Search references for CHADIC LANGUAGES. Phrases containing CHADIC LANGUAGES
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Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 196 languages spoken across
Chadic_languages
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
The Afroasiatic languages (also known as the Afro-Asiatic, Afrasian, Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic languages) are a language family (or phylum) of
Afroasiatic_languages
Afro-Asiatic language branch of West Africa
West Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. They include Hausa, the most populous Chadic language and
West_Chadic_languages
Afro-Asiatic language branch
The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon. Speakers of various East Chadic languages are locally known as
East_Chadic_languages
languages of Nigeria are divided into Chadic, Semitic and Berber. Among these categories, Chadic languages predominate, with more than 700 languages.
Languages_of_Nigeria
Languages of the Afro-Asiatic family
or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon. A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed
Biu–Mandara_languages
Ethnic group of Nigeria
of the Benue–Congo languages which is almost completely submerged in a sea of Chadic languages [citation needed]. These languages include Ngas, Tel, Boghom
Tarok_people
Chadic language spoken in West Africa
a Chadic language spoken by over 94.5 million people in West Africa, primarily by the Hausa people in Niger (where it is the sole official language, having
Hausa_language
Chadic language of Nigeria
Bauchi. Ju shares language borders mostly with other West Chadic languages; Zangwal to the north, Tala to the northwest, the Polchi language cluster to the
Ju_language_(Chadic)
Reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic language family
Egyptian and Semitic languages, to as recently as the 19th and 20th centuries AD for many Chadic, Cushitic, and Omotic languages) mean that determining
Proto-Afroasiatic_language
The North Bauchi languages (also called the B.2 West Chadic or Warji languages) are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in Bauchi State,
North_Bauchi_languages
Chadic language family sub-branch
The South Bauchi languages (also called the B.3 West Chadic or Barawa languages) are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in Bauchi State
South_Bauchi_languages
West Chadic language group of Nigeria
The Ron, Ronic or Ron–Fyer languages, group A.4 of the West Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, are spoken in Plateau State, north-central
Ron_languages
Eastern Sudanic languages Tama Sungor Mararit Daju Semitic languages Chadian Arabic (co-official language of Chad) Chadic languages Bidiyo Buduma Dangaléat
Languages_of_Chad
West Chadic language of Nigeria
Pali is a West Chadic language of Nigeria. It was reported by Rudolf Leger. Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List
Pali_language_(Chadic)
The Masa languages are a group of closely related Chadic languages of southwestern Chad and northern Cameroon. The Masa languages listed in Blench (2006)
Masa_languages
Angas, Angas–Sura, or Central West Chadic languages (also known as A.3 West Chadic) are a branch of West Chadic languages spoken in Plateau State, north-central
Angas_languages
Cultural region in Kaduna State Nigeria
ethnolinguistic groups, who speak languages belonging to the Niger–Congo and West Chadic language groups. Below are the languages and dialects spoken by the
Southern_Kaduna
West Chadic language
The Bole–Tangale languages (also known as the A.2 West Chadic languages) are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in various states of northeastern
Bole–Tangale_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Berber languages
are cousins to the Egyptian language, Cushitic languages, Semitic languages, Chadic languages, and the Omotic languages. Proto-Berber shows features
Proto-Berber_language
Language isolate spoken in Chad
of its pronominal system borrowed from a Chadic language like Kera. Laal is grouped with the Chadic languages in an automated computational analysis (ASJP
Laal_language
Human Y chromosome DNA grouping
of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (7): 800–7. doi:10.1038/ejhg
Haplogroup_K-M9
Strip of land on the Nile valley between Nubia and Lower Egypt
Egypt, North Cameroon (some of whom spoke Chadic languages) and Ethiopia (some of whom spoke Kushitic languages). According to bioarchaeologist Nancy Lovell
Upper_Egypt
Bantu language group of Central Africa
influenced by Chadic languages, and particularly Hausa, due to contact. Perhaps due to contact with Chadic languages, Jarawan languages have "frozen"
Jarawan_languages
Question of the race of ancient Egyptians
Egypt, North Cameroon (some of whom spoke Chadic languages) and Ethiopia (some of whom spoke Kushitic languages). Biological anthropologist S.O.Y. Keita
Ancient Egyptian race controversy
Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy
of languages List of countries and territories by official language World language Languages used on the Internet Extinct language Official languages of
List of languages by total number of speakers
List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers
Type of vowel system
the Central Chadic languages. One of the best known cases is Margi, but the phenomenon has been documented in more than thirty languages of the group
Vertical_vowel_system
Ethnic group in Plateau State, Nigeria
the Hausa language (which belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family) or other Afroasiatic languages of Plateau State, which are Chadic languages. The Berom
Berom_people
estimated three hundred sign languages in use around the world today. The number is not known with any confidence; new sign languages emerge frequently through
List_of_sign_languages
Afro-Asiatic language of Nigeria
dialect clusters of the Zaar subgroup of the Barawa branch of the Chadic languages. The Polci dialects are Zul, Baram (Mbaram), Dir, Buli, Nyamzak/Langas
Polci_language
Afro-Asiatic language of Chad and Cameroon
most speakers of Chadic languages, Pévé speakers tend to be fluent in their language of heritage as well as the vehicular languages of their respective
Peve_language
West Chadic language spoken in Nigeria
Bade (also spelled Bede, Bedde, or Bode) is a West Chadic language spoken by the Bade people in Yobe State and Jigawa State, Nigeria. Their traditional
Bade_language
Extinct Chadic language of Cameroon
Zumaya is an extinct Chadic language once spoken in Cameroon. It is known only from a few words recorded from the last speaker. It may have been divergent
Zumaya_language
Chadic language branch of West Africa
The Hausa–Gwandara languages (also known as the A.1 West Chadic languages) of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. They
Hausa–Gwandara_languages
West Chadic language of Nigeria
Roger. 2017. Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages. Blench, Roger. 2004. Tarok and related languages of east-central Nigeria. Longtau, Selbut (25–26
Ngas_language
Afro-Asiatic language of Chad
Geuthner. Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 2005. Prefix and suffix conjugation in Chadic. In: Pelio Fronzaroli and Paolo Marrassini (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th
Bidiyo_language
Chadic language spoken in Cameroon
classification of Chadic Biu-Mandara. In Topics in Chadic Linguistics VI, Papers from the 5th Biennial International Colloquium on the Chadic Languages (pp. 67-84)
Baldemu_language
The Bade languages (also known as B.1 West Chadic or the Bade–Ngizim languages) are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in Borno State and
Bade_languages
Chadic language of Nigeria
language borders mostly with other West Chadic languages; Zangwal to the west, Ju to the southwest, Guruntum to the southeast, and the Gera language to
Tala_language
West Chadic language of Nigeria
purportedly West Chadic language of Bauchi State, Nigeria mentioned in Campbell & Hoskison (1972). However, not all "Chadic" languages mentioned in that
Poki_language
Nigerian language spoken in West Africa
Russeel G. Schuch; Yobe State Languages Research Project: aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/Karai-Karai Tikau & Yusuf
Karai-karai
Afroasiatic languages include Arabic (a Semitic language, and a recent arrival from West Asia), Somali (Cushitic), Berber (Berber), Hausa (Chadic), Amharic
Languages_of_Africa
Topics referred to by the same term
Kade Poki (born 1988), New Zealand rugby union player Poki language, a West Chadic language of Bauchi State, Nigeria Poki Ng (born 1991), Hong Kong singer
Poki
Afro-Asiatic language
2017. Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages. Sirlinger, Father E. 1937. Dictionary of the Goemai Language. Prefecture Apostolic of Jos. Typescript
Pan_language
Afro-Asiatic dialect cluster of Chad
(18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms) Sachnine, Michka (1982). Le Lamé
Ngeté-Herdé_language
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Chad
Mesmé is an Afro-Asiatic language of Chad. Zime (Djime) is a generic name. Mesmé at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) v t e v t e
Mesme_language
Chadic language spoken in Nigeria
a Chadic language spoken in Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs, Bauchi State, Nigeria. In 1993 it was spoken by about 15,000 people. Guruntum is a West Chadic language
Guruntum_language
Mountain range in Nigeria and Cameroon
883; 13.783). The region is densely populated, mainly by speakers of Chadic languages, including both the Mofu and the Kirdi ethnic groups. Extensive archaeological
Mandara_Mountains
West Chadic language
is a minor West Chadic language of Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria that was recently reported by Roger Blench. The language is not reported in
Kulung_language_(West_Chadic)
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria
area, Bure is surrounded by other Chadic languages such as Gera, Giiwo and Deno (Bole group). Compared to other languages of the same group (e.g. Bole or
Bure_language
This is a list of languages by number of native speakers. All such rankings of human languages ranked by their number of native speakers should be used
List of languages by number of native speakers
List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers
Ethnic group in West Africa
the Hausa and other modern Chadic-speaking populations originally spoke Nilo-Saharan languages, before adopting languages from the Afroasiatic family
Hausa_people
Period before the First Dynasty of Egypt
Egypt, North Cameroon (some of whom spoke Chadic languages) and Ethiopia (some of whom spoke Kushitic languages). Genetic analysis of a modern Upper Egyptian
Prehistoric_Egypt
Topics referred to by the same term
in Egypt. Additionally, it may refer to: Mandara languages is one of the group of Chadic languages Mandara Kingdom of Cameroon Mandara Mountains of Cameroon
Mandara
Extinct Afro-Asiatic language of Nigeria
Kubi (also known as Kuba, Kubawa) is an extinct Afro-Asiatic language formerly spoken in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Members of the ethnic group now speak Hausa
Kubi_language
Chadic language cluster spoken in Nigeria
Ekkehard (ed.), Topics in Chadic linguistics: papers from the 1st biennial international colloquium on the Chadic language family (Leipzig, July 5-8,
Ron_language
Topics referred to by the same term
languages (Cameroon), a Niger–Congo language or languages of Cameroon Fali of Baissa, an unclassified Niger–Congo language of Nigeria Various Chadic languages
Fali
Locations where civilization emerged
people living in the Mandara mountains speaking Chadic languages, and the Ethiopians speaking Kushitic languages, prior to Ge’ez being spread throughout the
Cradle_of_civilization
Language isolate of north-central Tanzania
of the Afroasiatic languages. A lexicostatistical proposal for Hadza as a member of the family, perhaps particularly close to Chadic, was criticized by
Hadza_language
Afro-Asiatic language of central Chad
Moubi) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad. It forms one of the Mubi languages, a group of East Chadic languages.[citation needed] Mubi speakers
Mubi_language
Chadic language of south central Chad
(also referred to as Baraïn, Barayin, Guilia, Jalkia or Jalkiya) is a Chadic language spoken in south central Chad. Baraïn is spoken by 6,000 people living
Barein_language
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria
also known as Bolanchi, Ampikka, Bopikka, Bolewa, Bolawa) is a West Chadic language spoken in Nigeria. Dialects include Bara and Fika, spoken in the Fika
Bole_language
Afro-Asiatic language of Nigeria
a separate language. Jimi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms) v t e v t e
Jimi_language_(Nigeria)
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria
endangered Afro-Asiatic language spoken in a few villages in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge:
Ɓeele_language
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria
Mburku or Burku is an Afro-Asiatic language belonging to the West-Chadic subgroup of the Chadic languages. It is estimated to be spoken by 7,000-10,000
Mburku_language
Chadic languages spoken in Nigeria
is an endangered Chadic dialect cluster of Nigeria, whose speakers are shifting to Hausa. Dyarim is closely related. The Zeem language is spoken in Toro
Zeem_language
Chadic language spoken in Chad
(subscription required) Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms) Chadic Newsletter Caprile, Jean-Pierre (1975). "Lexique
Tumak_language
Chadic language spoken in Nigeria
West Chadic language of Nigeria. Dera at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed
Kanakuru_language
Chadic language spoken in Nigeria
Yobe Languages Research Project. p. vii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2016. Duwai language resources from UCLA Duwai language dictionary
Ɗuwai_language
River in Central Africa
populated by diverse speakers of the Chadic languages, Adamawa languages, Ubangian languages, Bongo-Bagirmi languages. Oubangui-Chari Chari–Baguirmi Region
Chari_River
Chadic dialect cluster of Chad
Gabri, sometimes disambiguated from related languages also called "Gabri" as Southern Gabri, is an East Chadic dialect cluster spoken in the Tandjilé Region
Southern_Gabri_language
Phonetic feature
of grammarians of the time). In a few languages, including Skolt Sami and many of the Central Chadic languages, palatalization is a suprasegmental feature
Palatalization_(phonetics)
Afro-Asiatic language of Chad
Mire, or Mulgi, is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the southwestern Chadian prefectures of Tandjile Prefecture and Lai Prefecture. Most of the speakers
Mire_language
Chadic language spoken in Nigeria
endonym Bùù, is a Chadic language spoken in the South of Bauchi State, in Nigeria, belonging to the South-Bauchi West group of Chadic languages (Shimizu 1978)
Geji_language
West Chadic language
Chadic language spoken in Plateau State, Nigeria. It was reported by Roger Blench in 2017. Jibyal most likely belongs to the Pan cluster of languages
Jibyal_language
History of African people in the Roman Empire
people living in the Mandara mountains speaking Chadic languages, and the Ethiopians speaking Kushitic languages, prior to Ge'ez being spread throughout the
Black people in ancient Roman history
Black_people_in_ancient_Roman_history
Unclassified language of eastern Chad and western Sudan
conservative language transitional between Chadic and Cushitic. The language had been classified as a member of the Mubi subgroup of East Chadic by Paul Newman;
Kujargé_language
German linguist
of Africa, including Goemai and other Chadic languages, Katla, Tabaq, and Zaghawa, as well as the Qaqet language of Papua New Guinea. A major focus of
Birgit_Hellwig
Cradle of civilization in North Africa
Afro-Asiatic languages such as the Chadic languages of west and central Africa, the Cushitic languages of northeast Africa, and the Ethio-Semitic languages, which
Ancient_Egypt
State of Nigeria
Proto-Central Chadic: the reconstruction of the phonology and lexicon of Proto-Central Chadic, and the linguistic history of the Central Chadic languages (Doctoral
Borno_State
Afro-Asiatic language
The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms) Blench, Roger. 2017. Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages. Blench, Roger
Tal_language
Language
to Mantsi, a South Bauchi language of Central Nigeria. Shimizu, Kiyoshi 1978. The Southern Bauchi Group of Chadic Languages: A survey report. Coll. Africana
Mantsi_language_(Nigeria)
Desert on the African continent
people living in the Mandara mountains speaking Chadic languages, and the Ethiopians speaking Kushitic languages, prior to Ge'ez being spread throughout the
Sahara
West Chadic language
Gwandara is a West Chadic language, and the closest relative of Hausa. Its several dialects are spoken in northern Nigeria, predominantly in the north
Gwandara_language
Afro-Asiatic language of Chad
Toram (also known as Torom and Torum) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad. Speakers have shifted to Chadian Arabic. Toram at Ethnologue
Toram_language
Chadic language spoken in Central Africa
Lagwan (Logone) is a Chadic language spoken in northern Cameroon and southwestern Chad. Dialects include Logone-Birni and Logone-Gana. Lagwan is spoken
Lagwan_language
Chadic language
Yedina, also known as Buduma (Boudouma), is a Chadic language of the Biu–Mandara branch spoken around Lake Chad in western Chad and neighbouring Cameroon
Yedina_language
Chadic (Afro-Asiatic) language
additional languages. Due to influence from Plateau languages, Ywom has various phonological features that are considered unusual for a West Chadic language, such
Yiwom_language
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria
Gadaka. Ngamo is a member of the West Branch of Chadic and is hence related to Hausa, the dominant language throughout northern Nigeria. Ngamo's closest
Ngamo_language
Plateau language of Nigeria
1314325 Blench, Roger (2022). Contact between West Chadic and Plateau languages: new evidence languages: new evidence. 11-12 November 2022, presentation
Rigwe_language
Afro-Asiatic language of Nigeria
to children. Jarawa language (Nigeria) Gera at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge:
Gera_language
Western Chadic language of Nigeria
Goji, also Kushi or Chong'e, is a West Chadic language of Nigeria. Batic, Gian Claudio (2017). "A Kushi-English-Hausa Wordlist". Linguistic Discovery
Goji_language
Extinct Afro-Asiatic language of Nigeria
Ethnologue (13th ed., 1996). Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation. v t e v t
Teshenawa_language
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Chad
Mogum or Mogoum is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in south central Chad. Speakers are found in Sorki canton in Chinguil sub-prefecture. Mogum at Ethnologue
Mogum_language
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Chad
Gadang is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in southwestern Chad. Gadang at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) v t e v t e
Gadang_language
Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Chad
Palatalization and Labialization in Mawa (Eastern Chadic). In: Rothmaler, Eva (ed.), Topics in Chadic Linguistics V, 129–140. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. Roberts
Mawa_language
Afroasiatic language
List (ms) "Tehl". Ethnologue. SIL Global. Retrieved 18 December 2025. Blench, Roger. 2017. Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages. v t e v t e
Montol_language
Chadic language spoken in Nigeria and Cameroon
Kamwe (also spelt Kamue) natively known as Vecemwe is a Chadic language native to Adamawa State and Borno State of Nigeria as well as to North-Western
Kamwe_language
West Chadic language
West Chadic language of Nigeria. Pero at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed
Pero_language
LGA and town in Plateau State, Nigeria
census. The postal code of the area is 940. The Goemai language and many other West Chadic languages are spoken in Shendam LGA. Shendam LGA has an average
Shendam
CHADIC LANGUAGES
CHADIC LANGUAGES
Male
Hebrew
(חֲדַד) Hebrew name CHADAD means "mighty" or "sharpness." In the bible, this is the name of one of the twelve sons of Ishmael. Also spelled Hadad.
Female
Hebrew
Pet form of Hebrew Channah, CHANI means "favor; grace."
Male
Welsh
Welsh name derived from the word cad, CADOC means "battle."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
She was a Slave of Musa Al-hadi and Haroon Rashid
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Chaggiy, CHAGI means "festive."Â
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Latin
Chalice
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Gracious
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, CHADWICK means "Ceadda's dairy farm."
Boy/Male
Latin
Chalice.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places called Chadwick, in Merseyside (formerly in Lancashire), Warwickshire, and two in Worcestershire. One of the places in Worcestershire and the one in Warwickshire are named as ‘the dairy farm (Old English wīc) of Ceadel’. The other in Worcestershire and the one in Merseyside are named as ‘Ceadda’s dairy farm’. Ceadda was the name of a famous Anglo-Saxon bishop, St. Chad.
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Chayyim, CHAYIM means "life."
Female
French
French name CADICE means "chief."
Female
English
English name derived from the word, chalice, from Latin calix, CHALICE means "cup."
Female
English
Latin form of Greek Kharis, CHARIS means "charm, grace, kindness."Â In mythology, this is the singular form of plural Kharites (Charites), a name for the goddesses of charm.
Male
Hebrew
(הֲדַר) Variant spelling of Hebrew Hadar, CHADAR means "honor." In the bible, this is the name of an Edomite king.Â
Boy/Male
Australian
Capricorn
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Indian
Place Name; The Fighter's Settlement; From the Warrior's Town; Variant of Chad; Protector; Defender; Warrior
Female
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Chaniya, CHANIA means "encampment, resting place."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Chadwick.
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Chayim, CHAIM means "life."
CHADIC LANGUAGES
CHADIC LANGUAGES
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Waring.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Aakanksh | ஆகாஂகà¯à®·
Hope
Male
German
Variant form of Norman German Huncberct, possibly HUNBEORHT means "bright support."
Male
Hebrew
(בְּתוּ×ֵל) Hebrew name BETHUW'EL means "God destroys" or "man of God." In the bible, this is the name of a town and also the name of the father of Rebecca.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Lord of Mount Kedara
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servant of the kind one.
Boy/Male
American, British, Danish, English, French, Swedish
Infamous; Noble Man
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sensitive
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
One who is Requested
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Teutonic
Peaceful Ruler; Good Counsellor; Elf; Power
CHADIC LANGUAGES
CHADIC LANGUAGES
CHADIC LANGUAGES
CHADIC LANGUAGES
CHADIC LANGUAGES
v. t.
To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog.
a.
Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cadmium; as, cadmic sulphide.
a.
Pertaining to, or derived from, the cod (Gadus); -- applied to an acid obtained from cod-liver oil, viz., gadic acid.
v. t.
To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.
a.
Partially chaotic.
n.
See Chalice.
n.
The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as, to address the chair.
v. t.
To place in a chair.
a.
Choric; choral.
n.
A chair mounted on rockers, in which one may rock.
v. t.
To carry publicly in a chair in triumph.
n.
A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as, a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas.
n.
That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as, the chains of habit.
v. t.
To measure with the chain.