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Underground hideouts used by Jewish rebels
The Bar Kokhba hiding complexes are underground hideout systems built by Jewish rebels and their communities in Judaea and used during the Bar Kokhba revolt
Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes
Jewish rebellion against Roman rule (132–136 CE)
The Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 AD), also known as the Bar Kokhba War, the War of Betar, and the Third (or Second) Jewish–Roman War, was the last and most
Bar_Kokhba_Revolt
Natural caves used as sanctuaries by Jewish refugees
the vast majority of the hideout systems datable to the Bar Kokhba revolt (hiding complexes, cliff shelters, and refuge caves) were documented in what
Bar_Kokhba_refuge_caves
Archaeological site in central Israel
probable mikveh (Jewish ritual bath), and hiding complexes. Jewish occupation continued until the failed Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE), after which it is
Khirbet_el-Ein
Material evidence for the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)
The archaeology of the Bar Kokhba Revolt encompasses the archaeological evidence related to the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the province of
Archaeology of the Bar Kokhba Revolt
Archaeology_of_the_Bar_Kokhba_Revolt
Archaeological site in Israel
Jewish Revolt (66–70 CE) and up to the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE). Later in the same century, a cultic complex was established at the site. During the
Horvat_Midras
Archaeological site in the West Bank
subterranean hiding complexes, likely converted from storage caves and used by the Jewish residents during Bar Kokhba Revolt. Unlike other hiding complexes constructed
Khirbet_el-Qutt
Ruins of a fortified settlement in ancient Judea
well-documented presence of Jewish rebels during the Bar Kokhba Revolt, as evidenced by hiding complexes as well as artifacts such as arrowheads, pottery
Horvat_'Eqed
Herodian-era mansion in the southern West Bank
addition, underground hiding complexes, considered among the largest known in Judea, indicate that the site was reused during the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136
Khirbet_el-Muraq
Archaeological site in the West Bank
Shimon bar Kokhba's control of the northern Judaean Mountains. Together these finds indicate that the hiding complex was in use during the Bar Kokhba Revolt
Khirbet_el-Maqatir
Archaeological site in Israel
site is attributed to the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE), based on typological parallels to other Bar Kokhba hiding complexes in the Judean Lowlands and
Horvat_Rimmon
Ancient Jewish village and modern archeological site in Israel
about ancient Jewish art. Fieldwork has also uncovered extensive Bar Kokhba hiding complexes carved by the local population during the Jewish–Roman wars,
Huqoq
Archaeological site in the Jerusalem Governorate
southwestern peak, where there are remains of buildings, a hiding complex dating to the Bar Kokhba Revolt, residential and storage caves, rock-cut tombs and
Khirbet_Almit
Archaeological site in the central West Bank
winemaking. The site also contains an unusual rock-cut bench tomb and eight hiding complexes constructed during the Jewish–Roman wars, one of which is described
Khirbet_esh-Shuna
Cave in the Judaean Desert in Israel
in the 2nd century CE, and a Bar Kokhba coin found near the cave's entrance supports an association with the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE). Scholars
Cave_of_the_Swords
Wadi with caves in the central West Bank
remains from the Intermediate Bronze Age as well as later evidence from the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE), including pottery, glass vessels, tools, keys, and
Wadi_Daliyeh
Archeological site in Israel
next to the residential quarters. Before the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE), extensive underground complexes were constructed beneath the village's homes
Horvat_'Ethri
Ancient archaeological site in the Shfelah
discovered. Under the residential buildings hiding complexes dating to the Bar Kokhba Revolt were curved. These complexes are based on ancient facilities used
Tell_ej-Judeideh
Site in Israel
underground hiding complexes, thought to date back to the Bar Kokhba revolt. A burial cave was discovered on the western slope of the tell. The complex includes
Lavnin
Views of Chazal on the Third Jewish revolt against Rome
The rabbinic movement's stance on Bar Kokhba Revolt is unclear based on seemingly contradictory Talmudic sources. However, the revolt strengthened the
Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt
Rabbinic_stance_on_Bar_Kokhba_revolt
Archaeological site in Israel
this period. Although "developed" hiding complexes in Judaea are more commonly associated with the later Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE), the layout and
Horbat_Mazruq
Province of the Roman Empire (6–135 AD)
many hiding complexes built before the revolt show that the Jews had been preparing for conflict in advance. With early victories over the Romans, Bar Kokhba
Judaea_(Roman_province)
Israeli archaeologist and professor (1940–2019)
proved the connection between the Bar Kokhba revolt and the fact that most cavities were used as Bar Kokhba hiding complexes. Kloner along with Boaz Zissu
Amos_Kloner
Desert in the southern Levant
these findings are letters exchanged between Simon bar Kokhba and his subordinates during the Bar Kokhba revolt, and the Babatha papyri cache, a collection
Judaean_Desert
Part of the First Jewish–Roman War
dedicated to Jupiter, paving the way for the last major Jewish rebellion: the Bar Kokhba Revolt. Jerusalem was a prosperous city during the first century CE, serving
Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)
Inscription consisting of the letters of an alphabet
graffito, was found in an underground hiding complex at Al-Dawayima near Amatzia, associated with the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE); its discoverers suggested
Abecedarium
Containers used by Jews during the Second Temple Period
places like Jericho and Shuafat indicate their continued use until the Bar Kokhba revolt. Conversely, in the Galilee, their use persisted until the 4th
Stone vessels in ancient Judaea
Stone_vessels_in_ancient_Judaea
Nature reserve in central Israel
through the early Roman period, the Bar Kokhba revolt and the Byzantine period. The site features four hiding complexes typical of early Roman period Judaea
Adullam_Grove_Nature_Reserve
Ancient Jewish town
of Rabbi Akiva. Underground hiding complexes In 2012, a hiding complex, carved out probably no later than the Bar Kokhba revolt, was found to cut through
Usha_(ancient_city)
Name list
member John Hazan, British barrister and judge Hazan caves, hiding complex dated to the Bar Kokhba revolt period Hazan Çamkıran, leading character played by
Hazan_(name)
Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany
immigrants. Si Kaddour Benghabrit and Abdelkader Mesli saved hundreds of Jews by hiding them in the basements of the Grand Mosque of Paris and other resistance
The_Holocaust
Kibbutz in southern Israel
tombs, underground hiding complexes and rock-cut installations. Excavations at the site have revealed a multi-phase synagogue complex dating from the 3rd
Lahav
Biblical figure and Israelite monarch
a favorite of Saul, the first king of Israel, but is forced to go into hiding when Saul suspects David of plotting to take his throne. After Saul and
David
Israeli settlement in the West Bank
of the three stations set up by Hadrian to catch fugitives after the Bar Kokhba revolt. According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from 3 neighbouring
Ma'ale_Levona
Rebellion against Roman rule (66–73/74 CE)
military presence in the region. The Jewish–Roman wars culminated in the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136), the last major attempt to restore Jewish independence
First_Jewish–Roman_War
Place in Hebron, Mandatory Palestine
A Jewish inscription, possibly dating from the Bar Kokhba revolt, has been found in a hiding complex at the site; it mentions a "Shelamzion daughter
Khirbat_Umm_Burj
136 CE, the Bar Kokhba revolt took place, representing the last major Jewish effort to reclaim independence in Judaea. Led by Simon Bar Kokhba, who assumed
Jewish_military_history
City in Israel
period, the Great Revolt (66–74 CE) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE), including a rock-hewn hiding complex entered through a mikveh (ritual bath). Modern
Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut
2023 armed incursions and massacres in Israel
refuge nearby, in bomb shelters, bushes, and orchards, were killed while in hiding. Those who reached the road and parking lot were trapped in a traffic jam
October_7_attacks
Ancient village near Jerusalem
and reinforced during the Bar Kokhba revolt, in the early 2nd century AD. Discoveries at the site include ritual baths, a hiding system used during the revolt
Emmaus
Archaeological site in northern Israel
city, the home of the Sanhedrin, the supreme Jewish court. Following the Bar Kokhba Revolt of 132–135, Sepphoris was one of the Galilean centers where rabbinical
Sepphoris
tishes in honor of the day. In Israel, Lag Ba'Omer is associated with the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire. In Zionist thought, the plague that decimated
Jewish_holidays
Hole or depression used as shelter
prehistory (10,000 to 300 BC) complex pit houses were the most commonly used method of housing. During the Bar Kokhba Revolt, Jews used an intricate
Dugout_(shelter)
Archaeological site in the West Bank
possibly as late as 73 CE. It was later used by Jewish rebels during the Bar Kokhba Revolt. Today, the Qumran site is best known as the settlement nearest
Qumran
social discrimination. Such treatment and experiences have led to many Ainu hiding their identity so as to protect themselves, alongside internalising many
Colonisation_of_Hokkaido
Ancient hilltop fortification in Israel
378–381. ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4. Eshel, Hanan; Zissu, Boaz (2019). The Bar Kokhba Revolt (1 ed.). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 154–157. ISBN 978-965-217-429-1
Masada
Roman Empire as part of reparations. In 132 CE, a second uprising, the Bar Kokhba revolt erupted and took three years to put down. It incurred massive costs
History_of_Palestine
2018 mass shooting in Pennsylvania, U.S.
the chapel. The other three parted ways with Myers hiding in a bathroom and Glickman and Charny hiding in a clothing donation room. When Bowers was about
Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting
Pogroms of 1096
to gain his favor and their safety. Ruthard tried to protect the Jews by hiding them in his lightly fortified palace. Nevertheless, Emicho did not prevent
Rhineland_massacres
Secret adherence to Judaism
survived in secrecy by maintaining a tradition of endogamous marriage and hiding all external signs of their faith. They and their practices were discovered
Crypto-Judaism
Hamas attack in Israel
officer was killed in the shootout before the militants fled towards Gaza, hiding in a grove near the moshav before returning to Gaza at 8:34 a.m., where
Netiv_HaAsara_massacre
Syrian plateau occupied by Israel
sought refuge in the Golan after the suppression in the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, which increased the Jewish population in the region
Golan_Heights
Eastern European Jews in Germany
Assimilated German Jewish survivors, many of whom had endured the war by hiding or through the protection of mixed marriage, regarded the incoming Orthodox
Ostjuden
Place in Hebron, Mandatory Palestine
baths) and cisterns. Among the finds was an underground hiding complex used during the Bar Kokhba Revolt, where archaeologists discovered graffiti including
Al-Dawayima
Holy site of Judaism in Jerusalem
the 2nd–5th centuries of the Common Era, after the Roman defeat of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, Jews were banned from Jerusalem. There is some evidence
Western_Wall
Genocidal massacres of Native Americans
named Ishi by American anthropologists. Ishi had spent most of his life hiding with his tribe members in the Sierra wilderness, emerging at the age of
California_genocide
Antisemitic riots in Imperial Russia
pogrom as follows: The three previous days they [Jewish family] had been in hiding. By Friday afternoon the pogrom was wrapping up. Friday night their neighbors
Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire
1941–1944 Nazi murders in Vilnius, Lithuania
Kazimierz Sakowicz (1899–1944) in a series of journal entries written in hiding at his farm house in Wilno, Lithuania. After Sakowicz's death in 1944, the
Ponary_massacre
British citizens who are Jewish
Poland which protected them by law. A small English community persisted in hiding despite the expulsion. Jews were not banned from Scotland, which was an
British_Jews
Municipality type D in Ramallah and al-Bireh, State of Palestine
Hellenistic and Roman periods, and an underground hiding complex where five coins, including two from the Bar Kokhba revolt (130s CE), were discovered. According
Al-Midya
hide Jews who might have escaped the ghettos or who might have been in hiding due to fear for their own lives and that of their families. While the German
History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland
15 chapters of the book
Epiphanes in Jerusalem". Historical Perspectives: From the Hasmoneans to Bar Kokhba in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 45–57
Chapters_of_2_Maccabees
Use of tunnels and other underground cavities in wars
Empire was also a common practice of the Jewish rebels in Judea during the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 AD). With time the Romans understood that efforts should
Tunnel_warfare
Depopulated Palestinian village and ancient Roman city in Israel near Hebron
200 CE, after the turmoil of the First Jewish–Roman War (64–70) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135), the town became a thriving Roman colony, a major administrative
Bayt_Jibrin
1944 mass killing outside Rome by German soldiers
fact that the reprisal order had come directly from Adolf Hitler, and the hiding of the bodies, which were buried summarily instead of being returned to
Ardeatine_massacre
Wave of antisemitic attacks 1918–1920
city and began killing Jewish residents. The synagogue complex, where about 1,500 people were hiding in the attic, was set on fire. Most of them were asphyxiated
Pogroms during the Russian Civil War
Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War
Romanian massacre of Jews during World War II
residents in these ghettos lived to be released. Several hundred Jews who were hiding in Odessa itself also survived. Jews participated in the struggle of the
1941_Odessa_massacre
Serbia and only about 140 had survived. Most had survived by going into hiding or fighting with the Yugoslav, Jewish partisans. Of those transported to
History of the Jews in North Macedonia
History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia
Jewish ritual and prayer service
argue that it was originally a device for secret communication during the Bar Kokhba revolt, but this is unlikely given its late date. According to Julius
Kiddush_levana
after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and more after the Bar Kokhba revolt and the destruction of Jerusalem. Most went towards Rome, where
Antisemitism_in_France
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BAR KOKHBA-HIDING-COMPLEXES
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