues without a reduction
Mouth_ulcer
Brain kept alive in vitro outside of a body
decapitated a dog, waited ten minutes, attached four rubber tubes to the arterial trunks of the head, and injected blood containing oxygen by means of a
Isolated_brain
List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in aerospace engineering
function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value)
Glossary of aerospace engineering
Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
Medical condition of excess body fat
W (July 2009). "The metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 35 (5): 451–7. doi:10
Obesity
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ARTERIAL INPUT-FUNCTION
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