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Molecule composed of two or more intertwined rings
In macromolecular chemistry, a catenane (from Latin catena 'chain') is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture consisting of two or more interlocked
Catenane
Chemical compound
resembles the Olympic rings. The molecule is a linear pentacatenane or a [5]catenane. It was synthesized and named by Fraser Stoddart and coworkers in 1994
Olympiadane
Attractive interactions between aromatic rings
supramolecular chemistry, specifically the synthesis of catenane. The major challenge for the synthesis of catenane is to interlock molecules in a controlled fashion
Stacking_(chemistry)
Molecules connected due to their topology
Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include catenanes, rotaxanes, molecular knots, and molecular Borromean rings. Work in this
Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
Mechanically_interlocked_molecular_architectures
Molecule composed of three interlocked rings
differs from a [3]catenane in that none of its three macrocycles is concatenated with another other; if one bond in a [3]catenane is broken and a cycle
Molecular_Borromean_ring
Mechanically interlocked molecular architecture
linked catenane structures, via topological Hopf links, resulting in a higher dimensionality than the repeating unit. They are a class of catenanes where
Polycatenane
Noncovalent molecular interaction
supramolecular assembly is the synthesis of catenane. The major challenge for the synthesis of catenane is to interlock molecules in a controlled fashion
Cation–π_interaction
French chemist, Nobel laureate (born 1944)
Nobel Prize work was done in 1983, when he was the first to synthesize a catenane, a complex of two interlocking ring-shaped molecules, which were bonded
Jean-Pierre_Sauvage
Chemical bond effect
to supramolecular assembly. Some catenanes feature π–π interactions. The major challenge for the synthesis of catenane is to interlock molecules in a controlled
Pi-interaction
Molecule whose structure resembles a knot
al. in 2000 to describe molecular knots by analogy with rotaxanes and catenanes, which are other mechanically interlocked molecular architectures. The
Molecular_knot
which there exist topoisomers include DNA, which can form knots, and catenanes. Each topoisomer of a given DNA molecule possesses a different linking
Topoisomer
British chemist (born 1963)
entanglement and weaving, novel and general strategies to rotaxanes, catenanes and molecular knots, and some of the earliest synthetic molecular motors
David_Leigh_(scientist)
Molecular-scale artificial or biological device
Building upon the assembly of mechanically linked molecules such as catenanes and rotaxanes as developed by Jean-Pierre Sauvage in the early 1980s,
Molecular_machine
Scottish chemist (1942–2024)
mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings, catenanes and rotaxanes utilising molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly
Fraser_Stoddart
Interlocked molecular structure resembling a dumbbell
rotaxanes and other mechanically interlocked molecular architectures, such as catenanes, has been focused on their efficient synthesis or their utilization as
Rotaxane
Simplest nontrivial knot link
founded in the 16th century. Borromean rings, a link with three closed loops Catenane, a molecule with two linked loops Solomon's knot, two loops which are doubly
Hopf_link
Chemical compound
tetrathiafulvalene. The modifications include mechanically entrapped compounds such as catenanes and rotaxanes, molecular switches and larger supramolecular structures
Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene)
Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene)
Cyclic oligosaccharide with 6 to 8 glucose units
mechanically interlocked molecular architectures, such as rotaxanes and catenanes. Illustrative, α-cyclodextrin form second-sphere coordination complex
Cyclodextrin
Study of mathematical knots
molecules and for describing topologically non‑trivial structures such as catenanes and molecular knots, where the knottedness of the molecular backbone influences
Knot_theory
Class of enzymes
rise to tertiary conformations of DNA, such as supercoils, knots and catenanes. Potential topological issues associated with the double-helical structure
Topoisomerase
Belgian chemist
showed how the ability of the two rings in [2]catenane to rotate alone each other enables [2]catenane to be used as a mechanical protecting group via
Guillaume_De_Bo
the rings in the Olympic symbol. Each pair of linked molecules forms a catenane, and Olympic gels may be considered a type of mechanically interlocked
Olympic_gel
British chemist and academic
understand the structure of supramolecular systems (e.g. rotaxanes and catenanes). She is generally considered as one of the world's leading crystallographers
Alexandra_Slawin
Modular approach to chemical synthesis
triazole ligation supramolecular chemistry: calixarenes, rotaxanes, and catenanes dendrimer design carbohydrate clusters and carbohydrate conjugation by
Click_chemistry
Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA topoisomerases
cleavage of single and double stranded DNA to relax supercoils, untangle catenanes, and condense chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. Topoisomerase inhibitors
Topoisomerase_inhibitor
Molecule with ability to reversibly switch states
delivered a switchable molecule based not on a rotaxane but on a related catenane. This compound is based on two ring systems: one ring holds the photoswichable
Molecular_switch
complex has been used to template the synthesis of a doubly-twisted [2]catenane (otherwise known as a Solomon Link). The unique arrangement of interwoven
Grid_complex
Type of chromosome
opposing replication forks leaves the completed chromosomes joined as 'catenanes' or topologically interlinked circles. The circles are not covalently
Circular_chromosome
Species of virus
E; Liljas, Lars (1 December 2003). "The Refined Structure of a Protein Catenane: The HK97 Bacteriophage Capsid at 3.44Å Resolution". Journal of Molecular
Bacteriophage_HK97
Chemical compound
neocuproine complexes have been widely studied, e.g. for the preparation of catenane and rotaxane complexes. The copper-catalyzed release of NO+ (nitrosonium)
Neocuproine
Nucleic acid nanomachine
produces long, repetitive RNA transcripts that remain attached to the DNA-catenane and are used to guide its directional walking along predefined ssDNA tracks
DNA_walker
synthesis of complex mechanically interlocked molecules (such as high-order catenanes) through purely thermodynamic self-assembly without kinetic trapping?
List of unsolved problems in chemistry
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_chemistry
Chemical compound
charge-transfer complexes with crown ethers, e.g., to give rotaxanes and catenanes. As another consequence of their planar structure and electron-acceptor
Naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide
Naphthalenetetracarboxylic_diimide
Branch of chemistry
Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include catenanes, rotaxanes, molecular knots, molecular Borromean rings, 2D [c2]daisy chain
Supramolecular_chemistry
Ionization technique
after oligonucleotide synthesis. Some synthetic macromolecules, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers, and other assemblies
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization
Molecule with a large ring structure
on the environment and thus influence the solubility. Cryptand Rotaxane Catenane Molecular knot Effective molarity Macrocyclic stereocontrol Macrocyclic
Macrocycle
Chemical compound
as in olympicene, and that a better likeness could be made using catenanes. A catenane-based olympic molecule was synthesized in 1994 by Fraser Stoddart
Olympicene
British scientific prize
pioneering contributions to the synthesis and applications of complex catenanes, rotaxanes and molecular knots that underpin the field of artificial molecular
Perkin Prize for Organic Chemistry
Perkin_Prize_for_Organic_Chemistry
Mobile genetic element found in prokaryotes
After resolution these two molecules remain linked as a simple two-noded catenane which can be easily separated in vivo by a type II topoisomerase (Grindley
Tn3_transposon
Ring molecule composed entirely of carbon atoms
Harry L. (14 Aug 2025). "Solution-phase stabilization of a cyclocarbon by catenane formation". Science. 389 (6761): 708–710. doi:10.1126/science.ady6054.
Cyclocarbon
Chemical compound
charge-transfer complexes with crown ethers, e.g. to give rotaxanes and catenanes. As another consequence of their planar structure and electron-acceptor
Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
Naphthalenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride
Scottish researcher
behavior. His group have also developed the first synthetic route to poly[n]catenanes and slide ring polycatenanes prepared biographene from biowaste has programs
Stuart_Rowan
Cytosine-rich quadruplex DNA structure
can be used to build more complex structures of interlocking DNA like catenanes and rotaxanes. This study emphasized that the manipulation of i-motif
I-motif_DNA
Italian chemist (born 1936)
Balzani; et al. (1992). "Molecular meccano. 1. [2]Rotaxanes and a [2]catenane made to order". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 114 (1): 193–218
Vincenzo_Balzani
The following is a partial list of the "D" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM)
List_of_MeSH_codes_(D02)
Type of notational prefix in chemical nomenclature
catenatriphosphazenes. Related compounds in organic chemistry are the catenanes. The notation sn stands for stereospecific numbering, and indicates a
Descriptor_(chemistry)
Branch of nanotechnology
Philip Kuekes, has developed molecular electronics based on rotaxanes and catenanes. Work is also occurring on the use of single-wall carbon nanotubes as
Molecular-scale_electronics
Area of research analysing the modification of carbon nanotubes
Emilio M. (2019). "Mechanically interlocked materials. Rotaxanes and catenanes beyond the small molecule". Chemical Society Reviews. 48 (19): 5016–5032
Carbon_nanotube_chemistry
Bacterial enzyme
Topoisomerase IV can unknot right-handed knots and decatenate right-handed catenanes without acting on right-handed plectonemes in negatively supercoiled DNA
Topoisomerase_IV
Gibson, Harry W.; Bheda, Mukesh C.; Engen, Paul T. (1994). "Rotaxanes, catenanes, polyrotaxanes, polycatenanes and related materials". Progress in Polymer
Polyrotaxane
Overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry
Fullerenes Porphyrins Mechanically-Interlocked Molecular Architectures Catenanes Olympiadanes Rotaxanes Monocyclic Arenes (Aromatics) Acetophenones Anilines
Outline_of_organic_chemistry
Software engineer and cryptographer
Koller, T.; Dubochet, J.; Stasiak, A. (1998). "Geometry and Physics of Catenanes Applied to the Study of DNA Replication". Biophysical Journal. 74 (6):
Ben_Laurie
American biophysicist
Cozzarelli's group on the structure and properties of supercoiled DNA and DNA catenanes. Levene's group has made both experimental and theoretical/computational
Stephen_D._Levene
Fujita, M.; Ogura, K (1996). "Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Macrocycles, Catenanes, and Cages through Coordination of Pyridine-Based Ligands to Transition
Coordination_cage
A. I. (2018-07-20). "High-throughput discovery of organic cages and catenanes using computational screening fused with robotic synthesis". Nature Communications
Organic_molecular_cages
British chemist
approaches have been particularly successful in preparing unpredictable Catenanes and other complex macrocycles including a molecular knot. Sanders has
Jeremy_Sanders
Chemical structures
externally. Special cyclic crosslinking is more attractive within rotaxanes or catenanes since cycles are already present in those molecules. The characterization
Topological_polymers
British chemist
Williams's report that "he delivered spoof lectures. One on the synthesis of catenanes began with serious chemistry and gradually — imperceptibly — became less
Ralph_Raphael
British academic (born 1943)
mechanisms of those CVD processes elucidated. He has also synthesised catenanes and metal-containing polymers by dynamic ring opening polymerisation.
Richard_J._Puddephatt
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