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Neuroscience field
Axon guidance (also called axon pathfinding) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach their
Axon_guidance
Long projection on a neuron that conducts signals to other neurons
An axon (from Ancient Greek: ἄξων, romanized: áxōn, lit. 'axis'; also called a nerve fiber or fibre) is a long slender projection of a nerve cell or neuron
Axon
Class of proteins involved in axon guidance
Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. They are named after the Sanskrit word "netr", which means "one who guides". Netrins are genetically
Netrin
Protein family
insects) and diffuses outward. Slit/Robo signaling is important in pioneer axon guidance. Slit mutations were first discovered in the Nuesslein-Volhard/Wieschaus
Slit_(protein)
Embryonic structure
dramatically increases. Axon guidance is driven by Netrin-1 in the FP region of the spinal cord. During injury cases, specifically cases of axon severance, Wnt
Floor_plate_(biology)
Protein
types. Plexin receptors have implications in neural development and axon growth guidance, angiogenesis and heart development, skeletal and kidney morphogenesis
Plexin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
not yet been defined; however, netrin is thought to be involved in axon guidance and cell migration during development. Mutations and loss of expression
Netrin_1
Set of proteins
proteins involved in axon guidance. UNC-5 uses repulsion (genetics) to direct axons while the other netrin receptor UNC-40 attracts axons to the source of
UNC_(biology)
Protein family
of a host of processes critical to embryonic development including axon guidance, formation of tissue boundaries, cell migration, and segmentation. Additionally
Ephrin_receptor
American neuroscientist and podcaster (born 1975)
activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons". Nat Neurosci (Research article). 19 (8): 1073–84. doi:10.1038/nn.4340
Andrew_Huberman
purposes including axon guidance and angiogenesis. Slit refers to a secreted protein that is most widely known as a repulsive axon guidance cue, and Robo refers
Slit-Robo
Protein family
proteins involved in axon guidance. UNC-5 uses repulsion to direct axons while the other netrin receptor UNC-40 attracts axons to the source of netrin
UNC-5
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
growth cones during the development of the nervous system. This guidance cue for axons of neurons is signaled through receptor complexes containing Neuropilin-1
Semaphorin-3A
morphogenetic processes, including myoblast fusion, dorsal closure, and axon guidance, and embryos lacking functional Mbc display severe defects in muscle
Myoblast_city
are morphological differences. The mechanisms of pioneer axons and their role in axon guidance is currently being explored. In addition, many studies are
Pioneer_axon
Family of proteins
of biological processes during embryonic development including the guidance of axon growth cones, formation of tissue boundaries, cell migration, and segmentation
Ephrin
Component of central nervous system (CNS)
wire the spinal cord: Axon guidance molecules in spinal neuron migration". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Axon guidance: Signaling pathways old
Spinal_neuron
German neuroscientist and physicist (1932–2021)
German neuroscientist and physicist known for pioneering studies in axon guidance. Bonhoeffer was born in Frankfurt, Germany. He was the grandson of noted
Friedrich_Bonhoeffer
American academic
paraplegic man at a conference, Butler switched model systems to work on axon guidance mechanisms in the developing vertebrate spinal cord. Her studies showed
Samantha_Butler
Large actin extension of a developing neurite seeking its synaptic target
receptors, and cell adhesion molecules that are important for axon growth and guidance. In between filopodia—much like the webbing of the hands—are the
Growth_cone
Protein family
discovered in Drosophila, through a mutant screen for genes involved in axon guidance. The Drosophila roundabout mutant was named after its phenotype, which
Roundabout_family
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Worby CA, Xiao J, Muda M, et al. (June 2000). "Drosophila Dscam is an axon guidance receptor exhibiting extraordinary molecular diversity". Cell. 101 (6):
DSCAM
Protein found in humans
transcription factor activity chemoattractant activity involved in axon guidance receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor binding signaling receptor
Protein_Wnt-5a
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
as a tumour suppressor gene for many years, and is well known as an axon guidance receptor that responds to netrin-1. More recently DCC has been characterized
Netrin_receptor_DCC
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
stages include neurogenesis (the birth of neurons) neuronal migration, axon guidance, synaptogenesis, and extensive activity-dependent refinement to produce
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Chinese neuroscientist
axon guidance, and Hu discovered a seven amino acid sequence in plexin, PlexB, which is necessary for Rac-GTP binding and subsequently axon guidance.
Hailan_Hu
glycosylation protein O-linked mannosylation isoprenoid biosynthetic process axon guidance Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Databases NCBI: entry; OMA: entry
CDP-L-Ribitol Pyrophosphorylase A
CDP-L-Ribitol_Pyrophosphorylase_A
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
superfamily) and is both an axon guidance receptor and a cell adhesion receptor, known to be involved in the decision by axons to cross the central nervous
ROBO1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Plexin-a4 mediates axon-repulsive activities of both secreted and transmembrane semaphorins and plays roles in nerve fiber guidance". J. Neurosci. 25 (14):
Plexin-A4
Formation of neuronal junctions in the nervous system
off the tip of each axon act as the site for elongation of each axon. These growth cones find signal molecules which act as guidance cues and form synapses
Synaptogenesis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SEMA3A) family members. NRP1 plays versatile roles in angiogenesis, axon guidance, cell survival, migration, and invasion.[supplied by OMIM] Neuropilin
Neuropilin_1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
binding axon guidance receptor activity Cellular component cytoplasm sarcolemma plasma membrane Z discdkac cytoskeleton membrane actin cytoskeleton axon soma
MYOT
Topics referred to by the same term
Roundabout (gene family), the Drosophila melanogaster gene involved in axon guidance in the CNS Robo (film), a 2008 Indian Malayalam film Robo (2010 film)
Robo
Protein and coding gene in humans
injury negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance dorsal/ventral axis specification axon guidance limb development multicellular
WNT3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
synapse assembly axonal fasciculation retinal ganglion cell axon guidance axon guidance cell-cell adhesion regulation of postsynapse organization Sources:Amigo
NRCAM
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMID 9813312. Chedotal A (February 2008). "Slits and Their Receptors". Axon Growth and Guidance. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 621. pp. 65–80
SLIT2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Consequently, NRP2 is known to play a role in cardiovascular development, axon guidance, tumorigenesis, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Multiple transcript
Neuropilin_2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
FEZF1 causes Kallmann Syndrome. As axons are developing and migrating in the early embryo, FEZF1 allows the axons of olfactory neurons to attach to the
FEZF1
Cells that assist in the subcellular organization of both neural axon growth and migration
test the guidance cell in question, neural axon growth and migration is first examined in the presence of the guidance cell. Then, the guidance cell is
Guidepost_cells
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
motor neuron axon guidance axon extension involved in axon guidance signal transduction retinal ganglion cell axon guidance axon guidance Sources:Amigo
ALCAM
Critical protein in embryonic development
has also been shown to act as an axonal guidance cue. It has been demonstrated that SHH attracts commissural axons at the ventral midline of the developing
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
CRMP family, such as DPYSL5, are believed to play a role in growth cone guidance during neural development.[supplied by OMIM] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89:
DPYSL5
Protein-coding gene in Homo sapiens
developmental process, brain development, neuronal differentiation, axon guidance, and regulation of neurons in the developing neocortex. Tbr1, along
TBR1
severe disruption in commissural axon migration; this experiment established the importance of Netrin-1 in guidance decisions. Netrin-1 gradient in Xenopus
Tropic cues involved in growth cone guidance
Tropic_cues_involved_in_growth_cone_guidance
Protein found in humans
fasciculation camera-type eye morphogenesis retinal ganglion cell axon guidance axon guidance trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex, modulating
EPH_receptor_B2
their ability to bind laminin. In nematodes, nidogen-1 is necessary for axon guidance, but not for basement membrane assembly. Hortsch M, Umemori H (2009)
Nidogen
Protein domain
proliferation, tumor suppression, cell differentiation, neural development and axon guidance and ageing. Caspase deficiency has been identified as a cause of tumor
Caspase
Protein found in humans
Netrin G1 (NTNG1) belongs to a conserved family of proteins that act as axon guidance cues during vertebrate nervous system development (Nakashiba et al.
Netrin_G1
Type of cell within the eye
"Single-cell transcriptional logic of cell-fate specification and axon guidance in early-born retinal neurons". Development. 146 (17) dev.178103: dev178103
Retinal_ganglion_cell
Each side of the forebrain represents the opposite side of the body
Burgess, Robert W.; Jucius, Thomas J.; Ackerman, Susan L. (206). "Motor axon guidance of the mammalian Trochlear and Phrenic nerves: Dependence on the Netrin
Contralateral_brain
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
domain at the C terminus. Chicken collapsin contributes to path finding by axons during development by inhibiting extension of growth cones (Luo et al.,
SEMA3F
Protein-coding gene in humans
318. PMID 17339520. Negishi M, Oinuma I, Katoh H (2005). "Plexins: axon guidance and signal transduction". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (12): 1363–71. doi:10
PLXNA2
Process of synapse elimination
However, pruning has been associated with guidance molecules in mice. Guidance molecules serve to control axon pathfinding through repulsion, and also initiate
Synaptic_pruning
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
instead of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Fzd3 controls axon growth and guidance in the mouse nervous system, and migration of neural crest cells
Frizzled-3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
migration homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules axon guidance dendrite self-avoidance Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Databases
Palladin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
It is secreted by cells of the floor plate and may be involved in axon guidance The protein contains 807 amino acids and is structurally composed of
Spondin_1
Part of the brain where the optic nerves cross
the optic chiasm labelled. Cerebrum, inferior view, deep dissection. Guidance of axon crossing and non-crossing during development. Chiasmal syndrome Chiasm
Optic_chiasm
Protein found in humans
activity signaling receptor binding chemoattractant activity involved in axon guidance Cellular component extracellular region intracellular anatomical structure
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glial_cell_line-derived_neurotrophic_factor
Scientific theory in vertebrate development
Alvarez, S.; Butler, S. J.; Kaltschmidt, J. A. (2019-09-12). "Commissural axon guidance in the developing spinal cord: from Cajal to the present day". Neural
Axial_twist_theory
American neuroscientist & developmental biologist (born 1962)
discovered functions and mechanisms of action of neuronal growth factors and axon guidance cues, and mechanisms of assembly and functional organization of the
David_Ginty
Sense of position of one's own body parts
axons toward the central nervous system and are guided by hormonal gradients to reach stereotyped synapses. The mechanisms underlying axon guidance are
Proprioception
Type of endocrine gland cancer
(November 2012). "Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes". Nature. 491 (7424): 399–405. Bibcode:2012Natur.491.
Pancreatic_cancer
chemotaxis models assume activity independent formation via the action of axon guidance molecules, with the structures only later being refined by activity
Ocular_dominance_column
Mechanisms that form the human nervous system
within individual neurons. These include differentiation, migration, and axon guidance to their initial target areas. These processes are thought of as being
Development of the nervous system in humans
Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
differentiation embryonic skeletal system development nervous system development axon guidance negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway regulation of BMP signaling
Noggin_(protein)
Protein involved in blood vessel growth
morphogenesis platelet degranulation positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance positive regulation of endothelial cell migration multicellular
Vascular endothelial growth factor A
Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_A
Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology
the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute. She studies axon guidance in visual pathways in an effort to restore vision to the blind. Her
Carol_Mason
Secreted glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix
activity cell adhesion negative regulation of endopeptidase activity axon guidance fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway chemotaxis Sources:Amigo
Anosmin-1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension nervous system development axon guidance positive regulation of GTPase activity synaptic vesicle endocytosis
OPHN1
Protein found in humans
positive regulation of collateral sprouting nervous system development axon guidance negative regulation of myotube differentiation positive regulation of
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
plexins, such as PLXNB2 are transmembrane receptors that participate in axon guidance and cell migration in response to semaphorins (Perrot et al. (2002))
PLXNB2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
phosphorylation dopaminergic neuron axon guidance G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway serotonergic neuron axon guidance neuron migration regulation of
CELSR3
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
skeletal muscle tissue development protein localization to synapse axon guidance T cell costimulation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Databases NCBI:
Nephrin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Rossi DJ, et al. (September 2003). "Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 mediate retinal axon divergence at the optic chiasm". Neuron. 39 (6): 919–935. doi:10.1016/j.neuron
EPH_receptor_B1
Protein-coding gene in humans
process leukocyte migration signal transduction ERBB2 signaling pathway axon guidance defense response to bacterium negative regulation of apoptotic process
SHC1
Protein-coding gene in humans
assembly regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis brain morphogenesis axon guidance synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction long-term potentiation regulation
SHANK3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
periphery Biological process hair follicle development dopaminergic neuron axon guidance cochlea development planar dichotomous subdivision of terminal units
VANGL2
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
ROBO expressed in patterns that suggest a role in morphogenesis and axon guidance". Developmental Biology. 212 (2): 290–306. doi:10.1006/dbio.1999.9371
SLIT1
Protein-coding gene in humans
gene is similar to unc-53, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene involved in axon guidance. The exact function of this gene is not known. GRCh38: Ensembl release
NAV1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
the progressive myelination of nerve axon fibers), by mediating the elongation of Schwann cells along the axon. L1 is involved in neuron-neuron adhesion
Neural cell adhesion molecule L1
Neural_cell_adhesion_molecule_L1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
expression data Gene ontology Molecular function signaling receptor binding axon guidance receptor activity protein binding signaling receptor activity Cellular
GFRA3
Protein-coding gene in humans
L1 family immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule (see L1CAM) involved in axon subcellular targeting and synapse formation during neural development. A
NFASC
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
component of synaptic membrane Biological process dephosphorylation axon guidance protein phosphorylation protein dephosphorylation MAPK cascade peptidyl-tyrosine
PTPRA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
1096437. PMC 1618874. PMID 15105459. "Entrez Gene: ROBO3 roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 3 (Drosophila)". Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping:
ROBO3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
pharyngeal system development prostate gland development commissural neuron axon guidance protein localization to plasma membrane liver regeneration Sources:Amigo
PTCH1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cytosol plasma membrane Biological process cell cycle spermatogenesis axon guidance multicellular organism development anatomical structure morphogenesis
SIAH1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
keratan sulfate biosynthetic process protein O-linked mannosylation axon guidance protein O-linked glycosylation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Databases
Beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase 1
Beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase_1
Mammalian protein found in humans
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III motor neuron axon guidance enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway signal transduction
HER2
Protein receptor active in neurons
receptors results in their involvement in cellular processes, such as axon guidance and angiogenesis, the immune response and remyelination. Therefore,
Neuropilin
Protein-coding gene in humans
PMID 10207129. Wilkinson DG (2000). "Eph receptors and ephrins: Regulators of guidance and assembly". A Survey of Cell Biology. International Review of Cytology
EPHA7
Protein-coding gene in humans
receptor signaling pathway response to glucocorticoid MAPK cascade axon guidance Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of nitric-oxide
KRAS
Protein domain
including complement activation, developmental patterning, tissue repair, axon guidance and angiogenesis, cell signalling, fertilisation, haemostasis, inflammation
CUB_domain
Field of developmental neuroscience
areal identity, axons from the developing thalamus arrive at their correct cortical areal destination through the process of axon guidance and begin to form
Cortical_patterning
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
class V, and vertebrates contain classes 3-7. Semaphorins serve as axon guidance ligands via multimeric receptor complexes, some (if not all) containing
Semaphorin_3E
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process ERBB2 signaling pathway axon guidance epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway angiogenesis actin
GRB2-associated-binding protein 1
GRB2-associated-binding_protein_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
localization positive regulation of embryonic development motor neuron axon guidance dorsal/ventral pattern formation negative regulation of transcription
LHX1
Coordinated growth of nerves and blood vessels
involving axon guidance that involves axonal guidance molecules such as sema3A (semaphorin 3A) and (neuropilin). Neuroangiogenic and axonal guidance molecules
Neuroangiogenesis
Petri dish culture system
behavior. The Campenot chamber can be used to study spatial and temporal axon guidance in both healthy controls and in cases of neuronal injury or neurodegeneration
Campenot_chamber
Protein found in humans
pathway stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway MAPK cascade axon guidance Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway Ras protein signal transduction
Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog
Neuroblastoma_RAS_viral_oncogene_homolog
Maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism
Winter F, Fawcett JW, Verhaagen J (September 2013). "The chemorepulsive axon guidance protein semaphorin3A is a constituent of perineuronal nets in the adult
Critical_period
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