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See searches and references containing AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES!AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
The Afroasiatic languages (also known as the Afro-Asiatic, Afrasian, Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic languages) are a language family (or phylum) of
Afroasiatic_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic language family
modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. Though estimates vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12
Proto-Afroasiatic_language
Hypothetical linguistic homeland
communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into separate distinct languages. Afroasiatic languages are today mostly distributed
Proto-Afroasiatic_homeland
Branch of Afroasiatic native to East Africa
The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic
Cushitic_languages
Language family of Ethiopia and Sudan
Omotic languages are generally considered the most divergent branch of the Afroasiatic languages, but both their internal unity and their Afroasiatic affiliation
Omotic_languages
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 196 languages spoken across
Chadic_languages
Family of languages and dialects Indigenous to North Africa
Tifinagh letters. The Berber languages (also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight) are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They comprise a
Berber_languages
population. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya and Agaw languages, as well as the
Languages_of_Ethiopia
a whole, and the country contains languages from the three major purported African language families: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo. Nigeria
Languages_of_Nigeria
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They include Arabic, Amharic, Tigrinya, Aramaic, Hebrew, Maltese, Modern South Arabian
Semitic_languages
Austronesian, Japonic, Dravidian, Indo-European, Afroasiatic, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan, Kra–Dai and Koreanic. Many languages of Asia, such as Chinese, Persian, Sanskrit
Languages_of_Asia
speak languages belonging to the Semitic branch of the latter Afroasiatic family, with the Hindustani and British residents speaking languages from the
Languages_of_Kenya
Obsolete language hypothesis
the linguistic community. Nostratic languages Afroasiatic languages Indo-European languages Indo-Uralic languages Cuny, Albert (1943). "Recherches sur
Indo-Semitic_languages
Extinct language in Egypt
oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic languages in
Egyptian_language
In addition, the languages of Africa include several unclassified languages and sign languages. The earliest Afroasiatic languages are associated with
Languages_of_Africa
Reconstructed ancestor of the Berber languages
proto-language from which the modern Berber languages descend. Proto-Berber was an Afroasiatic language, and thus its descendant Berber languages are cousins
Proto-Berber_language
Proposed superfamily of Eurasian and African languages
controversial Ural-Altaic family, as well as the Afroasiatic languages and the hypothetical Elamo-Dravidian languages. The Nostratic hypothesis originated with
Nostratic_languages
Proposed group of Semitic languages
Semitic languages. They are therefore of the Semitic phylum of the Afroasiatic language family. The group is spoken across much of the Arabian peninsula
Central_Semitic_languages
Proposed Semitic branch of south Arabia and East Africa
Semitic is a putative branch of the Semitic languages, which form a branch of the larger Afroasiatic language family, found in (North and East) Africa and
South_Semitic_languages
Consonant roots in Semitic languages
of quadriliterals, and in some languages also biliterals). Such roots are also common in other Afroasiatic languages. While Berber mostly has triconsonantal
Semitic_root
Extinct language
aspects of the language that are secure) are similar to those of the Afroasiatic languages, and dissimilar from Nilo-Saharan languages. For example, she
Meroitic_language
official language, is sometimes used for working, education and administration. The languages fall into two families: Afroasiatic languages, namely Hassaaniya
Languages_of_Mauritania
Cushitic language of the Horn of Africa
the Afroasiatic family, specifically, Lowland East Cushitic in addition to Afar and Saho. Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages, with
Somali_language
Family of languages spoken in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan
Semitic, part of the Afroasiatic language family. With 57,500,000 total speakers as of 2019, including around 25,100,000 second language speakers, Amharic
Ethio-Semitic_languages
Proposed family of Native African languages
The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed linguistic family consisting of around 210 Native African languages spoken by somewhere around 70 million speakers
Nilo-Saharan_languages
Language family native to Eurasia
Semitic languages, which belong to the Afroasiatic language family. The analysis of the family relationships between the Indo-European languages, and the
Indo-European_languages
People from Eritrea and its diaspora
Ethiopian people of Eritrean descent Most languages spoken in Eritrea are from the Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan language family. Tigrinya Tigre Dahalik Arabic
Eritreans
Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages
and even there there are doubts that some of the peripheral languages are actually Afroasiatic. Khoisan has been completely abandoned, the two major branches
Language_isolate
Branch of Cushitic native to the Horn of Africa and Kenya
The East Cushitic languages are a branch of Cushitic within the Afroasiatic phylum. Prominent East Cushitic languages include Afar, Oromo, and Somali
East_Cushitic_languages
Northwest Semitic language
Hebrew is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the
Hebrew_language
Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea
Tigrigna, is an Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is primarily spoken by the
Tigrinya_language
Outdated grouping of human beings
(monophyletic) phylogenetic unit of their own, separate from other Afroasiatic languages, linguists no longer use the term in this sense. Each of these branches
Hamites
Hypothetical reconstructed proto-language
Semitic language family is considered part of the broader macro-family of Afroasiatic languages. The earliest attestations of any Semitic language are in
Proto-Semitic_language
Ethnolinguistic group native to northern Sudan and southern Egypt
argues, are similar to those of the Afroasiatic languages and dissimilar from those of the Nilo-Saharan languages. Claude Rilly proposes, based on its
Nubians
Topics referred to by the same term
Proto-Afroasiatic may refer to Proto-Afroasiatic language, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Afroasiatic languages Proto-Afroasiatic homeland,
Proto-Afroasiatic
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
southeast), most languages spoken in the Senegambia (among them Wolof, Serer and Cangin languages), and Fulani. The Afroasiatic languages include both tonal
Tone_(linguistics)
Latest stage of the Egyptian language
dormant Afroasiatic language. It is a group of closely related Egyptian dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and
Coptic_language
Structured system of communication
people speak the Afroasiatic languages, which include the populous Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew language, and the languages of the Sahara region
Language
Cushitic language
Oromo is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch, primarily spoken by the Oromo people, native to the Ethiopian state of Oromia and northern
Oromo_language
Cushitic ethnic group
Kenya. They speak the Oromo language (also called Afaan Oromoo), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are one of
Oromo_people
languages of the Roman Empire, but other languages were regionally important. Latin was the original language of the Romans and remained the language
Languages_of_the_Roman_Empire
Continent
African languages, but one or more European ones as well.[further explanation needed] There are four major groups indigenous to Africa: The Afroasiatic languages
Africa
Afro-Asiatic dialect continuum
Berber languages are a dialect continuum spoken across the Maghreb, constituting a subgroup of the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
Northern_Berber_languages
Proposed language family
Eurasia, as well as the Afroasiatic languages of North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and the Eskimo–Aleut and the Na-Dene languages of the New World. Murray
Borean_languages
Ancient Sudanese kingdom
speakers—spoke Afroasiatic languages. Claude Rilly (2010, 2016) on the other hand, suggests that the Kerma peoples spoke Nilo-Saharan languages of the Eastern
Kerma_culture
pharyngeals and epiglottals (they are otherwise restricted to Afroasiatic languages and the languages of the Caucasus). Ejective consonants are also common in
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas
American linguist (1915–2001)
from comparison because they are single languages rather than language families) and in excluding Afroasiatic. At about this time, Russian Nostraticists
Joseph_Greenberg
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780521865333. Speakers of Semitic languages, which
Abjad
Yoruba, and Zulu, as well as into other languages within the countries where these languages are spoken. Some languages such as Maltese and Nubi outright derive
Influence of Arabic on other languages
Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
Feature of language
Hittite Hopi Ijoid languages Itelmen Japonic languages (Japanese, Hachijō, Ryukyuan languages) Kherwarian languages Koreanic languages (Korean, Jeju) Classical
Subject–object–verb word order
Subject–object–verb_word_order
Afro-Asiatic language native to the Horn of Africa
Afar, also known as ’Afar af, Qafar af, or عَفَر أَف, is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch, primarily spoken by the Afar people
Afar_language
Archaeological culture of the Epipalaeolithic Levant
the Levant Neolithic, and may be associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages. The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have
Natufian_culture
Group of South Semitic languages of Arabia and Socotra
Ethiosemitic and Sayhadic languages, the Western branch, they form the South Semitic sub-branch of the Afroasiatic language family's Semitic branch. Mehri
Modern_South_Arabian
Omotic dialect cluster of Ethiopia
Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Hayward, Richard J. 2003. 'Omotic: the "empty quarter" of Afroasiatic linguistics'
Ometo_languages
Somali language of Somalia
Dabarre (also known as Af-Dabarre) is a Somali language spoken by the Dabarre and Ciroole, both sub-clans of the Digil clan family of Somalis inhabiting
Dabarre_language
Cushitic languages in Ethiopia and Eritrea
The Agaw or Central Cushitic languages are Afroasiatic languages spoken by several groups in Ethiopia and, in one case, Eritrea. They form the main substratum
Agaw_languages
Language isolate of north-central Tanzania
needed] Several parallels have been collected with many of the Afroasiatic languages. A lexicostatistical proposal for Hadza as a member of the family
Hadza_language
Peninsula and geopolitical region
spoken Ethio-semitic languages are: Amharic with ~32 million speakers, and Tigrinya with ~10 million speakers. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant
Horn_of_Africa
Country in the Horn of Africa
population. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya and Agaw languages, as well as the
Ethiopia
Chadic language spoken in West Africa
belongs to the West Chadic languages subgroup of the Chadic languages group, which in turn is part of the Afroasiatic language family. Native speakers of
Hausa_language
Cushitic language of Northeast Africa
Beja (Bidhaawyeet or Tubdhaawi) is an Afroasiatic language of the Cushitic branch spoken on the western coast of the Red Sea by the Beja people. Its speakers
Beja_language
Religious declaration of affirmation
the word is derived, is common to a number of languages in the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages, including biblical Aramaic. Meanings of the
Amen
Culture centered in the Maghreb that lasted from about 9000 to 5400 cal BC
modern speakers of the Afroasiatic languages, historical linguists have tentatively associated the industry with the Afroasiatic family's earliest speakers
Capsian
Dictionary discusses the etymology of the words listed
Etymological Dictionary (1978-2017) by Belarusian Academy of Sciences [11] – Afroasiatic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al. [12] – Arabic Etymological
Etymological_dictionary
Group of Cushitic languages of East Africa
Nilo-Saharan language, traces of which still remain. However, Fleming (2006) considers it to be an independent branch of Afroasiatic. Languages of Ethiopia
Lowland East Cushitic languages
Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages
Afro-Asiatic language spoken by Sidama people in Ethiopia
Sidama or Sidaamu Afoo is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Highland East Cushitic branch of the Cushitic family. It is spoken in parts of southern
Sidama_language
Language of the Mandaean religion and community
Babylonian Aramaic North Eastern Aramaic Akkadian language Samaritan Aramaic language Western Aramaic languages Mandaic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription
Mandaic_language
Semitic language spoken mostly in Malta
Semitic language) instead of Siculo-Arabic, and others arguing it is one of the Berber languages (another language family within Afroasiatic). Implausibly
Maltese_language
American historian and linguist
Afroasiatic consonant system towards the language families that had been considered, thereby artificially justifying the premise that those languages
Christopher_Ehret
Berber language of southwestern Morocco
phonologically long: Evidence from Tagnawt, a secret language used by women". Brill's Annual of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics. 2 (1): 204. doi:10
Shilha_language
Word meaning "father" in Semitic languages
Akkadian abu), sometimes Abba, means "father" in most Semitic and Afroasiatic languages. ’Ab (أَب), from a theoretical, abstract form (آبَاءٌ ʼabaʼun) (triliteral
Ab_(Semitic)
Afroasiatic language branch of Ethiopia
Highland East Cushitic or Burji-Sidamo is a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in south-central Ethiopia. They are often grouped with Lowland
Highland East Cushitic languages
Highland_East_Cushitic_languages
Semitic-speaking ethnic group in the Horn of Africa
language, a member of the South Ethiopic grouping within the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic languages. The Harla people, an extinct Afroasiatic-speaking
Harari_people
languages spoken in Ethiopia; meanwhile, Ethnologue lists 90 individual languages spoken in the country. Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic
Demographics_of_Ethiopia
Central Semitic language
Arabic is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization
Arabic
Region of the Middle East
that the language family emerged from the Fertile Crescent as early as 6000 BCE Egyptian: a stand-alone branch of the Afroasiatic languages confined to
Fertile_Crescent
Modern South Arabian language
most spoken language of the MSAL group, a subgroup of the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. It is one of six distinct languages within the MSAL
Mehri_language
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC
the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language families. It is an agglutinative language. In other
Sumer
Cushitic ethnic group native to Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea
some speak the Beja language, known as Bidhaawyeet or Tubdhaawi in that language. It belongs to the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. Cohen noted
Beja_people
Extinct language of the Canary Islands
was likely a Berber language, or at least genealogically related to the Berber languages to some extent as an Afroasiatic language. However, recognizable
Guanche_language
small families and language isolates, as well as languages that have yet to be classified. In addition, the Afroasiatic languages are spread throughout
Demographics_of_Africa
that Niger has between 8 and 20 indigenous languages, belonging to the Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Niger–Congo families – the discrepancy stems from the
Languages_of_Niger
Ethio-Semitic language
Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amhara
Amharic
Research institute in Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Semitic (and other major Afroasiatic) languages and cultures. Its work seeks especially to highlight the contribution of Afroasiatic peoples to world civilization
Institute_of_Semitic_Studies
Grammatical case
other ways to indicate a genitive construction. For example, many Afroasiatic languages place the head noun (rather than the modifying noun) in the construct
Genitive_case
Neo-Aramaic varieties
language historically, split ergativity in Christian and Jewish Neo-Aramaic languages developed through interaction with ergative Iranian languages,
Suret_language
ethnolinguistic groupings (see unclassified languages of Africa). The origin of the Afroasiatic languages remains disputed, with some proposing a Middle
Genetic_history_of_Africa
Hypothetical reconstructed proto-language
The Cushitic languages are a branch of the broader Afroasiatic macro-family. Christopher Ehret argues for a unified Proto-Cushitic language in the Red Sea
Proto-Cushitic_language
Northern Berber language subgroup of Morocco
The Atlas languages are a subgroup of the Northern Berber languages of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in the Atlas Mountains and Rif Mountains
Atlas_languages
Region
of 2016. In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including languages of the family's Cushitic (such as Beja, Oromo and
East_Africa
This is a list of languages by number of native speakers. All such rankings of human languages ranked by their number of native speakers should be used
List of languages by number of native speakers
List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers
Ethnic group in West Africa
Chadic-speaking populations originally spoke Nilo-Saharan languages, before adopting languages from the Afroasiatic family after migration into that area thousands
Hausa_people
Country in the Horn of Africa
the majority of the population. Both speak a language of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. Djibouti is near some of the world's busiest
Djibouti
Period of the Egyptian language
Demotiс Egyptian language was the state of the Egyptian language from the seventh century BC to the fifth century AD. The formation and development of
Demotic_Egyptian_language
Country in the Horn of Africa
the three working languages. Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family, either from the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches
Eritrea
Irregular plural forms in Semitic and other Afroasiatic languages
noun or adjective found in the Semitic languages and other Afroasiatic languages such as the Berber languages. Broken plurals are formed by changing the
Broken_plural
Sino-Tibetan languages 21% (East Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, and South Asia) Niger–Congo languages 6.4% (Sub-Saharan Africa) Afroasiatic languages 6.0% (North
Demographics_of_the_world
Uralic languages, while Maltese is the only Afroasiatic language with official status in the EU.[citation needed] Most official EU languages are written
Languages of the European Union
Languages_of_the_European_Union
American geneticist (born 1974)
Ethiopia and Somalia, particularly speakers of Afroasiatic languages, could support a diffusion of these languages from the Middle East. Reich has developed
David_Reich_(geneticist)
Articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time
Consonant length is a distinctive feature in certain languages, such as Japanese. Other languages, such as Modern Greek, do not have word-internal phonemic
Gemination
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the female personal name Elizabeth. Compare Hibbs 2.English : nickname for someone with very fair hair or skin, from Middle English, Old English lilie ‘lily’ (Latin lilium). The Italian equivalent Giglio was used as a personal name in the Middle Ages. In English and other languages there has also been some confusion with forms of Giles.English : habitational name from places called Lilley, in Hertfordshire and Berkshire. The Hertfordshire place was named in Old English as ‘flax-glade’, from līn ‘flax’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’. The Berkshire name is from Old English Lillinglēah ‘wood associated with Lilla’, an Old English personal name.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás)
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás) : from a medieval personal name, which comes from the Hebrew male personal name Yona, meaning ‘dove’. In the book of the Bible which bears his name, Jonah was appointed by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh, but tried to flee instead to Tarshish. On the voyage to Tarshish, a great storm blew up, and Jonah was thrown overboard by his shipmates to appease God’s wrath, swallowed by a great fish, and delivered by it on the shores of Nineveh. This story exercised a powerful hold on the popular imagination in medieval Europe, and the personal name was a relatively common choice. The Hebrew name and its reflexes in other languages (for example Yiddish Yoyne) have been popular Jewish personal names for generations. There are also saints, martyrs, and bishops called Jonas venerated in the Orthodox Church. Ionas is found as a Greek family name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : respelling of Yonis, with Yiddish possessive -s.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish (of Norman origin)
Scottish (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of various places in northern France named with Old Norse hagi ‘enclosure’, a word with cognates in most Germanic languages. Compare Hay.English : variant spelling of Haigh.Irish (County Cavan) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Thaidhg (see McCaig).
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements haim, heim ‘home’ + rīc ‘power’,
‘ruler’, introduced to England by the Normans in the form
Henri. During the Middle Ages this name became enormously
popular in England and was borne by eight kings. Continental forms of
the personal name were equally popular throughout Europe (German
Heinrich, French Henri, Italian Enrico and
Arrigo, Czech Jindřich, etc.). As an American family
name, the English form Henry has absorbed patronymics and many
other derivatives of this ancient name in continental European
languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.) In the period in
which the majority of English surnames were formed, a common English
vernacular form of the name was Harry, hence the surnames
Harris (southern) and Harrison (northern). Official
documents of the period normally used the Latinized form
Henricus. In medieval times, English Henry absorbed an
originally distinct Old English personal name that had hagan
‘hawthorn’. Compare Hain 2 as its first element, and there has
also been confusion with Amery.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hInnéirghe ‘descendant of
Innéirghe’, a byname based on éirghe
‘arising’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac ÉinrÃ
or Mac Einri, patronymics from the personal names
ÉinrÃ, Einri, Irish forms of Henry. It is
also found as a variant of McEnery.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of various like-sounding Ashkenazic Jewish names.A bearer of the name from the Touraine region of France is
documented in Quebec city in 1667. Another (also called
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from the personal name John. As an American family name, Johnson has absorbed patronymics and many other derivatives of this name in continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)Johnson is the second most frequent surname in the U.S. It was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. : from the Latin personal name Lucas (Greek Loukas) ‘man from Lucania’. Lucania is a region of southern Italy thought to have been named in ancient times with a word meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’. Compare Lucio. The Christian name owed its enormous popularity throughout Europe in the Middle Ages to St. Luke the Evangelist, hence the development of this surname and many vernacular derivatives in most of the languages of Europe. Compare Luke. This is also found as an Americanized form of Greek Loukas.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Lùcais (see McLucas).As a French name Lucas has been recorded in Canada since 1653, taken to Trois Rivières, Quebec, by one Lucas-Lépine from Normandy.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jacob. As an American surname this name has absorbed cognates from other languages, for example Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch Jacobsen and Swedish Jacobsson.
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Léonard)
English and French (Léonard) : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements leo ‘lion’ (a late addition to the vocabulary of Germanic name elements, taken from Latin) + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was taken to England by the Normans. A saint of this name, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th century, but about whom nothing is known except for a largely fictional life dating from half a millennium later, was popular throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages and was regarded as the patron of peasants and horses.Irish (Fermanagh) : adopted as an English equivalent of Gaelic Mac Giolla Fhionáin or of Langan.Americanized form of Italian Leonardo or cognate forms in other European languages.The French Léonard family were at Château Richer, Quebec, by 1698, having come from Maine, France.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a personal name that was popular throughout Christendom in the Middle Ages. The Greek original, Grēgorios, is a derivative of grēgorein ‘to be awake’, ‘to be watchful’. However, the Latin form, Gregorius, came to be associated by folk etymology with grex, gregis, ‘flock’, ‘herd’, under the influence of the Christian image of the good shepherd. The Greek name was borne in the early Christian centuries by two fathers of the Orthodox Church, St. Gregory Nazianzene (c. 325–390) and St. Gregory of Nyssa (c. 331–395), and later by sixteen popes, starting with Gregory the Great (c. 540–604). It was also the name of 3rd- and 4th-century apostles of Armenia. In North America the English form of the name has absorbed many cognates from other European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English, French, and German
English, French, and German : from the vernacular form of the Hebrew personal name Yehuda ‘Judah’ (of unknown meaning). In the Bible, this is the name of Jacob’s eldest son. It was not a popular name among Christians in medieval Europe, because of the associations it had with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Among Jews, however, the Hebrew name and its reflexes in various Jewish languages (such as Yiddish Yude) have been popular for generations, and have given rise to many Jewish surnames.French : name for a Jew, Old French jude (Latin Iudaeus, Greek Ioudaios, from Hebrew Yehudi ‘member of the tribe of Judah’).English : from a pet form of Jordan.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : patronymic from Jack 1. As an American surname this has absorbed other patronymics beginning with J- in various European languages.This extremely common British name was brought over by numerous different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. One forebear was the father and namesake of the seventh U.S. president, Andrew Jackson, who migrated to SC from Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland in 1765. The Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson came from VA, where his great-grandfather John, likewise of Scotch–Irish stock, had settled after emigrating to America in 1748.
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jon(e) (see John). The surname is especially common in Wales and southern central England. In North America this name has absorbed various cognate and like-sounding surnames from other languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Telugu
God
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Grime.
Boy/Male
English
Lives by the stony road.
Boy/Male
Sikh
One who preaches and counsels
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Giver of Happiness; Giver of Joy
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
The Comedy of Errors' Duke of Ephesus.
Girl/Female
Hindu
So sweet, Happiness
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bigelow.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Hopeful
Girl/Female
Hindu
Long practice, Study, Fulfilment
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES
v. t.
To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages.
n.
The group of allied languages spoken by the Slavs.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or designating, an extensive family of languages of simple structure and low grade (called also Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Scythian), spoken in the northern parts of Europe and Asia and Central Asia; of pertaining to, or designating, the people who speak these languages.
n.
Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc.
a.
Containing, or consisting of, three languages; expressed in three languages.
a.
Of or pertaining to the Urals and the Altai; as the Ural-Altaic, or Turanian, languages.
n.
A change of the natural order of words in a sentence; as, the Latin and Greek languages admit transposition, without inconvenience, to a much greater extent than the English.
superl.
Applied to forms in Anglo-Saxon, etc., which retain the old declensional endings. In the Teutonic languages the vowel stems have held the original endings most firmly, and are called strong; the stems in -n are called weak other constant stems conform, or are irregular.
n.
One of the three surd mutes /, /, /; -- so called in relation to their respective middle letters, or medials, /, /, /, and their aspirates, /, /, /. The term is also applied to the corresponding letters and articulate elements in other languages.
n.
The language of the ancient Germans; the Teutonic languages, collectively.
n.
A sound, of consonantal character, made with a rapid succession of partial or entire intermissions, by the vibration of some one part of the organs in the mouth -- tongue, uvula, epiglottis, or lip -- against another part; as, the r is a trill in most languages.
n.
The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages).
n.
Same as Tsetse. U () the twenty-first letter of the English alphabet, is a cursive form of the letter V, with which it was formerly used interchangeably, both letters being then used both as vowels and consonants. U and V are now, however, differentiated, U being used only as a vowel or semivowel, and V only as a consonant. The true primary vowel sound of U, in Anglo-Saxon, was the sound which it still retains in most of the languages of Europe, that of long oo, as in tool, and short oo, as in wood, answering to the French ou in tour. Etymologically U is most closely related to o, y (vowel), w, and v; as in two, duet, dyad, twice; top, tuft; sop, sup; auspice, aviary. See V, also O and Y.
a.
Expressing a phrase or sentence in a single word, -- as is the case in the aboriginal languages of America.
a.
Of or pertaining to any of the Teutonic languages, or the peoples who speak these languages.
n.
The language of Hindostan; the name given by Europeans to the most generally spoken of the modern Aryan languages of India. It is Hindi with the addition of Persian and Arabic words.
sing.
A Bible consisting of four different Greek versions arranged in four columns by Origen; hence, any version in four languages or four columns.
n.
A table of syllables; more especially, a table of the indivisible syllabic symbols used in certain languages, as the Japanese and Cherokee, instead of letters.
n.
The Tamil language, the most important of the Dravidian languages. See Dravidian, a.
n.
The ancient language of the Hindoos, long since obsolete in vernacular use, but preserved to the present day as the literary and sacred dialect of India. It is nearly allied to the Persian, and to the principal languages of Europe, classical and modern, and by its more perfect preservation of the roots and forms of the primitive language from which they are all descended, is a most important assistance in determining their history and relations. Cf. Prakrit, and Veda.