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See searches and references containing BACTRIAN LANGUAGE!BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
Extinct Eastern Iranian language of Asia
Bactrian (Bactrian: Αριαο, romanized: ariao [arjaː], meaning "Iranian") was an Eastern Iranian language formerly spoken in the Central Asian region of
Bactrian_language
Historical region in Central Asia
Bactria (/ˈbæktriə/; Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia, located in the area south of the Oxus
Bactria
Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom (256–100 BCE)
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (Greek: Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς, romanized: Basileía tês Baktrianês, lit. 'Kingdom of Bactria') was a Greek kingdom during the
Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom
Topics referred to by the same term
the Achaemenid Empire Bactrian language, an extinct Eastern Iranian language Bactrian camel, a species of camel in Asia Bactrian deer Bactria (disambiguation)
Bactrian
Species of mammal of Asia
The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), also known as the Mongolian camel, domestic Bactrian camel, two-humped camel or double humped camel, is a camel
Bactrian_camel
Eastern Iranian language
statement that the language is affiliated with eastern Iranian languages there is ample evidence to consider it a Bactrian language. Comrie, Bernard (2009)
Pashto
30–375 CE empire in Central and South Asia
Empire (c. 30–c. 375 CE) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of what
Kushan_Empire
Language group of the Indo-Iranian language family
Gandhara region. In addition, Nuristani languages borrowed words for "law" and "judge" from the Iranian Bactrian language around the 1st century CE, suggesting
Nuristani_languages
Town in northern Afghanistan
*bhag- 'to divide' (whence also Avestan bag- and Old Indic bháj-). The Bactrian language name of the city was βαχλο, Bakhlo. In Middle Persian texts, it was
Balkh
Last pre-Islamic Iranian empire (224–651 AD)
Khorasan along with other Iranian dialects and languages, while the Sogdian, Bactrian and Khwarazmian languages were spoken further east in places which were
Sasanian_Empire
Language spoken in the Xiongnu empire
tribes in Transoxiana and Bactria, they may have adopted the Kushan-Bactrian language. The Xiongnu had mutual contact with the Chinese civilization, and
Xiongnu_language
5th–8th-century nomadic confederation in Central Asia
The Hephthalites or Ephthalites (Bactrian: ηβοδαλο, romanized: Ebodalo), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as
Hephthalites
Iranian ethnic group
Eastern Iranian language. It shares features with the Munji language, which is the closest existing language to the extinct Bactrian, but also shares
Pashtuns
Kushan emperor from 127 to 150
Karakoram range to China. Around 127 CE, he replaced Greek with Bactrian as the official language of administration in the empire. Earlier scholars believed
Kanishka
Partially deciphered writing system
et al. hypothesizes that the language recorded is either: "a missing link between Bactrian, Sogdian, the Saka languages, ... Alanic and ‘Old Steppe Iranian’
Kushan_script
Coinage of the Kushan Empire
Kushan political history derives from coins. The language of inscriptions is typically the Bactrian language, written in a script derived from Greek. Many
Kushan_coinage
Archaic letter of the Greek alphabet
same alphabetic position. In the Greek script used for writing the Bactrian language, there existed the letter Ϸ, which apparently stood for the sound
San_(letter)
4th–6th-century Bactrian-speaking nomadic people of Central Asia
the Kushans, were influenced culturally by them and had adopted the Bactrian language. They had attacked the Sassanid Empire, but later under the leadership
Xionites
Early medieval region in southern Central Asia
signifies the Tokhari country and Tokhari settlements of Bactria. Bactrian language inscriptions are also found in Tochi Valley, along with other places
Tokharistan
Script used to write the Greek language
Paleo-Balkan languages. Gaulish inscriptions (in modern France) used the Greek alphabet until the Roman conquest. The Bactrian language, an Iranian language spoken
Greek_alphabet
Ancient people of Bactria
fact, we know that the Yuezhi used Bactrian, an Iranian language written in Greek characters, as an official language. For this reason, Tocharian is a misnomer;
Tochari
Ancient kingdom in modern-day Afghanistan
documents in the Bactrian language in the Bactrian script (a variation of the Greek script dating back to the rule of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in the
Kingdom_of_Rob
Branch of Sasanian Persians ruling Bactria (c. 230–365)
to take the title of Kushanshah (KΟÞANΟ ÞAΟ or Koshano Shao in the Bactrian language) or "King of the Kushans", and to mint coins. They are sometimes considered
Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). In 2005, Ethnologue estimated that there are 86 languages in the group. The term
Iranian_languages
Ethnogenesis of the Pashtun people
Iranian language. It is one of the closest languages to Bactrian along with Munji and Yidgha, with Munji being the closest existing language to the extinct
Theories_of_Pashtun_origin
Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
wšɣn w(i)šaɣn, Manichaean Parthian 𐭅𐭓𐭉𐭇𐭓𐭌 wryḥrm Wahrām, Kushan Bactrian ορλαγνο Orlagno. While the figure of Verethragna is highly complex, with
Verethragna
Letter of the Bactrian alphabet
san, was a letter added to the Greek alphabet in order to write the Bactrian language. It was similar in appearance to the Old English and Icelandic letter
Sho_(letter)
Letter of Old English and some Scandinavian languages
Icelandic-language keyboard layout Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩ Sho (letter), Ϸ, a similar letter in the Greek alphabet used to write the Bactrian language Yogh
Thorn_(letter)
Turkic ethnic group
The Khalaj (Bactrian: χαλασσ, romanized: Xalass; Persian: خلجها, romanized: Xalajhâ) are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly reside in Iran. In Iran, they
Khalaj_people
370–670 CE nomadic people who invaded India
The Alchon Huns, (Bactrian: αλχον(ν)ο Alkhon(n)o or αλχαν(ν)ο Alkhan(n)o) also known as the Alkhan, Alchono, Alxon, Alkhon, Alakhana, and Walxon, were
Alchon_Huns
Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Turkey
significant grammatical affinities with Parthian and Bactrian, two ancient and extinct Iranian languages spoken in antiquity. The glossonym Zaza originated
Zaza_language
City in Kunduz Province, Afghanistan
to be called Aornos (Bactrian: οαρνο, romanized: warn) and later Walwalij or Varvaliz, a compound of the old name Warn and Bactrian: λιζο, romanized: lizo
Kunduz
Self-designation used by the early Iranians
Arya is used as the name of the Bactrian language, showing its continued use as an umbrella term for Iranian languages. This linguistic aspect of Arya
Arya_(Iran)
Species of camel
The wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) or simply the wild camel is an endangered species of camel endemic to Northwest China and southwestern Mongolia
Wild_Bactrian_camel
Region inhabited by the Pashtun people
chieftains of tribes of Bactria known as Abgan or Avagana (Afğân) or Bactrian: αβγανο (Abgân) the exact origin or etymology of the term is not known
Pashtunistan
European title of leadership
usually connected with čupan, in a Bactrian contract dated to 588 AD, where are mentioned two "headman" (Bactrian: σωπανο, sōpano); among the Western
Župan
Deity of the Kushan dynasty
variant of the word in the Bactrian language spoken by the Kushans. Some later representations, evidently influenced by Greco-Bactrian culture, depict Oesho
Oesho
Historical region of Greater Iran
(2010), Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar (PhD thesis), University of Göttingen, p.25, 59 Sims-Williams, N. "Bactrian Language". Encyclopaedia Iranica
Khorasan
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
now clear that these people actually spoke Bactrian, an Eastern Iranian language, rather than the language of the Tarim manuscripts, so the term "Tocharian"
Tocharian_languages
Scripts used in Afghanistan before their displacement by the Arabic alphabet
needed] Among these scripts are Sharada, Kharosthi, Greek (for the Bactrian language), and Brāhmī.[citation needed] For thousands of years, Afghanistan
Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan
Pre-Islamic_scripts_in_Afghanistan
Topics referred to by the same term
Höyrylaiva Osakeyhtiö) Sho (board game), Tibet Sho (letter), for the Bactrian language Shō (unit) (升), a Japanese unit of volume Shō River, Japan Regulation
Sho
Archaic letter of the Greek alphabet
adapted in Hellenistic times to write the Iranian language Bactrian, spoken in today's Afghanistan. Bactrian used an additional letter "sho"(Ϸ), shaped like
Sampi
Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
displays the closest possible linguistic affinity with the now-extinct Bactrian language. Munji has partially preserved the Proto-Iranian grammatical gender
Munji_language
Term roughly equivalent to Huna people
can recognize definite Iranian elements, notably the Bactrian language as an administrative language and coin inscriptions. Göbl's first group were the
Iranian_Huns
Self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples
in the Digorian dialect. The Rabatak inscription, written in the Bactrian language in the 2nd century CE, likewise uses the term ariao for 'Iranian'
Aryan
7th-century ruler of the Turk Shahis
Another coin in the name of "Ranasrikari" Another coin example with the Bactrian legend "Srio Shaho" ("Lord King"). Kuwayama 1993s, p. 394, Coin E.254.
Barha_Tegin
Ethnological origin of the Huns
Turkic word for "red"; however, this interpretation is disputed as the Bactrian word for "Hun" is *uono (plural uonono). Different scholars have taken
Origin_of_the_Huns
665–870 CE Turkic dynasty based in Kabul
Hindu Kush region, they replaced the Nezak Huns – the last dynasty of Bactrian rulers with origins among the Xwn (Xionite) and/or Huna peoples (who are
Turk_Shahis
Ancient Iranian nomadic confederation in Central Asia
instead has suggested that the name might be derived from an early Bactrian language name Maššagatā, from an earlier Mašyagatā related to the Young Avestan
Massagetae
Subspecies of deer
The Bactrian deer (Cervus hanglu bactrianus), also called the Bukhara deer, Bokhara deer, or Bactrian wapiti, is a lowland subspecies of Central Asian
Bactrian_deer
Founding king of the Alchon Huns (c. 430–490)
De-va-śā-hi Khi-ṇgi-la). A "Seal of Khingila" is known, with legend in the Bactrian language, but it is uncertain if it belonged to Khingila, or another ruler
Khingila_I
Group of Eastern Iranic languages
Scythian languages and the Sogdo-Bactrian languages descending from a larger shared genetic phylum coined as Northeastern Iranian. The Scythian languages shared
Scythian_languages
Afghanistan. The Bactrian language, spoken in Bactria (present-day Afghanistan) between 300 BC – 1000 AD and the official language of the region for
Afghan_literature
Subgroup of the Iranian languages
spread, leading to the extinction of Eastern Iranic languages including Bactrian and Khorezmian. Only a few speakers of the Sogdian-descended Yaghnobi remain
Eastern_Iranian_languages
Fertile area located in Pakistan
Tochi Valley is also one of the few places where inscriptions of the Bactrian language have been found, archaeologist have also found old stone inscriptions
Tochi_Valley
Inscription written on a rock found in Afghanistan
Rabatak Inscription is a stone inscribed with text written in the Bactrian language and Greek script, found in 1993 at Rabatak, near Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan
Rabatak_inscription
History of South Asian writing systems
sovereignty. The Rabatak inscription is written on a rock in the Bactrian language and Greek script and found in 1993 at the site of Rabatak, near Surkh
Early_Indian_epigraphy
of which was Merv, in today's Turkmenistan. Fertility goddesses, named "Bactrian princesses", made from limestone, chlorite and clay reflect agrarian Bronze
Central_Asian_art
Historical Indo-European ethnic group in present-day China
Tokharistan (Bactria) spoke Bactrian, an Eastern Iranian language, which is quite distinct from the Tocharian languages. Nevertheless, "Tocharian" remained
Tocharians
Province of Afghanistan
his successors. The Kingdom of Rob, in which numerous documents in Bactrian language were found, was located to the southeast of the Kingdom of Guzgan
Jowzjan_Province
484–665 Huna state in the Hindu Kush region
crossovers evolved into a series in which a new legend (Śri Sāhi), either in Bactrian or Brahmi, replaces the Pahlavi legend. Finds from around the Sakra region
Nezak_Huns
Uzbek Southern Uzbek / Afghan Uzbek (strong Iranian substrate from Bactrian language and heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Dari / Dari Persian
List_of_Turkic_languages
specializes in Central Asian history, particularly the study of Sogdian and Bactrian languages. He is also a member of the advisory council of the Iranian Studies
Nicholas_Sims-Williams
King of the Alchon Huns from 461 to 493
Mehama) in the Talagan copper scroll. Mehama appears in a letter in the Bactrian language he wrote in 461–462 CE. The letter comes from the archives of the
Mehama
City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Kushan Empire. In the Tochi Valley of North Waziristan near Bannu, Bactrian language inscriptions originally written in the 9th century have been discovered
Bannu
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 459 to 484
Hephthalites. According to three contemporary letters in the Bactrian language (the language of Tokharistan), the local ruler of the city of Rob (between
Peroz_I
Endangered Arabic languages of Central Asia
Arab communities living in portions of Central Asia. These varieties are Bactrian (or Bakhtāri/Baxtāri) Arabic, Bukharan (or Bukhāri/Buxāri) Arabic, Qashqa
Central_Asian_Arabic
prominent between about 2200 and 1700 BCE. The city of Balkh (Bakhlo in Bactrian) in northern Afghanistan was founded around this time (c. 2000–1500 BCE)
History_of_Afghanistan
Two former Buddhist monasteries
this version of the name can be traced to the pronunciation in the Bactrian language. The Tang Chinese pilgrim Yijing (義浄)visited Nava Vihāra in the 680s
Naw_Bahar
Largest of four islands of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen
the Indian Brāhmī, South Arabian, Ethiopic, Greek, Palmyrene and Bactrian languages. This corpus of nearly 250 texts and drawings constitutes one of the
Socotra
320–467 CE dynasty of nomads in Central and South Asia
have been the Chionites and the Hephthalites, before adopting the Bactrian language. The Kidarites were depicted as mounted archers on the reverse of
Kidarites
Museum in Kabul, Afghanistan
fragment, 3rd millennium BCE Rabatak inscription, written in the Bactrian language and Greek script, found in 1993 National Archives of Afghanistan Culture
National Museum of Afghanistan
National_Museum_of_Afghanistan
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
from documented Indo-European languages. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language. The majority of linguistic work
Proto-Indo-European_language
King of the Turk Shahis
WESTERN TURKS CHALUKYAS GUJARA- PRATIHARA TANG Fromo or Phromo Kesaro (Bactrian script: ϕρoµo κησαρo, phonetical transcription of "Rome Caesar") was a
Fromo_Kesaro
Historical region and early medieval principality in the northern Afghanistan
successors. The Kingdom of Rob, in which numerous documents in the Bactrian language were found, was located to the southeast of the Kingdom of Guzgan
Guzgan
Ancient Indian scripts
include; Bactrian (Αριαο, Aryao, [arjaː]) is an extinct language formerly spoken in the region of Bactria and was used as the official language of the Indo-Greek
Ancient scripts of the Indian subcontinent
Ancient_scripts_of_the_Indian_subcontinent
Western Iranian language
and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related
Persian_language
Archaeological site in Jowzjan
archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi. The hoard found there is often known as the Bactrian gold. The hoard is a collection of about 20,600 ornaments, coins and other
Tillya_Tepe
Ancient city in Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan
Seleucid rule, Termez became part of the breakaway Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. The Ionian Greek language persisted in the area through the Tocharian period, being
Termez
Burial mound in Kazakhstan
between Bactrian, Sogdian, the Saka languages, Old Ossetic/Alanic and ‘Old Steppe Iranian’ (and perhaps individual modern Iranian languages), participating
Issyk_kurgan
200 BC–10 AD impact of Greeks in South Asia
then he put it into the Aryan language". ...but when Kanishka refers to "the Aryan language" he surely means Bactrian, ..."By the grace of Auramazda
Legacy_of_the_Indo-Greeks
Genus of mammals
the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. The wild Bactrian camel is a distinct species that is not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel, and is now
Camel
1980 short story by Harry Mathews
"incommensurability" of every language and the impossibility of translating it into any other language, "into English, French... or middle Bactrian." Several authors
The translation of The Dialect of the Tribe in French
The_translation_of_The_Dialect_of_the_Tribe_in_French
8th-century Abbasid-era official and governor
Hephthalite and later Turkic dynasties, they spoke the eastern Iranian Bactrian language, and were mostly Buddhist. The Barmakids hailed from the family of
Khalid_ibn_Barmak
Ionians"). The later Kushan empire would adopt the Greek alphabet (Bactrian language), Greco-Buddhist art forms and coinage, and Greco-Buddhist religion
Buddhism_in_Central_Asia
Eastern variety of Persian
Tajiks started speaking Dari after relinquishing their original language (most likely Bactrian) around this time, due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army
Dari
Indo-Aryan language
is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world, with
Punjabi_language
over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family
Languages_of_Pakistan
Chinese exonym for a Central Asian state
It is very likely that the Dayuan formed the northern part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. The Dayuan are also described as manufacturers and great lovers
Dayuan
Archaeological site in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
dating from third to seventh centuries in the Sogdian language, nine in the extinct Bactrian language, and two in Middle Persian and Parthian each. Many
Shatial
extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Archaeological site in Afghanistan
inscriptions from Surkh Kotal by J. Harmatta. They were originally in the Bactrian language and written in Greek script. For possible interpretations of their
Surkh_Kotal
200 BC–10 AD Greek kingdom in South Asia
royal seat there at one time. The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius I of Bactria invaded India from Bactria in about 200 BC
Indo-Greek_Kingdom
Extinct Eastern Iranian language of Central Asia
Iranian languages, along with Bactrian, Khotanese Saka, Middle Persian, and Parthian. It possesses a large literary corpus. The Sogdian language was the
Sogdian_language
Retrieved 25 October 2018. Sims-Williams, N. (19 August 2011). "Bactrian Language". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 344–349. Retrieved July 4, 2020
Iranian_literature
Historical seal from the region of Bactria
intermediate between the Kidarites and the Hephthalites. The seal has a Bactrian language inscription mentioning the ruler "Eshkingil", with the title xoadeo
Seal_of_Khingila
French archaeologist (1925–2013)
Scientific Research in 1957. He participated in the excavation of ancient Bactrian sites in Afghanistan. He also contributed to the contemporary debates on
Jean-Claude_Gardin
Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism
old Iranian language which scholars lent its name to after the Avesta, the corpus of Zoroastrian religious texts written in the language. Based on this
Zoroaster
Deity named in Bactrian Documents
Zhuna, Zhūn , Zūn or Zur. The name is attested extensively in several Bactrian documents designating among others a Khār of Rob (Kingdom of Rob), and
Zhun
Turkic ethnic group of Central Asia
The seal of the Kidarites, made in the 5th century in Samarkand, has a Bactrian inscription containing the title of the ruler: "Oglar Khun", of Turkic
Uzbeks
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
Surname or Lastname
German
German : topographic name for someone living near a water channel or water source, from the Bavarian dialect word Kett ‘water channel’, ‘spring’.English : Norfolk variant of Kite.
Surname or Lastname
English (common in Bristol)
English (common in Bristol) : variant of Gingold, of which the origin is unexplained.Respelling of German Gingel, a common Bavarian surname, derived from a short form of the Germanic personal name Gangulf, composed of the elements gangan ‘to walk or go’ + (w)ulf ‘wolf’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin, possibly from an unrecorded late survival of the Old English personal name Tula.South German (Tüll) : from a nickname for someone who was patient, from Middle High German dult ‘patience’; or from a personal name formed with the same word; or from Middle High German tult, dult ‘fair’, ‘festival’ (Bavarian Dult).South German : nickname for a stubborn man, Tull.Altered spelling of German Toll.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Old French testard, a pejorative derivative of teste ‘head’ (see Testa).German : from Latin testa ‘head’, hence a nickname for someone with a large or otherwise remarkable head, or, especially in Bavaria, a topographic name for someone who lived at one end of a village or a row of fields, from the same word.German : metonymic occupational name for a silver smelter, from Bavarian test ‘furnace for refining silver’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a sifter of flour and meal, from an agent derivative of Middle English rid(e)len ‘to sift’ (from Old English hriddel ‘sieve’).German : topographic name from Bavarian Ridel ‘hill’.Perhaps an altered spelling of German Riedler, a variant of Rieder or Riedel.
Boy/Male
Australian, Christian, Danish, French, German, Greek, Jamaican, Latin, Swedish
Venerable; Revered; Man from Sebaste; Diminutive of Sebastian
Surname or Lastname
English
English : possibly a variant of Trumble.Possibly a variant spelling of German Trindl, from a Bavarian and Swabian nickname for a slow person, or alternatively an altered spelling of Drindle, from a South German short form of the personal name Katharina (see Catherine).
Surname or Lastname
Translation of French Lemieux.English
Translation of French Lemieux.English : nickname from Old English bētere ‘fighter’, ‘beater’. Reaney suggests it may also be a short form of the various occupational names ending with -better, for example Leadbetter.German (Bavarian) : metonymic occupational name for a maker of rosaries, from Bavarian better ‘rosary’ (from beten ‘to pray’).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Girl/Female
English American Bavarian Hebrew
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from the place in Lincolnshire, the name of which means ‘BÅtwulf’s stone’. This has been considered to refer to St. Botulf, and to be the site of the monastery that he built in the 7th century, but it is more likely that the BÅtwulf of the place name was an ordinary landowner, and that the association with the saint was a later development because of the name.Probably an altered spelling of German Basten and perhaps Bastian.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Boy/Male
Latin
Venerable.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from an agent derivative of Middle English stor ‘provisions’, ‘supplies’, hence an occupational name for an official in charge of dispensing provisions in a great house or monastery, or who collected rents paid in kind. The word stor was also used in the Middle Ages for livestock, and the surname may sometimes have denoted a keeper of animals.South German : from a Bavarian dialect word, storer, denoting an unskilled workman, i.e. someone who was not a member of a craft guild.
Male
English
Short form of English Sebastian, BASTIAN means "from Sebaste."
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vasmiha | வஸà¯à®®à¯€à®¹à®¾
Female
Hebrew
(×ַיָּה) Hebrew unisex name AYAH means "falcon" or "vulture." In the bible, this is the name of the father of Rizpah, and a Horite, the son of Zibeon.
Boy/Male
Indian
Foreigner, Stranger
Girl/Female
Muslim
Good fame
Male
Russian
Variant spelling of Russian Dmitriy, DMITRI means "loves the earth" or "follower of Demeter."
Male
Celtic
, high king paramount and commander.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sharp-minded; Wise
Surname or Lastname
English (Derbyshire)
English (Derbyshire) : topographic name for someone who lived by a fork in the road in woodland.
Boy/Male
Indian, Modern
Anti Soft
Biblical
integrity; truth; a nurse
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
BACTRIAN LANGUAGE
a.
Destructive to germs; -- applied to any agent which has a destructive action upon living germs, particularly bacteria, or bacterial germs, which are considered the cause of many infectious diseases.
n.
The science relating to bacteria.
a.
Resembling bacteria; as, bacteroid particles.
a.
Of or pertaining to Bavaria.
a.
Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy.
n.
A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule.
n.
A native of Bactria.
a.
Pertaining to pleomorphism; as, the pleomorphic character of bacteria.
n.
One of the forms in which bacteria group themselves; a more or less thick layer of motionless but living bacteria, formed by the bacteria uniting on the surface of the fluid in which they are developed. This production differs from the zooloea stage of bacteria by not having the intermediary mucous substance.
n.p.
See Bacterium.
n.
A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria.
n.
A European mountain trout (Salvelinus alpinus); -- called also Bavarian charr.
pl.
of Bacterium
n.
The protoplasmic matter of which bacteria are composed.
a.
Of or pertaining to bacteria.
a.
Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as, chromogenic bacteria.
a.
Destructive of bacteria.
a.
Of or pertaining to Bactria in Asia.
n.
A microscopic, bacterial organism (Bacillus anthracis), resembling transparent rods. [See Illust. under Bacillus.]
n. pl.
In the classification of Cohn, one of the four tribes of Bacteria.