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Estimation of an atom's position
Atom localization deals with estimating the position of an atom using techniques of quantum optics with increasing precision. This field finds its origins
Atom_localization
Method of measuring the extent of spatial localization of an electron
that it allows electron localization to be analyzed in a chemically intuitive way. For example, the shell structure of heavy atoms is obvious when plotting
Electron localization function
Electron_localization_function
Absence of diffusion waves in disordered media
In condensed matter physics, Anderson localization (also known as strong localization) is the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium. In
Anderson_localization
One of two foundational theories of quantum chemistry
chemical bonding. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine to give individual chemical bonds when a molecule is formed. In
Valence_bond_theory
Covalent chemical bond
which the wavefunction is zero, either between the bonded atoms or passing through the bonded atoms. The corresponding antibonding, or σ* orbital, is defined
Sigma_bond
Thought experiment establishing quantum ideas
distribution, as can predictions of where it may move.[citation needed] Atom localization Quantum mechanics Basics of quantum mechanics Interpretation of quantum
Heisenberg's_microscope
Aspect of quantum chemistry
bonds and lone pairs, different localization procedures give different orbitals. The Boys and Edmiston–Ruedenberg localization methods mix these orbitals to
Localized_molecular_orbitals
Function describing an electron in an atom
wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes an electron's charge distribution around the atom's nucleus, and can be used to calculate
Atomic_orbital
Chemistry based on quantum physics
chemistry software package Electron localization function – Method of measuring the extent of spatial localization of an electron International Academy
Quantum_chemistry
Model for predicting molecular geometry
topology (QCT) methods include the electron localization function (ELF) and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (AIM or QTAIM). The idea of a correlation
VSEPR_theory
Concept used to determine oxidation states
on this localization index, the localization extent on each fragment can be determined. with higher FOLI, it means the extent of localization on this
Oxidation state localized orbitals
Oxidation_state_localized_orbitals
Concept in chemistry
i'} on atom A {\displaystyle A} . The localization is performed in the spirit of the Pipek-Mezey localization scheme, maximizing a localization functional
Intrinsic_bond_orbitals
Models used to describe the behavior of metal alloys
metal under the following conditions: The excess charge of the solute atoms localizes around them. The mean free path of the electrons is much greater than
Rigid-band_model
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose
Ionic_bonding
Subatomic particle
much smaller than typical hydrogen atoms because the much larger mass of the muon gives it a much more localized ground-state wavefunction than is observed
Muon
Minimum amount of a physical entity involved in an interaction
the energy of an electron bound within an atom is quantized and can exist only in certain discrete values. Atoms and matter in general are stable because
Quantum
Radicals centered on boron atoms
radicals are defined as chemical species with an unpaired electron localized on the boron atom in a molecule. There is renewed interest in their discovery as
Boryl_radicals
Chemical compound
and phosphorus atoms. They are often found as dimers during the synthesis of boraphosphenes (RB=PR'). Compounds can exhibit localized singlet diradical
Diphosphadiboretanes
Type of chemical bond in metals
cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. Metal atoms lose their valence electrons to a large, delocalized orbital, which leaves
Metallic_bonding
Bonding orbital used in quantum chemistry
Natural (localized) orbitals are used in computational chemistry to calculate the distribution of electron density in atoms and in bonds between atoms. They
Natural_bond_orbital
Quantum chemical model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems
In quantum chemistry, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), sometimes referred to as atoms in molecules (AIM), is a model of molecular and
Atoms_in_molecules
Quantum-mechanical explanation of chemical bonding
pioneered the development of localization procedures. For example, in CH4, the four electrons from the 1s orbitals of the hydrogen atoms and the valence electrons
Bonding_molecular_orbital
Boron compound
atoms, two nitrogen atoms, and two boron atoms in opposing pairs. 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine (C 4BNH 6) is a six-membered ring with four carbon atoms,
Borazine
Association of atoms to form chemical compounds
A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force
Chemical_bond
Chemical compound
partial positive charge on the carbon atom of heptagonal ring and a partial negative charge on the carbon atom of pentagonal ring. This shift makes each
Sesquifulvalene
Scheme for obtaining the position operator
In quantum field theory, Newton–Wigner localization is a scheme for obtaining a position operator for massive relativistic quantum particles. It is named
Newton–Wigner_localization
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
respectively H, He, and Li. Neutrons do not affect the atom's chemical identity, but do affect its weight. Atoms with the same number of protons but different
Periodic_table
Electrons that are not associated with a single atom or covalent bond
conductivity. In diamond all four outer electrons of each carbon atom are 'localized' between the atoms in covalent bonding. The movement of electrons is restricted
Delocalized_electron
Phenomenon of isolated many-body quantum systems not reaching thermal equilibrium
While localization for single particle systems was demonstrated already in Anderson's original paper (coming to be known as Anderson localization), the
Many-body_localization
Basic unit of quantum information
ground state first excited state singly charged quantum dot pair electron localization charge electron on left dot electron on right dot quantum dot dot spin
Qubit
bombs or atom bombs (abbreviated as A-bombs). This has long been noted as something of a misnomer, as their energy comes from the nucleus of the atom, just
Nuclear_weapon
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when
Covalent_bond
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
Spontaneous Localization (CSL) model, where the Schrödinger dynamics and a randomly fluctuating classical field produce collapse into spatially localized eigenstates
Objective-collapse_theory
Philosophical study of being
these components is itself constituted of smaller parts, like molecules, atoms, and elementary particles. Mereology studies the relation between parts
Ontology
Measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation
point defects. If there is an atom missing from the array, a vacancy defect is formed. If there is a different type of atom at the lattice site that should
Hardness
Elementary particle with negative charge
with up and down quarks. Electrons are extremely lightweight particles. In atoms, an electron's matter wave occupies atomic orbitals around a positively
Electron
Chemical compounds and groups containing nitrogen with a lone pair (:N)
Amines are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of electrons
Amine
System of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in a molecule
p-orbitals. The π electrons do not belong to a single bond or atom, but rather to a group of atoms. Molecules containing conjugated systems of orbitals and
Conjugated_system
states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with localized bonds or
Bond_valence_method
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
Chronology of events before the accident". Chernobyl. Vengeance of the peaceful atom (in Russian). Dnepropetrovsk: IKK "Balance Club". ISBN 978-966-8135-21-7
Chernobyl_disaster
French physicist (born 1969)
Research (CNRS), his research concentrated on ultracold atoms, atom lasers, and Anderson localization. His current research interests include matter-wave
Philippe_Bouyer
Pair of valence electrons which are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond
atom in a covalent bond and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair. Lone pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms.
Lone_pair
Molecular orbital
hydrogen fluoride diatomic molecule; these molecular orbitals are localized on the fluorine atom and are composed of p-type atomic orbitals whose orientation
Non-bonding_orbital
Toy model for electronic localization
al. experimentally realized the Aubry-André localization phase transition using a gas of ultracold atoms in an incommensurate optical lattice. In 2009
Aubry–André_model
formation of the void. Conversely, localized lowering of current density may lead to deposition of the migrated atoms, leading to further lowering of current
Current_crowding
Set of functions used to represent the electronic wave function
which, on each atom in the molecule, a single basis function is used for each orbital in a Hartree–Fock calculation on the free atom. For atoms such as lithium
Basis_set_(chemistry)
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
levels. The quantum dots are tiny crystals that can behave as individual atoms, and their properties can be manipulated. Nanoscale materials with semiconductor
Quantum_dot
Quantum mechanical theory of spontaneous collapse
The continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) model is a spontaneous collapse model in quantum mechanics, proposed in 1989 by Philip Pearle. and finalized
Continuous spontaneous localization model
Continuous_spontaneous_localization_model
the sampling method, such as the localization of crystals in phase space. Sampling methods generally cannot localize the crystals, and thus there is no
Modeling_of_polymer_crystals
Quantum mechanical effect
hydrogen atoms H ( 0 ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}^{(0)}} and a perturbing Hamiltonian, which accounts for interactions between the two atoms H ( 1 )
Exchange_interaction
absence of hopping for the f electrons, ie their localization on the ion sites of the lattice. Localized f electrons lead to paramagnetic materials since
Hill_limit_(solid-state)
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
Germer and George Thomson) and later for other elementary particles, neutral atoms and molecules. Matter waves have more complex velocity relations than solid
Matter_wave
Intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen donor-and-acceptor pair
and amides and the oxygen atom of carboxylates and water. The term "hydrogen bond" is generally used for well-defined, localized interactions with significant
Hydrogen_bond
Physical interaction between magnetic moments
one magnetic atom scatters an electron wave, which then scatters off another magnetic atom many atoms away, thus coupling the two atoms' spins. Tadao
RKKY_interaction
Mixing (superposition) of atomic orbitals
to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. For example, in a carbon atom which forms four single bonds, the valence-shell s orbital combines with
Orbital_hybridisation
Fictional town in video game
worship for a religious faction called the Church of the Children of the Atom. Although the main quest of the game is finding their father, early on by
Megaton_(Fallout_3)
Chemical group (–OH)
the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids
Hydroxy_group
Crystallographic system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube
point. Each atom at a lattice point is then shared equally between eight adjacent cubes, and the unit cell therefore contains in total one atom (1⁄8 × 8)
Cubic_crystal_system
Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
The highest occupied molecular orbital is localized on the two terminal atoms. This represents a localization of charge that is facilitated by the high
Noble_gas
Weak, attractive magnetism possessed by most elements and some compounds
opposite sign due to all the core electrons of the atoms. Stronger forms of magnetism usually require localized rather than itinerant electrons. However, in
Paramagnetism
Range of physical processes in physics
multiply scattered by a random medium, is usually attributed to weak localization. Not all single scattering is random, however. A well-controlled laser
Scattering
Small localized object
from subatomic particles like the electron, to microscopic particles like atoms and molecules, to macroscopic particles like powders and other granular
Particle
Chemical bond theory
example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom. Although the classification was never quantified
Lewis_acids_and_bases
Main anion present in sea water
chlorine anion (Cl−), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single
Chloride
Molecular simulation method
the most straightforward case scales as O(N2), where N is the number of atoms in the system. This is mainly due to the electrostatic interactions term
QM/MM
Chemical rule of thumb
the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration
Octet_rule
Cage-like allotrope of carbon
and resembles a football (American soccer ball). Each of its 60 carbon atoms is bonded to its three neighbors. Buckminsterfullerene is a black solid
Buckminsterfullerene
Paradigmatic model
this is a manifestation of a quantum dynamical localization effect that parallels Anderson localization. There is a general argument that leads to the
Kicked_rotator
Japanese cartoonist and animator (1928–1989)
Tezuka graduated from the Osaka School of Medicine and published Ambassador Atom, the first appearance of the Astro Boy character. That same year Tezuka joined
Osamu_Tezuka
State of an immobilized atom in chemistry
chemistry, a dangling bond is an unsatisfied valence on an immobilized atom. An atom with a dangling bond is also referred to as an immobilized free radical
Dangling_bond
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions
Radical_(chemistry)
Biological mechanism for routing proteins
translocated post-translationally through the addition of a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) that promotes passage through the nuclear envelope via
Protein_targeting
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
(antimony, phosphorus, or arsenic) or trivalent (boron, gallium, indium) atoms. This process is known as doping, and the resulting semiconductors are known
Semiconductor
States of matter for water as a solid
The distance between oxygen atoms along each bond is about 275 pm and is the same between any two bonded oxygen atoms in the lattice. The angle between
Phases_of_ice
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
study of proteins in vivo is often concerned with the synthesis and localization of the protein within the cell. Although many intracellular proteins
Protein
Periodic recurrence of the quantum wave function
wave functions that are well-localized wave packets at the beginnings of their time-evolutions, such as in the hydrogen atom. For hydrogen, fractional revivals
Quantum_revival
Variant of electron microscopy
pass through the microscope, they hit this gold particle. The dense gold atom reflects the electrons being emitted from the electron microscope and causes
Immune_electron_microscopy
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
has an associated matter wave. The equation predicted bound states of the atom in agreement with experimental observations. The Schrödinger equation is
Schrödinger_equation
Quasi-free electron state in water
water) that has been excited into a state that is localized but not associated with a particular atom or molecule. This kind of state is often said to
Wet_electron
Concept in organic chemistry
the cyclization is driven by a reactive intermediate, localized to a particular atom. That atom then attacks elsewhere in the molecule (typically, but
Baldwin's_rules
Bands of plastic deformation in metals
dynamic strain aging, or the inhibition of dislocation motion by interstitial atoms (in steels, typically carbon and nitrogen), around which "atmospheres" or
Lüders_band
Flow of electric charge
in most electrical circuits, the positively charged atomic nuclei of the atoms are held in a fixed position, and the negatively charged electrons are the
Electric_current
Predecessor to modern quantum mechanics (1900–1925)
were premised on Arnold Sommerfeld's enhancements to the Bohr model of the atom. The main tool of the old quantum theory was the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization
Old_quantum_theory
Ontological concepts for quantum theory
region of the brain rather than being localized (for example, in particular regions of the brain, cells, or atoms). Bohm went on to say: As in our discussion
Implicate_and_explicate_order
Type of chemical compound
interconvert. Class II, which are intermediate in character. There is some localization of distinct valences, but there is a low activation energy for their
Mixed-valence_complex
SIESTA (Spanish Initiative for Electronic Simulations with Thousands of Atoms) is an original method and its computer program implementation, to efficiently
SIESTA_(computer_program)
Francis E. Low. The theorem states that there is no well-localized window function (or Gabor atom) g either in time or frequency for an exact Gabor frame
Balian–Low_theorem
Ukrainian public nuclear company
storage system implies the following three functions: safe and hermetic localization of radioactive material in a multi-purpose container (two structural
Energoatom
Group 14 chemical compounds
stabilized by an electron donor-acceptor interaction between the germanium atom and a large, bulky ligand. The first stable monomeric germylene hydride was
Germanium(II)_hydrides
Ion
I−3. This anion, one of the polyhalogen ions, is composed of three iodine atoms. It is formed by combining aqueous solutions of iodide salts and iodine
Triiodide
Concept in the physics of electromagnetism
momentum. For an atom with no nuclear magnetic moment, the magnitude of the atomic dipole moment, m atom {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}_{\text{atom}}} , is then
Magnetic_moment
Wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule
amplitude. In an isolated atom, the orbital electrons' location is determined by functions called atomic orbitals. When multiple atoms combine chemically into
Molecular_orbital
Laser cooling technique
this localization also imposes a minimum momentum spread ∼ ℏ k {\textstyle \sim \hbar k} , which also leads to a limit on how much the atoms can be
Sub-Doppler_cooling
Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair
solvents. A Brønsted–Lowry or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after
Acid
of atoms, molecules, or particles is essential. Tight confinement of neutral atoms, such as ytterbium and strontium, enables them to stay localized without
Magic_wavelength
composed of atoms, yet the theory also had shortcomings that would only be resolved by the development of quantum mechanics. The existence of atoms was not
History_of_quantum_mechanics
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
amounts. In graphene, the carbon forms a sheet of interlocked atoms as hexagons one carbon atom thick. The result resembles the face of a honeycomb. When
Graphene
Type of enzyme
Subcellular localization is established by the presence of a signal sequence on the amino terminus in the mitochondrial form, while subcellular localization in
Fumarase
Laser cooling technique
cooling is a laser cooling technique allowing cooling of tightly bound atoms and ions beyond the Doppler cooling limit, potentially to their motional
Resolved_sideband_cooling
Wave packet that is nonstationary and nonspreading
able to localize an electron in a classical orbit for 15,000 orbits (900 ns). It was neither spreading nor dispersing. This "classical atom" was synthesized
Trojan_wave_packet
ATOM LOCALIZATION
ATOM LOCALIZATION
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An atom
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Anu Keerthi | அநà¯Â கிரதீ Â
Atom
Anu Keerthi | அநà¯Â கிரதீ Â
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An atom
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An atom
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Atom
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Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Atom
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An atom
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Atom
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Atom
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Hindu, Indian, Traditional
An Atom
Male
English
Short form of English Thomas, TOM means "twin."
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Atom; Universe
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Atom
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An atom
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Atom
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An atom
ATOM LOCALIZATION
ATOM LOCALIZATION
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Australian, Irish
To Cry out; A Hill; Knoll
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian
Krishna; Handsome Child
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Everlasting
Girl/Female
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Ocean or river
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Knowledge of Truth
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Branches of a tree
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Unique
The King; Bitter; Head of a Kingdom
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American, Australian, Christian
Living with Grace; Silky; Divine; Heavenly
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Poem
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Welsh Celtic
Legendary son of Caw.
ATOM LOCALIZATION
ATOM LOCALIZATION
ATOM LOCALIZATION
ATOM LOCALIZATION
ATOM LOCALIZATION
n.
An ultimate indivisible particle of matter.
n.
A particle or atom endowed with the vital principle.
n.
A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to be made up of subordinate particles.
adv.
On or at the top.
n.
An atom; a mite; a pigmy.
n.
A minute particle; an atom; a molecule.
n. pl.
Fragments; atoms; smithers.
n.
The smallest particle of matter that can enter into combination; one of the elementary constituents of a molecule.
a.
Having a valence of one; capable of combining with, or of being substituted for, one atom of hydrogen; monovalent; -- said of certain atoms and radicals.
a.
Denoting that series of hydrocarbons in which no carbon atom is united with more than two other carbon atoms; as, normal pentane, hexane, etc. Cf. Iso-.
n.
Anything extremely small; a particle; a whit.
n.
An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible; a molecule.
a.
Having more than one atom in the molecule; consisting of several atoms.
n.
The standard atmospheric pressure used in certain physical measurements calculations; conventionally, that pressure under which the barometer stands at 760 millimeters, at a temperature of 0¡ Centigrade, at the level of the sea, and in the latitude of Paris.
a.
Containing two atoms.
n.
One of a class of strongly basic substances derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical.
v. t.
To reduce to atoms.
n.
Fragments; atoms; finders.
n.
A skeleton.
n.
The quantity of the combining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; the number of hydrogen atoms can combine with, or be exchanged for; valency. See Valence.