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Method for studying discrimination
A type of study used in economics, sociology, political science, and psychology, an audit study is one in which trained employees of the researcher ("auditors")
Audit_study
Independent examination of an organization
An audit is an "independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, irrespective of its size or legal form
Audit
Inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in a building
estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprint. When the object of study is an occupied
Energy_audit
Field of study
Another important line of research on race takes the form of audit studies. The audit study approach creates an artificial pool of people among whom there
Sociology of race and ethnic relations
Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations
Term used in academia
In academia, an audit is an educational term for the completion of a course of study for which no assessment of the performance of the student is made
Academic_audit
Independent, objective assurance and consulting activity
Internal auditing is an internally-administered assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. It helps
Internal_audit
Method of quantifying the flows of water
A water audit (domestic/household), similar to an energy audit, is the method of quantifying all the flows of water in a system to understand its usage
Water_audit
Examination of an information system
An information technology audit, or information systems audit, is an examination of the management controls within an Information technology (IT) infrastructure
Information_technology_audit
the treatment in this circumstance. Audit studies are often used for measuring bias or discrimination. Audit studies are part of the construction of a giant
Experimental political science
Experimental_political_science
Discrimination in basis of race and ethnicity
Gaddis, S. M. (June 2015). "Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market". Social Forces.
Racial_discrimination
Form of prejudice or discrimination
A 2019 audit study found that lawyers are less likely to take on clients with Black-sounding names than white-sounding names. A 2018 study in The Quarterly
Discrimination based on skin tone
Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone
Concept in search engine optimization
A website audit is a comprehensive evaluation of the factors that influence a website's visibility in search engines. It provides an overview of the site's
Website_audit
Prejudice against, or hatred of, men
antifeminist backlash. A 2023 research article, which combined multiple studies conducted by the authors, found that feminists are no more likely to be
Misandry
UK Parliamentary auditing body
The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent Parliamentary body in the United Kingdom which is responsible for auditing central government departments
National Audit Office (United Kingdom)
National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)
Evaluation of government performance
The first Social Audit was carried out in Sweden (1985–88) by John Fry and Ulla Ressner, worklife researchers at the Centre for Swedish Working Life (Arbetslivscentrum)
Social_audit
Aversion to bisexual people
to be perceived as "not enough of either" or "not real". An Australian study conducted by Roffee and Waling in 2016 established that bisexual people
Biphobia
Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews
Padraic O'Hare, professor of Religious and Theological Studies and Director of the Center for the Study of Jewish–Christian–Muslim Relations at Merrimack College;
Antisemitism
Race or ethnic-based discrimination
various studies have suggested racism is associated with lower intelligence and less diverse peer groups during childhood. A neuroimaging study on amygdala
Racism
Largest global accounting networks
of their audits since 2009. In another project study on government oversight, it was seen that while the auditors colluded to present audit reports that
Big_Four_accounting_firms
Behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others
human emotions or traits. These processes may occur unconsciously. Early studies on dehumanization focused primarily on its blatant forms, particularly
Dehumanization
Intentional destruction of a people
forgotten. Many genocide scholars are concerned with both the objective study of the topic and obtaining insights that will help prevent future genocides
Genocide
Ownership of people as property
Marriage by abduction occurs in many places in the world today, with a 2003 study finding a national average of 69% of marriages in Ethiopia being through
Slavery
Laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S.
Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8078-2239-6 Gaston, Paul M. The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. Gates, Henry Louis
Jim_Crow_laws
Health company based in Berlin
(2015-07-08). "Evaluation of symptom checkers for self diagnosis and triage: audit study". BMJ. 351 h3480. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3480. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4496786
Ada_Health
Guidelines for financial audits
on Auditing Standards provide guidance to external auditors on generally accepted auditing standards (abbreviated as GAAS) in regards to auditing a non-public
Statements on Auditing Standards (United States)
Statements_on_Auditing_Standards_(United_States)
Committee of a board of directors
An audit committee is a committee of an organisation's board of directors which is responsible for oversight of the financial reporting process, selection
Audit_committee
Prejudice against, or hatred of, women
A Case Study of Bangladesh Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 August 2008. Caner Dagli, 2 The Cow al-Baqarah, Study Quran Julie
Misogyny
Supreme governmental accounting body of Spain
person with knowledge in audit, judge, prosecutor, university teacher or a public servant in an office that requires superior studies, lawyer, economist or
Court_of_Auditors_(Spain)
Discrimination against Islam or Muslims
hostility towards Muslims in the United States and the European Union. A study conducted in 2013 revealed that Muslim women, especially those wearing headscarves
Islamophobia
the rest of the world, with the gap being largest in Africa. However, a study released in 2003 by the UK's Office for National Statistics concluded that
Age disparity in sexual relationships
Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships
significant evidence of sex discrimination against women in hiring. In an audit study, matched pairs of male and female pseudo-job seekers were given identical
Gender pay gap in the United States
Gender_pay_gap_in_the_United_States
Modern form of ostracism and informal censorship
therefore protected under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Media studies scholar Eve Ng defines cancel culture as "the withdrawal of any kind of
Cancel_culture
Data analysis software
Computer-assisted audit tool (CAATs) or computer-assisted audit tools and techniques (CAATTs) is a growing field within the IT audit profession. CAATs
Computer-aided_audit_tools
Violence against and bullying of LGBTQ people
LGBTQ youth are more likely to report bullying than non-LGBTQ youth. In one study, boys who were bullied with taunts of being gay suffered more bullying and
Gay_bashing
Assessment of pedestrian accessibility
A walking audit is an assessment of the walkability or pedestrian access of an external environment. Walking audits are often undertaken in street environments
Walking_audit
Trial financial report
spreadsheet error. Model audits are sometimes referred to as model reviews, primarily to avoid confusion with financial audit. A study in 1998 concluded that
Model_audit
Bias of scholars allowing their beliefs to shape their research
the work of Neil Gross. Gross conducted an audit study whereby he sent emails to directors of graduate study programs. He varied the emails so that some
Academic_bias
Range of socio-political movements and ideologies
psychology, women and their issues were introduced as legitimate topics of study. Feminist psychology emphasizes social context, lived experience, and qualitative
Feminism
Continuous auditing is an automatic method used to perform auditing activities, such as control and risk assessments, on a more frequent basis. Technology
Continuous_auditing
Average difference in remuneration amounts between men and women
varies by occupation, though two studies found "a significant penalty for being pregnant or being a mother". A 2018 audit study found that high-achieving men
Gender_pay_gap
Company with few, if any, actual assets or operations
Sharman, J. C. (Fall 2010). "Shopping for Anonymous Shell Companies: An Audit Study of Anonymity and Crime in the International Financial System". Journal
Shell_corporation
Professional association
role of internal audit, including the annual Global Risk in Focus and North American Pulse of Internal Audit reports, as well as studies addressing topics
Institute of Internal Auditors
Institute_of_Internal_Auditors
to plan other audit procedures. It can also be an audit substantive test involving the evaluation of financial information made by a study of plausible
Analytical procedures (finance auditing)
Analytical_procedures_(finance_auditing)
Type of audit
A financial audit is conducted to provide an opinion whether "financial statements" (the information is verified to the extent of reasonable assurance
Financial_audit
Topics referred to by the same term
product or system. Audit, auditor or auditing may also refer to: Academic audit, the completion of a course of study for which no assessment is completed
Audit_(disambiguation)
Rigorous, organization-wide audit of US organizations
In the United States, the Single Audit, Subpart F of the OMB Uniform Guidance, is a rigorous, organization-wide audit or examination of an entity that
Single_Audit
Practice of singling out any party for unmerited negative treatment or blame
economic despair and increases in prejudice and violence toward outgroups. Studies of anti-black violence (racist violence) in the southern United States
Scapegoating
Part of a personal name
Lakisha and Jamal? Racial Perceptions from Names Used in Correspondence Audit Studies". Sociological Science. 4: 469–489. doi:10.15195/v4.a19. Barolini, Teodolinda
Given_name
of the Study on Urban Functions of the European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON, 2007) the "Larger Urban Zone" (LUZs) of Urban Audit project
List of metropolitan areas in Spain
List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Spain
Social movement against anti-fat bias
academic studies called Fat Studies. Marilyn Wann argues that fat studies moved beyond being an individual endeavor to being a field of study with the
Fat_acceptance_movement
Marriage of persons of the same sex or gender
Family Health, and independent researchers also support the findings of this study.[vague] The overall socio-economic and health effects of legal access to
Same-sex_marriage
Forceful removal of people considered undesirable
sculpting, music and cinematography/filmmaking. The government added Islamic studies even more so. Many academics were terminated/fired. On 14 December 2023
Purge
The information audit (IA) extends the concept of auditing from a traditional scope of accounting and finance to the organisational information management
Information_audit
Theory of discrimination
published in 1989 and 1991 in the field of legal studies. Intersectionality originated in critical race studies and considers the way different forms of oppression
Intersectionality
Form of unequal treatment
paternalistic bias among male judges that favors female offenders". A 2020 study found with decreasing number of female judges in French courts the gender
Sentencing_disparity
Discrimination based on physical attractiveness
intelligence when choosing a mate, as shown in a study conducted over data from a speed dating experiment. In a study with 4,573 adult participants it was shown
Lookism
Full voting members of accountant evaluation bodies
qualified accountants; for example, individuals who operate in the areas of audit and insolvency must be registered, and only members of certain accountancy
British_qualified_accountants
Review of a finished election
election audit is any review conducted after polls close for the purpose of determining whether the votes were counted accurately (a results audit) or whether
Election_audit
British multinational professional services and accounting company
Goerdeler) merged with Peat Marwick in 1987. KPMG has three divisions: financial audit, tax, and consulting. Its tax and advisory services are further divided
KPMG
Discrimination on the basis of social class
hierarchy based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network. Studies show an intersection between class discrimination, racism, and sexism.
Class_discrimination
Fear of growing old, or a hatred for or fear of older adults
journal requires |journal= (help) Burrow, J. A. (1986). The ages of man : a study in medieval writing and thought. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press.
Gerontophobia
Negative attitudes towards homosexual people
LGBTQ. Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have repressed homosexual desires. In 1996, a controlled study of 64 heterosexual
Homophobia
Systemic denial of services to some areas
median. A multigenerational study of people from five race groups analyzed upward mobility trends in American cities. The study concluded that black men
Redlining
Statements on Auditing Procedure were issued by the Committee on Auditing Procedure of AICPA from 1939 to 1972. The Committee issued 54 SAPs before it
Statements on Auditing Procedure
Statements_on_Auditing_Procedure
Conflict between ethnic groups
especially prone to ethnic violence. For example, Ashutosh Varshney, in his study of ethnic violence in India, argues that strong inter-ethnic engagement
Ethnic_conflict
Government-sanctioned killing
toll from democide is far greater than the death toll from war. After studying over 8,000 reports of government-caused deaths, Rummel estimated that there
Democide
Auditor and client must be independent
in the business being audited. It ensures that auditors do not have any financial interest in the firms in which they are auditing. Independence requirements
Auditor_independence
Advocacy for the rights and interests of males
masculism in 1914, when she gave a public lecture series in New York entitled "Studies in Masculism". Allen writes that Gilman used masculism to refer to the
Masculism
Skin damage resulting from long-term pressure
medical surgical nurses in a tertiary hospital: An observational and chart audit study". International Wound Journal. 19 (5): 1165–1179. doi:10.1111/iwj.13712
Pressure_ulcer
Questionnaire to screen patients for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption
was developed from a WHO multi-country collaborative study, the items being selected for the AUDIT being the best performing of approximately 150 items
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
Alcohol_Use_Disorders_Identification_Test
the significant risks to the business. This then encouraged the audit activity of studying these risks rather than just checking compliance with existing
Risk-based_auditing
Social attitude
experiences of women". Gendered treatment prevails all over the world. Of a study of organisations which offered women-only services, 23% said that their
Gender-blind
Form of discrimination
3% of men's pay, but 73.4% of men's pay for women with children. An audit study in 2007 found that, childless women receive 2.1 times as many callbacks
Employment_discrimination
Far-right anti-Muslim movement
speeches by Arieh Eldad (Moledet, Israel). Patrick Sookhdeo (Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity, Barnabas Fund, UK), Dr Marc Cogen (Professor
Counter-jihad
Social system in South Asia
Discrimination in South Asia: A Study of Bangladesh" (PDF). Working Paper Series. III (7). Indian Institute of Dalit Studies. Remy Delage (29 September 2014)
Caste system among South Asian Muslims
Caste_system_among_South_Asian_Muslims
Academic journal
environmental reporting: a review of the literature and longitudinal study". Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. 8 (2): 47–77. doi:10.1108/09513579510146996
Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal
Accounting,_Auditing_&_Accountability_Journal
Social classification practised in India
2016 study based on the DNA analysis of unrelated Indians determined that endogamous jatis originated during the Gupta Empire. An earlier 2013 study from
Caste_system_in_India
Valuing a formerly pejorative term in esteem
band's favor. Washington University in St. Louis conducted an extensive study on reappropriation based on the band name and found that reclaimed words
Reappropriation
Concept that affirmative action and similar programs constitute anti-white discrimination
needed] While there has been little empirical study on the subject of reverse racism, the few existing studies have found little evidence that white males
Reverse_racism
Autonomy and self-determination in people and communities
Joanne Ciulla discusses the issue of bogus empowerment. Empowerment in the study of artificial intelligence is an information-theoretic quantity that measures
Empowerment
Prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender
gender bias. According to Shatz and Shatz, "[t]he present study confirms what earlier studies have shown: that the death penalty is imposed on women relatively
Sexism
Mass exodus of white people from areas becoming more diverse
Grodzins termed this phenomenon the tipping point in the study of white flight. In 2004, a study of UK census figures at the London School of Economics
White_flight
Use of excessive force by a police officer
some officers more inclined to use excessive force than others. In one study, police psychologists surveyed officers who had used excessive force. The
Police_brutality
Pathological changes in the vertebrae
Lene (April 2016). "Vertebral Endplate Changes / Modic Changes: An Audit Study Using Antibiotics in 147 Chronic Low Back Pain Patients". Global Spine
Modic_changes
Abuse or intimidation of others
involves the use of social media websites.[dubious – discuss] In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of
Bullying
Marginalized castes in India and South Asia
demeaning Dalit masses. James Lochtefeld, a professor of religion and Asian studies, said in 2002 that the "adoption and popularization of [the term Dalit]
Dalit
Government of India Civil Service
Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IA&AS) is a group 'A' central civil service under the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the supreme audit institution
Indian Audit and Accounts Service
Indian_Audit_and_Accounts_Service
Discrimination on grounds of disability
serious concern. Studies frequently show what a "headache" patients with disabilities are for the healthcare system. In a 2020 study, 83.6% of healthcare
Ableism
Form of political manipulation
are more prone to gerrymandering than proportional systems". Democratic Audit. 1 June 2016. Feuerherd, Peter (19 March 2018). "Is Gerrymandering to Blame
Gerrymandering
Auditing in India is a system of independently reviewing the records/activities and expressing an opinion thereon. Social audit is a process of reviewing
Auditing_in_India
Criticism of people who break sexual norms
for girls and women." Slut-shaming may be practiced by men and women. One study found women slut-shamed more than men. Women who slut-shame other women
Slut-shaming
Legislative committee which reviews government accounts
committee (PAC) is a committee within a legislature whose role is to study public audits, invite ministers, permanent secretaries or other ministry officials
Public_accounts_committee
Sensitivity auditing is an extension of sensitivity analysis for use in policy-relevant modelling studies. Its use is recommended - i.a. in the European
Sensitivity_auditing
U.S. tax optimization technique
(www.irs.gov - Cost Segregation Audit Technique Guide - Chapter 4 - Principal Elements of a Quality Cost Segregation Study and Report). In addition to providing
Cost_segregation_study
Unjust treatment
This intersectional approach has been influential in academic fields studying different forms of social oppression. However, although Crenshaw argues
Oppression
Social stratification conferring status
the Hindu caste system is sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of caste-like social divisions existing outside Hinduism and India. In colonial
Caste
Fear and dislike of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange
A 2016 survey from The Environics Institute, which was a follow-up to a study conducted 10 years prior, found that there may be discriminating attitudes
Xenophobia
Generalized belief about people
popular culture: The characterisation of the accountant". Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. Banaji, Mahzarin R. (2002). "The Social Psychology
Stereotype
Anti-transgender prejudice
organizations such as the Human Rights Campaign for being inefficient. One audit by the organization found that Twitter failed to act on 99 out of 100 of
Transphobia
Sexual abuse scandal in the United Kingdom
perpetrators across the UK. The National Audit on Group-based Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ("Casey audit") called for better recording of ethnicity
Grooming_gangs_scandal
AUDIT STUDY
AUDIT STUDY
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Swedish
Praised; Jewish; Woman of Judea; From Judea
Girl/Female
African, British, English, German
Noble Strength
Female
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Hebrew Yehuwdiyth, JUDIT means "Jewess" or "praised."
Boy/Male
Indian
Peak, Lord of Sun
Boy/Male
Tamil
Natkhat
Boy/Male
Hindu
Pleased
Girl/Female
Hebrew Swedish
Praised.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Peak, Lord of Sun
Boy/Male
Indian
From the beginning
Female
Egyptian
, an unidentified goddess.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Grown, Awakened, Shining
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Peak
Boy/Male
Hindu
Natkhat
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, German
Old Friend
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Happy; Kind
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Lord Shiva; Sun; From the Beginning
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English
Noble Strength
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Praise; Naughty
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi
Peak; Shade; Bright
Boy/Male
Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
Grown; Awakened; Shining
AUDIT STUDY
AUDIT STUDY
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Maya or Illusion; Goddess Durga
Girl/Female
Arabic
Lady
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Brightness of Godess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
Hindu
The quiet one, Worthy of honor
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Gem
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu, Traditional
Puffy Cheeks
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Breakfast the East
Boy/Male
Muslim
Waliyullah | ولی واللÛ
Supporter of God
Boy/Male
Arabic, British, English, Hebrew
The Biblical Elijah is the English Language Equivalent; The Lord is My God
Male
Greek
(Ἀντίπας) Contracted form of Greek Antipatros, ANTIPAS means "like the father." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of a Christian of Pergamos who suffered martyrdom.Â
AUDIT STUDY
AUDIT STUDY
AUDIT STUDY
AUDIT STUDY
AUDIT STUDY
n.
A complaint to a court. See Audita Querela.
n.
A small dam to prevent free passage of water in an adit or level.
n.
A horizontal passage, drift, or adit, in a mine.
a.
A general receptacle or receiver.
n.
Admission; approach; access.
n.
A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along as excavation progresses.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Audit
v. i.
To settle or adjust an account.
n.
A small drain; an adit.
n.
An entrance or passage. Specifically: The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is entered, or by which water and ores are carried away; -- called also drift and tunnel.
a.
An audience; a hearing.
a.
An examination in general; a judicial examination.
a.
The result of such an examination, or an account as adjusted by auditors; final account.
v. t.
A niche in the side of an adit or shaft, for an air course.
n.
A passage driven or cut between shaft and shaft; a driftway; a small subterranean gallery; an adit or tunnel.
n.
A long adit in a coalpit.
v. t.
To examine and adjust, as an account or accounts; as, to audit the accounts of a treasure, or of parties who have a suit depending in court.
imp. & p. p.
of Audit
a.
A person appointed and authorized to audit or examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance.