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Mixture of liquids whose proportions do not change when distilled
An azeotrope (/əˈziːəˌtroʊp/) or a constant heating point mixture is a mixture of two or more liquids whose proportions cannot be changed by simple distillation
Azeotrope
Boiling points of liquid mixtures
of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when
Azeotrope_tables
Organic compound
the composition of the ethanol-water azeotrope shifts to more ethanol-rich mixtures. The minimum-pressure azeotrope has an ethanol fraction of 100% and
Ethanol
Method of separating mixtures
easily form azeotropes. Commonly, these azeotropes are referred to as a low boiling azeotrope because the boiling point of the azeotrope is lower than
Distillation
Simplest secondary alcohol
adding sodium chloride in a process known as salting out. It forms an azeotrope with water, resulting in a boiling point of 80.37 °C and is characterized
Isopropyl_alcohol
Seattle-based theater company
Azeotrope is Seattle-based theatre company specializing in new work that focuses on bringing voice and representation to the marginalized and invisible
Azeotrope_(theatre)
Chemical compound
acetate forms an azeotrope with water, allowing for anhydrous solutions to be easily achieved through evaporation with an azeotrope composition of 88
Isopropyl_acetate
Any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation
azeotropic distillation is any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation. In chemical engineering, azeotropic distillation is usually
Azeotropic_distillation
Chemical lab apparatus for collecting water from a reactor
Some high-boiling liquids that have an azeotrope with water can be dried by adding toluene or another azeotrope-breaking solvent to allow the extraction
Dean–Stark_apparatus
A heteroazeotrope is an azeotrope where the vapour phase coexists with two liquid phases. Sketch of a T-x/y equilibrium curve of a typical heteroazeotropic
Heteroazeotrope
Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium
in the pure liquid. An example is the azeotrope of approximately 95% ethanol and 5% water. Because the azeotrope's vapor pressure is higher than predicted
Vapor_pressure
Law of thermodynamics for vapour pressure of a mixture
deviation to form a minimum in the vapor pressure curve known as a (negative) azeotrope, corresponding to a mixture that evaporates without change of composition
Raoult's_law
Chemical compound
Purification cannot be performed by simple distillation due to formation of an azeotrope with water, although initial drying of the solvent containing large amounts
Tert-Butyl_alcohol
Highly concentrated ethanol
processes, as a mixture of ethanol and water becomes a minimum-boiling azeotrope at this concentration. However, rectified spirit is typically distilled
Rectified_spirit
Phenomenon in materials science
forming Form 2 ranitidine hydrochloride", issued 1987-06-09 "{BLR 2023} Azeotroping Process – CAFC – Glaxo – Novopharm – Ranitidine". Biotechnology Law Report
Disappearing_polymorph
Highly corrosive mineral acid
production is still in use today. Commercially available nitric acid is an azeotrope with water at a concentration of 68% HNO3. This solution has a boiling
Nitric_acid
Organic compound ((CH3)2CO); simplest ketone
dries only via bulk displacement and dilution. It forms no azeotropes with water (see azeotrope tables). Acetone also removes certain stains from microscope
Acetone
Chemical compound
Aqueous solutions that are 47.6% HBr by mass form a constant-boiling azeotrope mixture that boils at 124.3 °C (255.7 °F). Boiling less concentrated solutions
Hydrogen_bromide
Liquid equilibrium model in statistical thermodynamics
Saddle azeotrope calculated with UNIFAC at 1 atm. Red lines are vapor compositions and blue lines are liquid compositions. Image is rotating to more clearly
UNIFAC
Concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid
maximum-boiling azeotropes, where the azeotrope temperature is at a maximum in the boiling curves, or minimum-boiling azeotropes, where the azeotrope temperature
Vapor–liquid_equilibrium
Aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide
oxygen Odor acrid Density 1.70 g/mL, azeotrope (57% HI by weight) Boiling point 127 °C (261 °F; 400 K) 1.03 bar, azeotrope Solubility in water Aqueous solution
Hydroiodic_acid
Chemical compound
intermediate for other organic chemical compounds, and as a solvent. It forms azeotropes with many other solvents, including water (at a boiling point of 70.5 °C
1,2-Dichloroethane
Organic compounds with the formula (CH3)2C6H4
tasted in water at 0.53 to 1.8 ppm. Xylenes form azeotropes with water and a variety of alcohols. The azeotrope with water consists of 60% xylenes and boils
Xylene
Separation of a mixture into its component parts
4 °C (173.1 °F) while water boils at 100 °C (212 °F). In this case an azeotrope is also formed, where the mixture of 96% ethanol and 4% water boils at
Fractional_distillation
Chemical compound
centers. An example is hydronium perchlorate. Perchloric acid forms an azeotrope with water, consisting of about 72.5% perchloric acid. This form of the
Perchloric_acid
Characteristic temperature for a substance
Binary boiling point diagram of two hypothetical only weakly interacting components without an azeotrope
Boiling_point
Chemical compound
used to facilitate the separation of ethanol from water, which forms an azeotrope that otherwise limits the maximum ethanol concentration. 2-Ethyl-1-butanol
2-Ethyl-1-butanol
Distilled alcoholic drink flavoured with juniper
from two ethanol molecules to create diethyl ether, which also forms an azeotrope with ethanol, and therefore distils with it. The result is a sweeter spirit
Gin
Aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride
binary (two-component) mixture of HCl and H2O has a constant-boiling azeotrope at 20.2% HCl and 108.6 °C (381.8 K; 227.5 °F). There are four constant-crystallization
Hydrochloric_acid
high-boiling, relatively non-volatile component, the solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the other components in the mixture. The method is used for mixtures
Extractive_distillation
Simplest carboxylic acid (HCOOH)
hydrogen-bonded formic acid molecules. Formic acid forms a high-boiling azeotrope with water (107.3 °C; 77.5% formic acid). Liquid formic acid tends to
Formic_acid
distillation protic ionic liquids exhibit what appears to be a reactive azeotrope. In other words, initially only the acid or base is vaporized, but at
Protic_ionic_liquid
Compound derived from an acid
Removal of water by physical means such as distillation as a low-boiling azeotrope with toluene, in conjunction with a Dean-Stark apparatus. Reagents are
Ester
Polyester resin modified by the addition of fatty acids and other components
so a new process was introduced in which xylene is added to produce an azeotrope with the water. This gives greater control at a lower temperature and
Alkyd
Substance formed when two or more constituents are physically combined
into their components by using physical (mechanical or thermal) means. Azeotropes are one kind of mixture that usually poses considerable difficulties regarding
Mixture
Double Azeotrope of Benzene and Hexafluorobenzene, taken from Dortmund Data Bank
Dortmund_Data_Bank
Aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide
the KHSO4 and by distilling off the water until the solution reaches an azeotrope (124.3 °C). The yield is approximately 85%. Hydrobromic acid is available
Hydrobromic_acid
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
hydroiodic acid usually contains 48–57% HI by mass; the solution forms an azeotrope with boiling point 126.7 °C (260.1 °F) at 56.7 g HI per 100 g solution
Iodine
Chemical substance
hydroiodic acid usually contains 48–57% HI by mass. The solution forms an azeotrope boiling at 127 °C with 57% HI, 43% water. The high acidity is caused by
Hydrogen_iodide
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
completely into two separate liquid phases. Hydrochloric acid forms an azeotrope with boiling point 108.58 °C at 20.22 g HCl per 100 g solution; thus hydrochloric
Chlorine
Chemical compound
peroxides, relative stability under acidic and basic conditions, formation of azeotropes with water coupled with a narrow explosion range render CPME an attractive
Cyclopentyl_methyl_ether
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
Furthermore, polyesters are accessible via ring-opening polymerization. Azeotrope esterification is a classical method for condensation. The water formed
Polyester
Chemical element with atomic number 35 (Br)
salts of bromine anions and hydronium cations. Hydrobromic acid forms an azeotrope with boiling point 124.3 °C at 47.63 g HBr per 100 g solution; thus hydrobromic
Bromine
mixture of chloroform, methanol and acetone has three binary azeotropes and one ternary azeotrope. Together with the three pure components the system has seven
Residue_curve
Class of organic compounds
(CHF3); HFC-134a (CF3CFH2); HFC-507 [1:1 azeotrope of HFC-125 (CF3CHF2) and HFC-143a (CF3CH3)]; HFC-410 [1:1 azeotrope of HFC-32 (CF2H2) and HFC-125 (CF3CF2H)]
Chlorofluorocarbon
Chemical compound (CH3C(O)CH2CH3)
a significantly slower evaporation rate. Unlike acetone, it forms an azeotrope with water, making it useful for azeotropic distillation of moisture in
Butanone
reactive and non-reactive zones, the heterogeneous azeotrope or a composition close to the azeotrope can be obtained as the distillate product. Moreover
Reactive_distillation
Liquid fuel derived from petroleum
that it consists of 15 percent hydrous ethanol (i.e., the ethanol–water azeotrope) instead of the anhydrous ethanol traditionally used for blending with
Gasoline
by raising the relative volatility of the mixture and by breaking any azeotropes that may otherwise form. The technique is first attested in writings on
Salt-effect_distillation
Method of separation in organic chemistry
significant vapor pressure at the steam's temperature. If the water forms an azeotrope with the substances of interest, the boiling point of the mixture may
Steam_distillation
Chemical compound
system H2O−N2O5 shows the well-known negative azeotrope at 60% N2O5 (that is, 70% HNO3), a positive azeotrope at 85.7% N2O5 (100% HNO3), and another negative
Dinitrogen_pentoxide
Comparative volatility of components in a solution
because the compositions of the liquid and the vapor phase are the same (azeotrope). As the value of α {\displaystyle \alpha } increases above 1, separation
Relative_volatility
Chemical compound
between diethyl ether and THF, has limited water miscibility, and forms an azeotrope with water on distillation. Its lower melting point makes it useful for
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
Brand of French alcoholic beverages
ordinary distillation practices due to the ethanol and water becoming an azeotrope mixture) and is not aged or flavored before being diluted with water to
Cîroc
Chemical compound
of SCl2 from S2Cl2 is possible via distillation with PCl3 to form an azeotrope of 99% purity. Sulfur dichloride loses chlorine slowly at room temperature
Sulfur_dichloride
A Bancroft point is the temperature where an azeotrope occurs in a binary system. Although vapor liquid azeotropy is impossible for binary systems which
Bancroft_point
Physical phenomenon
pure components; a mixture with a minimum boiling point is a type of azeotrope. Values of the ebullioscopic constants (Kb) for selected solvents: Together
Boiling-point_elevation
Organosilicon compound with the formula (CH3)3SiCl
about 2–4% of the product stream is the monochloride, which forms an azeotrope with MeSiCl3. TMSCl is reactive toward nucleophiles, resulting in the
Trimethylsilyl_chloride
Separating components of a mixture by their melting points
multistage distillation. If, however, a eutectic system forms (analogous to an azeotrope in distillation), a very pure solid can be recovered, as long as the liquid
Fractional_freezing
Sulfur-containing aromatic compound
(4 °C difference at ambient pressure). Like benzene, thiophene forms an azeotrope with ethanol. The molecule is flat; the bond angle at the sulfur is around
Thiophene
Chemical compound
mixture of water and dioxane in the ratio 17.9:82.1 by mass is a positive azeotrope that boils at 87.6 °C. The oxygen atoms are weakly Lewis-basic. It forms
1,4-Dioxane
Chemical compound
a reactant, ethanol is formed; this forms with the ethyl acrylate an azeotrope of the composition ethanol/ethyl acrylate 72.7:26.3%, which boils at 77
Dimethylaminoethyl_acrylate
a Taiwan-born American theatre director, and co-artistic director of Azeotrope in Seattle, Washington. Her directing credits include the Guthrie Theater
Desdemona_Chiang
Corrosive liquid of excess sulfur trioxide in solution
Ordinary commercial grade nitric acid consists of the constant boiling azeotrope of nitric acid and water, and contains 68% nitric acid. Mixtures of ordinary
Oleum
Chemical engineering technique
constructed using the Ponchon–Savarit method. If the mixture can form an azeotrope, its vapor-liquid equilibrium line will cross the x = y line, preventing
McCabe–Thiele_method
Chemical compound
glycol or propylene glycol. This route is complicated by the methanol-DMC azeotrope, which requires azeotropic distillation or other techniques. Dimethyl
Dimethyl_carbonate
Chemical compound
reagents. It reacts dangerously with strong acids or bromine. MTBE forms azeotropes with water (52.6 °C; 96.5% MTBE) and methanol (51.3 °C; 68.6% MTBE). The
Methyl_tert-butyl_ether
One of the lightest perfluoro compounds
than many other acids. One complication to its use is that TFA forms an azeotrope with water (b. p. 105 °C). TFA is used as a strong acid to remove protecting
Trifluoroacetic_acid
Type of biofuel
limited to 95–96% due to the formation of a low-boiling water-ethanol azeotrope with maximum (95.6% m/m (96.5% v/v) ethanol and 4.4% m/m (3.5% v/v) water)
Ethanol_fuel
Mixture with a lower melting point than its constituents
{H_{n}^{\circ }}{RT_{n}^{\circ }}}}\\\end{array}}\right]\end{array}}} Azeotrope, or constant boiling mixture Freezing-point depression Fusible alloy "eutectic"
Eutectic_system
1962 book by Thomas S. Kuhn
spontaneously, nor will they separate completely upon distillation (they form an azeotrope). Water and alcohol can be combined in any proportion. Under this paradigm
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions
Chemical compound
magenta stains on the paper were made by placing one drop of ethanol-water azeotrope, centre, and water, right, on the streaks remaining on the paper after
Fuchsine
Units of measure for alcoholic drinks
is about 97.2% ABV (194.4 proof) because at that point alcohol is an azeotrope with water. A spirit which contains a very high level of alcohol and does
Alcohol_measurements
Chemical compound
non-flammable"". Cooling Post. 30 November 2014. Retrieved 2017-06-09. "US6969701B2 Azeotrope-like compositions of tetrafluoropropene and trifluoroiodomethane". Google
2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
Temperature of a liquid at first bubbles
can be performed to determine the unknown information. Phase diagram Azeotrope Dew point McCabe, Warren L.; Smith, Julian C.; Harriot, Peter (2005),
Bubble_point
Process in chemistry
published a feasibility method for the separation of minimum boiling point azeotropes by continuously entrainer feeding batch distillation. This method has
Batch_distillation
Chemical data page for ethanol
Vapor–liquid equilibrium of the mixture of ethanol and water (including azeotrope) Solid–liquid equilibrium of the mixture of ethanol and water (including
Ethanol_(data_page)
General principle in thermodynamics regarding pVT systems in equilibrium
are determined. Liquid–vapour phase diagrams for other systems may have azeotropes (maxima or minima) in the composition curves, but the application of the
Phase_rule
Chemical compound
is facilitated because methanol and methyl acrylate form a low boiling azeotrope (boiling point 62–63 °C). The patent literature describes a one-pot route
Methyl_acrylate
Chart used to show conditions at which physical phases of a substance occur
mixture's p − v − x 2-component gas=liquid representation, including azeotropes". Chemistry Education Materials. University of Connecticut. Retrieved
Phase_diagram
Mixtures of common ethanol fuel types
close to the azeotrope mixture of 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by weight) which is approximately 3.5% water by volume. The azeotrope is the highest
Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures
Topics referred to by the same term
chemistry, a system involving two steps, processes or substances Mixture Azeotrope Binary System, a music duo featuring rock musician Roger Miller This disambiguation
Binary system (disambiguation)
Binary_system_(disambiguation)
Model of intermolecular interactions
attractive interactions prevail and the mixtures tend to form high-boiling azeotropes, i.e. a lower pressure than pure components' vapor pressures is required
Lennard-Jones_potential
differs from the Avogadro constant in that it has no unit. Avogadro's law azeotrope A mixture of liquids whose chemical composition is unchanged by distillation
Glossary_of_chemistry_terms
Chemical compound
as methanesulfonic acid by reactive distillation using toluene as an azeotroping agent. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate polymerizes easily. The polymerization can
2-Ethylhexyl_acrylate
Russian physical chemist (1856–1929)
provide the basis for distillation and separation of components that form azeotropes. Konovalov was born in Ivanovka[where?] and went to study at the Mining
Dmitri_Konovalov
Chemical compound
acetone azine product is distilled out of the reaction mixture as a 1:6 azeotrope with water. Acetone azine can be used to prepare acetone hydrazone and
Acetone_azine
Chemical compounds containing iodine
hydroiodic acid usually contains 48–57% HI by mass; the solution forms an azeotrope with boiling point 126.7 °C at 56.7 g HI per 100 g solution. Hence hydroiodic
Iodine_compounds
Model in physical chemistry
pressure values are important in the determination or the description of an azeotrope. The gas fugacity coefficients are mostly set to unity (ideal gas assumption)
Non-random_two-liquid_model
popularly known, are manufactured to tolerate hydrated ethanol (E100), an azeotrope composed of 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water. The first flex motorcycle was
Ethanol_fuel_by_country
Rule that distinguishes continuous phases from dispersed phases of colloids
interfacial tension at the oil-surfactant and water-surfactant interfaces. Azeotrope Bancroft point Sjöblom, Johan, ed. (2001). Encyclopedic handbook of emulsion
Bancroft_rule
Chemical compound
dichloroacetylene is a strong halogen bond donor. It forms an air-stable azeotrope with ether, boiling at 32 °C, that contains 55.4 wt% DCA, corresponding
Dichloroacetylene
Industrial liquid purification method
solvent dehydration: dehydrating the ethanol/water and isopropanol/water azeotropes, continuous ethanol removal from yeast fermentors, continuous water removal
Pervaporation
American drama school is Seattle, Washington
Other companies founded by recent alumni include The Horse in Motion and Azeotrope theatre companies. The Bachelor of Arts in Drama provides a general knowledge
University of Washington School of Drama
University_of_Washington_School_of_Drama
Equation in polymer chemistry
composition drift. When both r < 1 {\displaystyle r<1\,} , the system has an azeotrope, where feed and copolymer composition are the same. Calculation of reactivity
Mayo–Lewis_equation
Method for production of hydrazine
hydrazine hydrate. The reaction is carried out by simple distillation of the azeotrope: typical conditions are a pressure of 8 bar and temperatures of 130 °C
Peroxide_process
Any chemical compound having at least one bromine atom
salts of bromine anions and hydronium cations. Hydrobromic acid forms an azeotrope with boiling point 124.3 °C at 47.63 g HBr per 100 g solution; thus hydrobromic
Bromine_compounds
Type of chemical mixture
safe drying fluids that provide spot-free drying. List of Refrigerants Azeotrope Gaspar; Pedro Dinis; da Silva; Pedro Dinho (2015). Handbook of Research
Zeotropic_mixture
high in water content, since water and formic acid form a high boiling azeotrope. Formic acid is concentrated in the still bottom. If all the volatile
OxFA_process
ratio Axial tilt Axiality and rhombicity Axicon Axilrod–Teller potential Axino Axiomatic quantum field theory Axion Azeotrope Azimuthal quantum number
Index_of_physics_articles_(A)
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